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Anatomy and physiology I Lab > CH. 18/19 areas to work on > Flashcards

CH. 18/19 areas to work on Flashcards

1
Q

Hypocalcemia _________ the heart

A

depresses

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2
Q

Hypercalcemia: _________ heart rate

A

increases

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3
Q

Hyperkalemia does what?

A

Alters electrical activity—leads to cardiac arrest

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4
Q

Hypokalemia does what?

A

Causes a feeble heart rate–arrhythmias

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5
Q

What is the normal, average cardiac output?

A

5.25 L/min

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6
Q

What is cardiac output?

A

Volume of blood pumped by each ventricle in one minute

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7
Q

What is stroke volume?

A

Volume of blood pumped by one ventricle with each beat

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8
Q

What is the maximal cardiac out put?

A

20-25 L/min (4-5 times the resting)

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9
Q

70mL/beat describes what?

A

average stroke volume

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10
Q

What is cardiac reserve?

A

Difference between resting and maximal CO

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11
Q

Heart rate can be increased via the sympathetic nervous system. How is this done?

A

Norepinephrine is released and binds to B1-adrenergic receptors. This causes pacemaker cells to fire rapidly.

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12
Q

Heart rate can be decreased via the autonomic nervous system. How is this done?

A

The parasympathetic nervous system opposes the sympathetic effects by using acetylcholine to hyperpolarize the pacemaker cells, slowing down the heart rate

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13
Q

When does the heart exhibit vagal tone?

A

At rest

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14
Q

Is the parasympathetic nervous system the dominant influence on heart rate?

A

Yes

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15
Q

Does cutting the vagal nerve increase or decrease the HR? What does it go up to?

A

Increase; around ~100

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16
Q

Is Tachycardia an abnormally fast or slow heart beat?

A

Fast ( > 100 beats/min)

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17
Q

Is Bradycardia an abnormally fast or slow heart rate?

A

Slow 60 beats/min

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18
Q

What layer of the tunica intima is found only in vessels larger than 1mm?

A

The subendothelial (connective tissue basement membrane)

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19
Q

Which layer is the bulkiest and responsible for maintaining blood flow and pressure?

A

Tunica media

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20
Q

The tunica _____ is innervated with sympathetic nerve fibers that control vasoconstriction and dilation

A

media

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21
Q

The tunica adventitia (externa) is made up of _____ fibers to protect and reinforce the wall and anchor it to surrounding structures

A

collagen

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22
Q

The tunica ______, like the tunica media, is also infiltrated with nerve fibers but also has _____ vessels on its surface

A

externa has lymphatic vessels

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23
Q

Are elastic arteries thick walled?

A

Yes

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24
Q

Are elastic aortas called distributing arteries?

A

No, they’re called conducting

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25
Q

Within elastic arteries, elastin is found in all three tunica but more is found in the tunica _____

A

media

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26
Q

Are elastic arteries inactive or active in vasoconstriction?

A

Inactive

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27
Q

Do the diameters of muscular arteries range from pinky-finger size to pencil-lead size?

A

Yes

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28
Q

Which type of arteries account for most of the named arteries?

A

Muscular

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29
Q

Which type of arteries have the thickest tunica media with more smooth muscle, but less elastic tissue?

A

Muscular

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30
Q

Even though muscular arteries have less of this, the tunica media is sandwiched between two _______ membranes

A

Elastic membranes

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31
Q

Are muscular arteries active or inactive in vasoconstriction?

A

Active

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32
Q

Arterioles are mostly a single layer of smooth muscle surrounding _________ cells

A

endothelial

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33
Q

Which arteries control flow into capillary beds via vasodilation and constriction of smooth muscle?

A

Arterioles

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34
Q

Arterioles are also called _______ arteries

A

resistance

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35
Q

Do pericytes control permeability and play a role in vessel repair?

A

Yes

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36
Q

Do pericytes supply almost every cell except for cartilage, capillaries, cornea, epithelia, and lens of the eye?

A

True except pericytes do supply capillaries

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37
Q

Which capillaries are abundant in muscles, lungs, and the CNS?

A

Continuous

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38
Q

Which type of capillaries are found in the kidneys and intestines?

A

Fenestrated

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39
Q

Are fenestrated capillaries found in areas that are active in endocrine hormone secretion?

A

Yes

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40
Q

Why are continuous capillaries of the brain unique?

A

They form the blood brain barrier and are totally enclosed via tight junctions and NO cellular clefts

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41
Q

Which type of capillaries are found in the liver, bone marrow, spleen, and adrenal medulla?

A

Sinusoidal

42
Q

Do sinusoidal capillaries have complete basement membranes?

A

No, they’re incomplete

43
Q

Which type of blood capillaries contain macrophages in the lining to capture and destroy foreign invaders?

A

Sinusoidal

44
Q

Are vascular shunts channels that connect the arteriole directly with the venule?

A

Yes

45
Q

What are true capillaries?

A

Actual vessels involved in exchange

46
Q

True capillaries contain 10-1,000 vessels per capillary bed. T or F

A

False, 10-100

47
Q

Capillaries don’t just unite into veins. What do capillaries unite to form before forming into veins?

A

Post capillary venules

48
Q

Are post capillary very porous or impermeable?

A

Very porous

49
Q

Veins have a thinner tunica _____ and a thicker tunica _____

A

thinner media; thicker externa

50
Q

Veins are also called _______ vessels

A

capacitance vessels

51
Q

65% of the body’s blood supply is found in the _____

A

veins

52
Q

Are venous sinuses flattened veins with extremely thin walls?

A

Yes

53
Q

Are venous sinuses composed of only loose reticular connective tissue?

A

No, they are composed of only endothelium

54
Q

What is an example of a venous sinus in the body?

A

The coronary sinus of the heart

55
Q

Are varicose veins painful and constricted due to incompetent valves?

A

No, they are painful and dilated

56
Q

What are some examples of what causes varicose veins?

A

Straining to deliver a baby, being obese, or bowel movements that cause hemorrhoids from increased intra-abdominal pressure

57
Q

What is the difference between vascular anastomoses and arterial?

A

Vascular anast. are simply interconnections of blood vessels. Arterial provide alternate pathways to ensure continuous flow even if one artery is blocked

58
Q

What parts of the body are arterial anastomoses common?

A

Joints, abdominal organs, brain, and heart

59
Q

Are arteriovenous anastomoses considered shunts in the capillaries? what is the other name?

A

Yes, metarteriole-thoroughfare channel

60
Q

Venous anastomoses are so abundant that….

A

occluded veins rarely block blood flow because there are so many vessels the blood can be redirected to

61
Q

Is peripheral resistance the opposition to flow?

A

Yes

62
Q

What are the three important sources of resistance?

A

Blood viscosity, blood vessel length, and diameter.

63
Q

What is atherosclerosis?

A

build up of fatty plaques in vessels that eventually cause the arteries to harden. Deadly in the elastic arteries.

64
Q

Is laminar flow disrupted with abrupt changes in vessel diameter, causing the flow to become turbulent flow?

A

Yes

65
Q

Is blood pressure near the heart considered pulsatile?

A

Yes

66
Q

What are the two factors arterial blood pressure is determined by?

A

Elasticity and volume of blood forced into the arteries at any time

67
Q

In which type of arteries does the steepest drop in pressure occur? Muscular or arterioles?

A

Arterioles

68
Q

Does the pumping action of the lungs generate blood flow?

A

No, pumping action of heart

69
Q

F = deltaP/R

A

The relationship between flow, pressure, and resistance (deltaP=pressure gradient)

70
Q

Is diastolic pressure pressure exerted in aorta during the ventricular contraction?

A

No, that is systolic pressure

71
Q

What is the average systolic pressure for adults?

A

120mmHg

72
Q

Is Diastolic pressure the lowest level of aortic pressure when the heart is at rest?

A

Yes

73
Q

What does MAP stand for?

A

Mean Arterial Pressure

74
Q

Is MAP the pressure that propels blood to tissues?

A

Yes

75
Q

Does the heart spend more time in diastole or systole?

A

Diastole

76
Q

Are the three main factors for regulating blood pressure Cardiac Output, stoke volume, and peripheral resistance?

A

Regulating blood pressure involves Cardiac output, blood VOLUME, and peripheral resistance (not stroke volume)

77
Q

What is the NFP equation? (think of the alphabet)

A

HPc + OPif ) - ( HPif + OPc)

78
Q

Osmotic Pressure IF is in the _____ space and pulls fluid into or out of the capillary?

A

interstitial space; out of capillary

79
Q

Do all vessels constrict except for the ones by the heart and brain if blood volume drops?

A

Yes (relates to MAP which is maintained by altering blood vessel diameter, which alters resistance)

80
Q

Where are the baroreceptor reflexes located? (think upper body)

A

carotid sinuses, aortic arch, and walls of large arteries

81
Q

If MAP is high, are your baroreceptors stimulated or inhibited?

A

Sti

82
Q

Does Atrial Natriuretic peptide increase or decrease BP by antagonizing aldosterone?

A

Decrease BP

83
Q

Does ADH increase or decrease BP?

A

Increase

84
Q

Does Hypovolemic shock result from blood loss or extreme vasodilation?

A

Extreme blood loss

85
Q

Does vascular shock result from an inefficient heart or extreme vasodilation and decreased peripheral resistance?

A

Extreme vasodilation and decreased PR.

86
Q

Does cardiogenic shock occur when an inefficient heart cannot sustain adequate circulation?

A

Yes

87
Q

Vasomotion is the intermittent flow of blood through the capillaries. T or F?

A

True

88
Q

Explain HPc

A

Hydrostatic pressure in the capillary will push fluid out of the capillary.

89
Q

Explain HPif

A

Hydrostatic pressure in the interstitial fluid will PUSH fluid into the capillary

90
Q

Explain OPc

A

Osmotic pressure in the capillary pulls/sucks fluid into the capillary

91
Q

Explain OPif

A

Osmotic pressure in the interstitial fluid pulls/suck fluid out of the capillary

92
Q

A positive NFP is indication of reabsorption or filtration?

A

filtration

93
Q

A negative NFP is indication of filtration or reabsorption?

A

Reabsorption

94
Q

What happens when an NFP is positive?

A

Fluid moves from the capillary into the interstitial space (filtration) (at arteriole end)

95
Q

what happens when an NFP is negative?

A

Fluid moves from the interstitial space into the capillary (reabsorption) (at venous end)

96
Q

Is Opc ~26mm Hg?

A

Yes

97
Q

Is OPif around 10 mm Hg?

A

No, around 1

98
Q

Is HPc at the arterial end around 35mm Hg?

A

Yes

99
Q

Is HPc at the venous end lower or higher than at the arterial end?

A

Lower, around 17 mm Hg

100
Q

Which pressure system is usually at 0mm hg?

A

HPif

101
Q

Can a decrease in OPc be caused by Hypopoteinemia? (low levels of plasma protein)

A

Yes

102
Q

An increase in HPif can be caused by edema. Think this through. Does it make sense?

A

Yes….edema is an increase in interstitial fluid. HPif is the hydrostatic pressure in the interstitial space.

Anatomy and physiology I Lab (5 decks)

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