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Anatomy and physiology I Lab > CH.21 areas to work on > Flashcards

CH.21 areas to work on Flashcards

1
Q

What is the most important mechanism of the innate system?

A

Inflammation

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2
Q

Does the first line of defense consist of external body membranes that trap?

A

Yes

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3
Q

Does the second line of defense include antimicrobial proteins, phagocytes, and some other cells?

A

Yes

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4
Q

The adaptive system is specific because?

A

It only attacks particular foreign substances and takes longer to react than innate

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5
Q

Are the innate and adaptive defenses intertwined because they release and recognize many of the same defensive molecules?

A

Yes

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6
Q

Do skin and mucous membranes produce protective chemicals that inhibit or destroy microorganisms?

A

Yes, they are enzymes.

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7
Q

Skin and mucous membranes produce enzymes. What is the enzyme of saliva called?

A

Lysozyme

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8
Q

Does respiratory mucus and lacrimal fluid kill many microorganisms?

A

Yes

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9
Q

What is mucin? which part of the defense system is it under?

A

Sticky mucus that lines digestive and respiratory tract. It traps microorganisms. First line of defense of the innate system.

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10
Q

Are defenses antimicrobial proteins that inhibit microbial growth?

A

Peptides, not proteins

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11
Q

Which chemical is produced by mucous membranes that inhibits microbial growth?

A

Defensins

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12
Q

Are there lipids in sebum that are toxic to some bacteria?

A

Yes

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13
Q

Is dermicidin found in sweat or lymph tissue?

A

Sweat

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14
Q

Are phagocytes white blood cells that ingest and eat foreign invaders?

A

Yes

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15
Q

What are the two main WBC’s that we call phagocytes?

A

Neutrophils and macrophages

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16
Q

Are macrophages the most abundant phagocyte?

A

No, neutrophils. Neutrophils die fighting after completing phagocytosis ):

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17
Q

Microglia are macrophages of the _____

A

brain (fixed)

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18
Q

Macrophages of the liver are called _____ macrophages

A

stellate

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19
Q

_____ is the process when phagocyte recognizes and adheres to the pathogen’s carbohydrate “signature”

A

Phagocytosis

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20
Q

Which floods an injured area first, neutrophils or macrophages?

A

Neutrophils

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21
Q

Complement, which is part of the adaptive immune system, is activated sooner if inflammation (innate) is due to _______

A

pathogens

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22
Q

T or F. Edema benefits the immune system by sweeping foreign material into lymphatic vessels for processing in the lymph nodes

A

True

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23
Q

Edema helps deliver clotting proteins and _____ to the infected area

A

Complement

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24
Q

Which step is leukocytosis (1-4)

A

first. Neutrophils enter blood stream from bone marrow.

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25
Q

Which step is margination? (1-4)

A
  1. Neutrophils cling to capillary wall
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26
Q

Which step is diapedesis? (1-4)

A
  1. Neutrophils flatten and squeeze out of capillary wall
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27
Q

Which step is chemotaxis? (1-4)

A
  1. Neutrophils follow chemical trail (from inflammation) to site of injury
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28
Q

Are granulomas areas of infected macrophages surrounded by uninfected macrophages?

A

Yes

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29
Q

What are the most important antimicrobial proteins that enhance the innate defenses?

A

Interferons and complement proteins

30
Q

It’s important to remember that antimicrobial proteins, like interferons and complement proteins, help enhance innate defenses in two ways. What are they?

A
  1. attacking microorganisms directly or 2. hindering their ability to reproduce
31
Q

Do the ~30 blood proteins called complements circulate the blood inactively?

A

Yes

32
Q

Which organ makes the complements?

A

Liver

33
Q

Which antimicrobial protein enhances inflammation?

A

Complement

34
Q

Is pyrogen a type of interleukin or interferon?

A

Interleukin

35
Q

Pyrogen secretion = _______

A

fever

36
Q

Fevers cause the liver and spleen to sequester ____ and ____

A

iron and zinc

37
Q

If ya constantly have a fever, are you going to lose weight easier? Why?

A

Yes, because fevers increase metabolic rate

38
Q

What are the two main branches of the adaptive defense system?

A

Humoral and Cellular

39
Q

Antibodies, produced by plasma of b-lymphocytes circulate freely. T or F

A

True

40
Q

Explain what happens in humoral immunity

A

antibodies temporarily bind to target cell, marks them for destruction by phagocytes or complement

41
Q

Explain what happens in cellular immunity

A

Lymphocytes act against target cell directly–killing infected cell or indirectly, by releasing chemicals that enhance inflammatory response or signaling to lymphocytes and macrophages

42
Q

Antigens are the targets of all adaptive immune responses. T or F

A

True

43
Q

T or F, immunogenicity is the ability to stimulate specific lymphocytes to proliferate?

A

T

44
Q

______ is the ability to react with the activated lymphocytes and the antibodies released by immunogenic reactions

A

Reactivity

45
Q

Are antigens substances that can mobilize the adaptive defenses and provoke(note provoke) an immune response?

A

Yes

46
Q

Unless attached to protein carriers, happens have _______, but not ______

A

reactivity but not immunogenicity (so they can react with activated lymphocytes but cannot stimulate specific lymphocytes to proliferate)

47
Q

Most antigens are large, complex molecules. The smaller, incomplete antigens are called _____

A

haptens

48
Q

Are haptens immunogenic?

A

No (unless they bind to the body’s own proteins)

49
Q

Antigens contain antigentic determinants. What are those?

A

Parts of the antigen that antibodies or lymphocyte reactors (located on the external membrane) bind to

50
Q

Most naturally occurring antigens have numerous antigenic determinants (different shaped external things). What does this allow?

A

It allows several different lymphocytes to mobilize to that foreign antigen

51
Q

Does the body have self-antigens?

A

Yes (think blood types)

52
Q

Is MHC an important self-protein found on cells?

A

Yes (glycoprotein)

53
Q

Different genes codes for up to a billion different types of lymphocyte antigen receptors. This is called….

A

Antigen receptor diversity

54
Q

Antigen-presenting cells engulf antigens and present fragments to T cells for recognition…T or F

A

True

55
Q

Are dendritic cells Antigen-presenting cells?

A

Yes

56
Q

Where are dendritic cells found?

A

Connective tissues and epidermis

57
Q

Explain dendritic cells function.

A

They phagocytize pathogens, then enter the lymphatic system and transport the antigen fragments to T cells in the lymph node

58
Q

Are dendritic cells the most effective or ineffective antigen presenter?

A

Most effective

59
Q

Are macrophages considered antigen presenting cells?

A

Yes, because they eat up the foreign invaders and then present fragments of their antigens on the external membranes

60
Q

Macrophages that present antigens not only activate T cells, but also proliferates more macrophages. T or F

A

True

61
Q

Along with macrophages and dendritic cells, what’s another important APC?

A

B-cells

62
Q

Why are B-cells important antigen presenting cells?

A

They present antigens to helper T cells to assist their own activation

63
Q

When B cells encounter a target antigen, is the humoral immune response provoked?

A

yes…antibodies for that particular antigen are then produced

64
Q

Active humoral immunity occurs when B cells encounter antigens and produce specific antibodies against them. T or F

A

True

65
Q

What is the lag period for the primary immune response?

A

3-6 days

66
Q

Antibody levels peak in 2-3 days with a secondary immune response as opposed to the #___ days with the primary response

A

10

67
Q

What is another name for antibodies?

A

Immunoglobulins (IG)

68
Q

Immunoglobulins are proteins secreted by ____ ____

A

plasma cells

69
Q

What is the most abundant IG

A

IgG

70
Q

Which IG binds to the surface of worms, marking it for destruction via eosinophils

A

IgE

Anatomy and physiology I Lab (5 decks)

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