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Ecotoxicology > 7b > Flashcards

7b Flashcards

1
Q

Why Study General Cytotoxicity and Histopathology

A
  • Represent the consequence for molecular changes
  • Early warning system for individual level effects
  • Allow for interpretations at the organism level (more ecologically relevant)
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2
Q

Define Histopathology

A

The study of changes in cells and tissues as a result of disease

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3
Q

What are the advantages of histopathology as a biomarker

A
  • More ecologically relevant then enzyme activity at the level of the individual
  • cost effective to show toxin action and exposure (biopsy or population screening methods)
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4
Q

What are the disadvantages of histopathology as a biomarker

A
  • Variations of “Normal” may be poorly understood for sentinel species
  • Most studies are not quantitative
  • Further basic research is needed to fill knowledge gaps
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5
Q

What is apoptosis

A

Programmed cell death

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6
Q

What needs to be distinguished from pathology

A

Apoptosis (programmed cell death)

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7
Q

True or false: Apoptosis is often part of the developmental cycle

A

True

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8
Q

Define Necrosis

A

Cell death from disease or injury (Note: this is distinct from somatic death

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9
Q

Define somatic death

A

death of the organism

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10
Q

define lesions

A

pathological changes to cells, tissues or organs

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11
Q

what do lesions indicate

A

toxin exposure

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12
Q

what are lesions usually confined to

A

target tissue or organ

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13
Q

True or False: lesions may suggest mechanism of action for the toxin

A

true

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14
Q

Define pyknosis

A

a sign of cell death in which the chromatin condenses into a strongly basophilic irregularly shaped mass

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15
Q

What are the signs of necrosis

A
  • pyknosis
  • nuclear disintegration (karyorrhexis and karyolysis)
  • acidophilic cytoplasm
  • Swollen mitochondria
  • increase in cytoplasmic granules
  • cells may become displaced (sloughed) from tissue
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16
Q

Does the type of necrosis indicate possible different tocin actions

A

yes

17
Q

What is coagulation necrosis

A

cell appears opaque as cytoplasmic proteins have denatured and aggregated

18
Q

what is this an example of? ingestion of phenol or inorganic Hg will cause renal failure resulting in extensive coagulation of necrosis of the kidneys (this may also occur due to injury which cuts off blood flow

A

coagulation necrosis

19
Q

what is Liquefactive (cytolytic) necrosis

A

Cell death due to rapid breakdown of cell contents by intracellular enzymes (fluid filled space left in tissue, often due to infection))

20
Q

What are abscesses a classic example of?

A

Liquefactive necrosis

21
Q

What is caseous necrosis

A

Cells disintegrate to a mass of fat and protein

22
Q

Which type of caseous necrosis can cause lungs or other organs to have a cheesy appearance?

A

Caseous necrosis

23
Q

What is Gangrenous necrosis

A

A combination of coagulation and liquefactive necrosis (often due to a puncture injury followed by infection)

24
Q

What is fat necrosis

A

Deposits of alkali degraded fats into dead fat cells (looks like white chalky areas on the surface that look sometimes like soap)

25
Q

What is Zenker’s necrosis

A

Similar to coagulation necrosis but only seen in skeletal muscle

26
Q

What is inflammation and what is it useful for

A
  • useful biomarker

- response made by body in an effort to isolate and destroy a damage causing agent (net result: healed tissue)

27
Q

What are the signs of inflammation

A
  • heat and redness (caused by vasodilation increasing blood flow to the area)
  • Swelling (plasma passes into tissues of inflamed area, leucocytes enter area)
  • pain caused by pressure due to swelling
28
Q

What are long term signs of swelling?

A
  • capillaries form
  • connective tissue grows
  • scar tissue may form
  • fibroblasts (secrete collagen) move in and multiply
29
Q

What does chronic inflammation lead to often?

A

tissue dysfunction due to collagen build up in the area

30
Q

What is comatic risk

A

Damage to an individual which may lead to cancer (germ cells are not involved)

31
Q

What is genetic risk

A

risk to progeny of an individual due to inheritable DNA damage

32
Q

What may changes in DNA be associated with

A
  • chromosomal breakage
  • deletions
  • translocations
  • segregation failure

(many of these changes have catastrophic effects for the cells or zygote which inherit the DNA)

Ecotoxicology (13 decks)

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