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Ecotoxicology > ch.2b > Flashcards

ch.2b Flashcards

1
Q

What categories are contaminants generally divided into

A

Organic and inorganic

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2
Q

What are some general characteristics of metals

A

-shiny
-malleable
-Ductile
Conductive

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3
Q

What are some general characteristics of metalloids

A
  • semiconductors

- some metallic properties

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4
Q

What are some general characteristics of heavy metals

A
  • metals that are denser then iron

- term now applies to metallic elements of concern regardless of density

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5
Q

What are trace elements

A

Those present in low concentrations (less than ppm)

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6
Q

True or false: 3. Many important contaminants have both natural and anthropogenic sources.

A

True

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7
Q

Where do metal gradients develop

A
  • Near cities/other developed areas
  • mining operations
  • near human activity
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8
Q

Can metals and metalloids be artificially produced

A

No

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9
Q

What should you consider before classifying something as a contaminant

A

The background levels in that area as in some places the normal levels can be much high then recommended levels

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10
Q

When is a higher then recommended metal concentration considered a pollutant

A

If all 3 are met

  • Concentrations higher then background levels
  • least partially caused by humans
  • Has a deleterious effect
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11
Q

Why is it difficult to prove polltuion

A
  • it mixes with things in the env (one contam can look like many)
  • Env interactions ( is Al toxic or the low pH)
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12
Q

What is the transport of contaminants influenced by

A

How they partition between phases (Gas/Aq or Aq/Sed or Dissolved liquid/Solid)

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13
Q

Can you assume Thermodynamic Equilibrium on a board scale

A

NO

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14
Q

Can you assume that the local distribution of a compound is approximately at steady state

A

Yes

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15
Q

Do you assume partitioning is fast or slow

A

Fast

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16
Q

Can you assume that X (in pase A) is in equilibrium with X (in phase B)

A

Yes

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17
Q

What is Kow

A

Octanol/water coefficient

18
Q

What is Kp

A

Partition Coefficient

19
Q

What is Kd

A

Distribution Coefficient

20
Q

What is the equation for Kd

A

(Conc of X in phase solid)/(conc of X in phase liquid)

21
Q

What is adsorption

A

implies association with surface only – difficult to distinguish surface and subsurface

22
Q

How adsorption for a compound usually determined

A

Empirically estimated with laboratory experiments

23
Q

What can Henry’s law help you predict

A

Portioning between aqueous and gas phase

24
Q

What is the Equation for henry’s LAw

A

H=P/C

H: Henry’s law coefficient
P: Vapour pressure
C Water solubility

25
Q

What does a low Henry’s Law coef mean

A

Compound tends to stay in the aqueous phase

26
Q

What does a high Henry’s law Coef mean

A

Likely will travel atmospherically if discharged aqueously

27
Q

How are contaminants usually degraded? What are some other ways

A
  • oxidative
  • Hydrolysis

Other ways:

  • Enzymes
  • abiotic (UV, heat)
  • photolysis
28
Q

True or false: Biological degredation can proceed to mineralization

A

True

29
Q

True or False: Mineralization often occurs abiotically

A

False

30
Q

What is photolysis

A

chemical bonds broken when they destabilize due to absorbed light (usually UV-vis)

31
Q

True or false: Rings and double bonds are the most vulnerable to photolysis

A

True

32
Q

What is direct photolysis

A

The compound absorbs light and breaks on its own

33
Q

What is indirect photolysis

A

Other compound absorbed light and becomes reactive with compound of interest

34
Q

What is the results of hydrolysis

A

Hydroxy and molecular splitting

35
Q

Does hydrolysis occur abiotically at a significant rate

A

No

36
Q

What are the major classes of contaminants

A
  1. Organic compounds
  2. Inorganic Gases
  3. Metals and Metalloids
  4. Nutrients
  5. Organometals
37
Q

What class of contaminants compounds used as poisons and by-products/ products of industrial processes

A

-Organic compounds

38
Q

Give 5 examples of Organic compounds

A
  1. CFC’s
  2. Dioxins
  3. PAH
  4. PCB
  5. Herbicides
39
Q

Give 3 examples of inorganic gases

A
  1. CO2
  2. NOx
  3. SO2
40
Q

Give 5 examples of metals and metalloids

A
  1. Al (mine drainage)
  2. As (mining)
  3. Cd (electroplating)
  4. Cr (Catalysts)
  5. Pb (Gasoline)
  6. Hg (Amalgams)
41
Q

Give 2 examples of things that would fall into the nutrient class of contaminants

A
  1. Nitrogen species

2. Phosphate species

42
Q

Give 4 examples of things that would fall into the organometal class of contaminants

A
  1. Tin (TBT (causes shell abnormalities), TMT (neurotoxin), TET(neurotoxin))
    - Used as antifouling paints
  2. Tetra alkyl lead (anti knock)
  3. Methyl mercury
  4. Radionuclides (weapons products)

Ecotoxicology (13 decks)

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