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Anatomy and physiology I Lab > CH.21 areas to work on > Flashcards

CH.21 areas to work on Flashcards

1
Q

What is the most important mechanism of the innate system?

A

Inflammation

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2
Q

Does the first line of defense consist of external body membranes that trap?

A

Yes

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3
Q

Does the second line of defense include antimicrobial proteins, phagocytes, and some other cells?

A

Yes

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4
Q

The adaptive system is specific because?

A

It only attacks particular foreign substances and takes longer to react than innate

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5
Q

Are the innate and adaptive defenses intertwined because they release and recognize many of the same defensive molecules?

A

Yes

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6
Q

Do skin and mucous membranes produce protective chemicals that inhibit or destroy microorganisms?

A

Yes, they are enzymes.

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7
Q

Skin and mucous membranes produce enzymes. What is the enzyme of saliva called?

A

Lysozyme

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8
Q

Does respiratory mucus and lacrimal fluid kill many microorganisms?

A

Yes

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9
Q

What is mucin? which part of the defense system is it under?

A

Sticky mucus that lines digestive and respiratory tract. It traps microorganisms. First line of defense of the innate system.

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10
Q

Are defenses antimicrobial proteins that inhibit microbial growth?

A

Peptides, not proteins

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11
Q

Which chemical is produced by mucous membranes that inhibits microbial growth?

A

Defensins

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12
Q

Are there lipids in sebum that are toxic to some bacteria?

A

Yes

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13
Q

Is dermicidin found in sweat or lymph tissue?

A

Sweat

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14
Q

Are phagocytes white blood cells that ingest and eat foreign invaders?

A

Yes

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15
Q

What are the two main WBC’s that we call phagocytes?

A

Neutrophils and macrophages

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16
Q

Are macrophages the most abundant phagocyte?

A

No, neutrophils. Neutrophils die fighting after completing phagocytosis ):

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17
Q

Microglia are macrophages of the _____

A

brain (fixed)

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18
Q

Macrophages of the liver are called _____ macrophages

A

stellate

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19
Q

_____ is the process when phagocyte recognizes and adheres to the pathogen’s carbohydrate “signature”

A

Phagocytosis

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20
Q

Which floods an injured area first, neutrophils or macrophages?

A

Neutrophils

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21
Q

Complement, which is part of the adaptive immune system, is activated sooner if inflammation (innate) is due to _______

A

pathogens

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22
Q

T or F. Edema benefits the immune system by sweeping foreign material into lymphatic vessels for processing in the lymph nodes

A

True

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23
Q

Edema helps deliver clotting proteins and _____ to the infected area

A

Complement

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24
Q

Which step is leukocytosis (1-4)

A

first. Neutrophils enter blood stream from bone marrow.

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25
Which step is margination? (1-4)
2. Neutrophils cling to capillary wall
26
Which step is diapedesis? (1-4)
3. Neutrophils flatten and squeeze out of capillary wall
27
Which step is chemotaxis? (1-4)
4. Neutrophils follow chemical trail (from inflammation) to site of injury
28
Are granulomas areas of infected macrophages surrounded by uninfected macrophages?
Yes
29
What are the most important antimicrobial proteins that enhance the innate defenses?
Interferons and complement proteins
30
It's important to remember that antimicrobial proteins, like interferons and complement proteins, help enhance innate defenses in two ways. What are they?
1. attacking microorganisms directly or 2. hindering their ability to reproduce
31
Do the ~30 blood proteins called complements circulate the blood inactively?
Yes
32
Which organ makes the complements?
Liver
33
Which antimicrobial protein enhances inflammation?
Complement
34
Is pyrogen a type of interleukin or interferon?
Interleukin
35
Pyrogen secretion = _______
fever
36
Fevers cause the liver and spleen to sequester ____ and ____
iron and zinc
37
If ya constantly have a fever, are you going to lose weight easier? Why?
Yes, because fevers increase metabolic rate
38
What are the two main branches of the adaptive defense system?
Humoral and Cellular
39
Antibodies, produced by plasma of b-lymphocytes circulate freely. T or F
True
40
Explain what happens in humoral immunity
antibodies temporarily bind to target cell, marks them for destruction by phagocytes or complement
41
Explain what happens in cellular immunity
Lymphocytes act against target cell directly--killing infected cell or indirectly, by releasing chemicals that enhance inflammatory response or signaling to lymphocytes and macrophages
42
Antigens are the targets of all adaptive immune responses. T or F
True
43
T or F, immunogenicity is the ability to stimulate specific lymphocytes to proliferate?
T
44
______ is the ability to react with the activated lymphocytes and the antibodies released by immunogenic reactions
Reactivity
45
Are antigens substances that can mobilize the adaptive defenses and provoke(note provoke) an immune response?
Yes
46
Unless attached to protein carriers, happens have _______, but not ______
reactivity but not immunogenicity (so they can react with activated lymphocytes but cannot stimulate specific lymphocytes to proliferate)
47
Most antigens are large, complex molecules. The smaller, incomplete antigens are called _____
haptens
48
Are haptens immunogenic?
No (unless they bind to the body's own proteins)
49
Antigens contain antigentic determinants. What are those?
Parts of the antigen that antibodies or lymphocyte reactors (located on the external membrane) bind to
50
Most naturally occurring antigens have numerous antigenic determinants (different shaped external things). What does this allow?
It allows several different lymphocytes to mobilize to that foreign antigen
51
Does the body have self-antigens?
Yes (think blood types)
52
Is MHC an important self-protein found on cells?
Yes (glycoprotein)
53
Different genes codes for up to a billion different types of lymphocyte antigen receptors. This is called....
Antigen receptor diversity
54
Antigen-presenting cells engulf antigens and present fragments to T cells for recognition...T or F
True
55
Are dendritic cells Antigen-presenting cells?
Yes
56
Where are dendritic cells found?
Connective tissues and epidermis
57
Explain dendritic cells function.
They phagocytize pathogens, then enter the lymphatic system and transport the antigen fragments to T cells in the lymph node
58
Are dendritic cells the most effective or ineffective antigen presenter?
Most effective
59
Are macrophages considered antigen presenting cells?
Yes, because they eat up the foreign invaders and then present fragments of their antigens on the external membranes
60
Macrophages that present antigens not only activate T cells, but also proliferates more macrophages. T or F
True
61
Along with macrophages and dendritic cells, what's another important APC?
B-cells
62
Why are B-cells important antigen presenting cells?
They present antigens to helper T cells to assist their own activation
63
When B cells encounter a target antigen, is the humoral immune response provoked?
yes...antibodies for that particular antigen are then produced
64
Active humoral immunity occurs when B cells encounter antigens and produce specific antibodies against them. T or F
True
65
What is the lag period for the primary immune response?
3-6 days
66
Antibody levels peak in 2-3 days with a secondary immune response as opposed to the #___ days with the primary response
10
67
What is another name for antibodies?
Immunoglobulins (IG)
68
Immunoglobulins are proteins secreted by ____ ____
plasma cells
69
What is the most abundant IG
IgG
70
Which IG binds to the surface of worms, marking it for destruction via eosinophils
IgE

Anatomy and physiology I Lab (5 decks)

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