CH.21 areas to work on Flashcards
What is the most important mechanism of the innate system?
Inflammation
Does the first line of defense consist of external body membranes that trap?
Yes
Does the second line of defense include antimicrobial proteins, phagocytes, and some other cells?
Yes
The adaptive system is specific because?
It only attacks particular foreign substances and takes longer to react than innate
Are the innate and adaptive defenses intertwined because they release and recognize many of the same defensive molecules?
Yes
Do skin and mucous membranes produce protective chemicals that inhibit or destroy microorganisms?
Yes, they are enzymes.
Skin and mucous membranes produce enzymes. What is the enzyme of saliva called?
Lysozyme
Does respiratory mucus and lacrimal fluid kill many microorganisms?
Yes
What is mucin? which part of the defense system is it under?
Sticky mucus that lines digestive and respiratory tract. It traps microorganisms. First line of defense of the innate system.
Are defenses antimicrobial proteins that inhibit microbial growth?
Peptides, not proteins
Which chemical is produced by mucous membranes that inhibits microbial growth?
Defensins
Are there lipids in sebum that are toxic to some bacteria?
Yes
Is dermicidin found in sweat or lymph tissue?
Sweat
Are phagocytes white blood cells that ingest and eat foreign invaders?
Yes
What are the two main WBC’s that we call phagocytes?
Neutrophils and macrophages
Are macrophages the most abundant phagocyte?
No, neutrophils. Neutrophils die fighting after completing phagocytosis ):
Microglia are macrophages of the _____
brain (fixed)
Macrophages of the liver are called _____ macrophages
stellate
_____ is the process when phagocyte recognizes and adheres to the pathogen’s carbohydrate “signature”
Phagocytosis
Which floods an injured area first, neutrophils or macrophages?
Neutrophils
Complement, which is part of the adaptive immune system, is activated sooner if inflammation (innate) is due to _______
pathogens
T or F. Edema benefits the immune system by sweeping foreign material into lymphatic vessels for processing in the lymph nodes
True
Edema helps deliver clotting proteins and _____ to the infected area
Complement
Which step is leukocytosis (1-4)
first. Neutrophils enter blood stream from bone marrow.
Which step is margination? (1-4)
- Neutrophils cling to capillary wall
Which step is diapedesis? (1-4)
- Neutrophils flatten and squeeze out of capillary wall
Which step is chemotaxis? (1-4)
- Neutrophils follow chemical trail (from inflammation) to site of injury
Are granulomas areas of infected macrophages surrounded by uninfected macrophages?
Yes
What are the most important antimicrobial proteins that enhance the innate defenses?
Interferons and complement proteins
It’s important to remember that antimicrobial proteins, like interferons and complement proteins, help enhance innate defenses in two ways. What are they?
- attacking microorganisms directly or 2. hindering their ability to reproduce
Do the ~30 blood proteins called complements circulate the blood inactively?
Yes
Which organ makes the complements?
Liver
Which antimicrobial protein enhances inflammation?
Complement
Is pyrogen a type of interleukin or interferon?
Interleukin
Pyrogen secretion = _______
fever
Fevers cause the liver and spleen to sequester ____ and ____
iron and zinc
If ya constantly have a fever, are you going to lose weight easier? Why?
Yes, because fevers increase metabolic rate
What are the two main branches of the adaptive defense system?
Humoral and Cellular
Antibodies, produced by plasma of b-lymphocytes circulate freely. T or F
True
Explain what happens in humoral immunity
antibodies temporarily bind to target cell, marks them for destruction by phagocytes or complement
Explain what happens in cellular immunity
Lymphocytes act against target cell directly–killing infected cell or indirectly, by releasing chemicals that enhance inflammatory response or signaling to lymphocytes and macrophages
Antigens are the targets of all adaptive immune responses. T or F
True
T or F, immunogenicity is the ability to stimulate specific lymphocytes to proliferate?
T
______ is the ability to react with the activated lymphocytes and the antibodies released by immunogenic reactions
Reactivity
Are antigens substances that can mobilize the adaptive defenses and provoke(note provoke) an immune response?
Yes
Unless attached to protein carriers, happens have _______, but not ______
reactivity but not immunogenicity (so they can react with activated lymphocytes but cannot stimulate specific lymphocytes to proliferate)
Most antigens are large, complex molecules. The smaller, incomplete antigens are called _____
haptens
Are haptens immunogenic?
No (unless they bind to the body’s own proteins)
Antigens contain antigentic determinants. What are those?
Parts of the antigen that antibodies or lymphocyte reactors (located on the external membrane) bind to
Most naturally occurring antigens have numerous antigenic determinants (different shaped external things). What does this allow?
It allows several different lymphocytes to mobilize to that foreign antigen
Does the body have self-antigens?
Yes (think blood types)
Is MHC an important self-protein found on cells?
Yes (glycoprotein)
Different genes codes for up to a billion different types of lymphocyte antigen receptors. This is called….
Antigen receptor diversity
Antigen-presenting cells engulf antigens and present fragments to T cells for recognition…T or F
True
Are dendritic cells Antigen-presenting cells?
Yes
Where are dendritic cells found?
Connective tissues and epidermis
Explain dendritic cells function.
They phagocytize pathogens, then enter the lymphatic system and transport the antigen fragments to T cells in the lymph node
Are dendritic cells the most effective or ineffective antigen presenter?
Most effective
Are macrophages considered antigen presenting cells?
Yes, because they eat up the foreign invaders and then present fragments of their antigens on the external membranes
Macrophages that present antigens not only activate T cells, but also proliferates more macrophages. T or F
True
Along with macrophages and dendritic cells, what’s another important APC?
B-cells
Why are B-cells important antigen presenting cells?
They present antigens to helper T cells to assist their own activation
When B cells encounter a target antigen, is the humoral immune response provoked?
yes…antibodies for that particular antigen are then produced
Active humoral immunity occurs when B cells encounter antigens and produce specific antibodies against them. T or F
True
What is the lag period for the primary immune response?
3-6 days
Antibody levels peak in 2-3 days with a secondary immune response as opposed to the #___ days with the primary response
10
What is another name for antibodies?
Immunoglobulins (IG)
Immunoglobulins are proteins secreted by ____ ____
plasma cells
What is the most abundant IG
IgG
Which IG binds to the surface of worms, marking it for destruction via eosinophils
IgE
