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Micro Bio Final Exam > CH.20 ANTIMICROBIAL DRUGS > Flashcards

CH.20 ANTIMICROBIAL DRUGS Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

selectively finding and destroying pathogens without damaging the host

A

Selective toxicity

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2
Q

the use of chemicals to treat a disease

A

Chemotherapy

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3
Q

a substance produced by a microbe that, in small amounts, inhibits another microbe

A

Antibiotic

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4
Q

synthetic substances that interfere with the growth of microbes

A

Antimicrobial drugs:

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5
Q

Paul Ehrlich

A

coined the term chemotherapy

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6
Q

Alexander Fleming

A

discovered penicillin,

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7
Q

drugs that affect a narrow range of microbial types

A

Narrow spectrum of microbial activity

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8
Q

affect a broad range of gram-positive or gram-negative bacteria

A

Broad-spectrum antibiotics

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9
Q

overgrowth of normal microbiota that is resistant to antibiotics

A

super infection

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10
Q

Antibacterial drugs target eukaryotic or prokaryotic?

A

Prokaryotic

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11
Q

Narrow-spectrum drugs affect only a select group of microbes; why?

A

Less likely to cause superinfections

Small, hydrophilic drugs can affect gram-negative cells.

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12
Q

Broad-spectrum drugs affect a more diverse range of microbes.
why?

A

Harm normal microbiota

More likely to result in superinfections

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13
Q

Major Action Modes of Antibacterial Drugs?

A

inhibition of cell wall synthesis (β-Lactam Penicillins prevent crosslinking of peptidoglycan)

inhibition of protein synthesis
inhibition nucleic acid and replication
injury to plasma membrane
inhibition of essential metabolite synthesis

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14
Q

The monobactam aztreonam affects only ?

A

gram-negative bacteria

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15
Q

Carbapenems

A

are broad-spectrum antibiotics that inhibit cell wall synthesis.

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16
Q

inhibit cell wall synthesis and are used against penicillin-resistant strains.

A

Cephalosporins

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17
Q

Polypeptides such as bacitracin inhibit ?

A

transport of cell wall subunits across membrane in gram-positive bacteria.

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18
Q

inhibits Nam/Nag subunit integration and may be used to kill penicillinase-producing staphylococci

A

Vancomycin

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19
Q

Isoniazid (INH) and ethambutol inhibit ?

A

cell wall synthesis in mycobacteria

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20
Q

Inhibiting protein synthesis

does what?

A

Target bacterial 70S ribosomes
Chloramphenicol (Binds to 50S portion ),

erythromycin,

streptomycin (changes shape of 30s portion),

tetracyclines (Interfere with attachment of
tRNA to mRNA–ribosome )

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21
Q

Injuring the plasma membrane?

and best used as a ?

A

Polypeptide and Ionophores damage plasma membrane allow uncontrolled movement of cations

Best used as a topical antibiotic

22
Q

what do Agents affecting fungal membrane sterols do?

A

Interrupt the synthesis of ergosterol, making the membrane excessively permeable

23
Q

Agents affecting fungal cell walls

A

Inhibit the synthesis of β-glucan

24
Q

Agents inhibiting nucleic acids

A

cytosine analog interferes with RNA synthesis

25
Q

What sterol in the cell membrane of fungi is the most common target for antifungal action

A

ergosterol

26
Q

block host cell receptors

A

Entry inhibitors

27
Q

competitive substrate inhibitors lacking 3’OH (Ex. Acyclovir)

A

Nucleoside/nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors

28
Q

non-competitive inhibitor of reverse transcriptase

A

Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors

29
Q

: inhibit integration of viral DNA into host DNA

A

Viral integrase inhibitor

30
Q

inhibit maturation of viral particles

A

Viral protease inhibitor

31
Q

inhibit neuraminidase, an enzyme required for some viruses to bud from the host cell

A

Exit inhibitors

32
Q

Produced by viral-infected cells to inhibit further spread of the infection

A

Interferons

33
Q

Quinine and chloroquine

A

Treat malaria

anti-protozoan

34
Q

Kills Plasmodium that causes malaria

A

Artemisinin

anti-protozoan

35
Q

Also interferes with anaerobic bacteria

Treats Trichomonas, giardiasis, and amebic dysentery

A

Metronidazole

anti-protozoan

36
Q

Inhibits cytochrome oxidase in mitochondria

Treats amebic encephalitis, and leishmaniasis

A

Miltefosine

anti-protozoan

37
Q

Niclosamide

A

Prevents ATP production

Treats tapeworms

38
Q

Alters membrane permeability

Treats tapeworms and flukes

A

Praziquantel

39
Q

Interfere with nutrient absorption

Treat intestinal helminths

A

Mebendazole and albendazole

40
Q

Paralysis of helminths

Treats roundworms and mites

A

Ivermectin

41
Q

Determines the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC)

Lowest antibiotic concentration preventing bacterial growth

A

E TEST

42
Q

Determine the MIC and minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC) of an antimicrobial drug

A

BROTH DILUTION TESTS

43
Q

Reports that record the susceptibility of organisms encountered clinically

A

Antibiograms

44
Q

microbes with genetic characteristics allowing for their survival when exposed to an antibiotic

A

Persister cells

45
Q

bacteria that are resistant to large numbers of antibiotics

A

Superbugs

46
Q

Resistance genes are often spread horizontally among bacteria on ….?

A

plasmids or transposons via conjugation or transduction

47
Q

What are some mechanisms that bacteria exhibit to resistance of antibiotic

A

rapid ejection of antibiotic
change surface receptors
alternate metabolic pathways
destroy the drug or inactiivate the drug through enzymatic activity

48
Q

what are some common antibiotic misuses?

A

Using outdated or weakened antibiotics
Using antibiotics for the common cold and other inappropriate conditions
Using antibiotics in animal feed
Failing to complete the prescribed regimen
Using someone else’s leftover prescription

49
Q

the effect of two drugs together is greater than the effect of either alone

A

Synergism

50
Q

the effect of two drugs together is less than the effect of either alone

A

Antagonism

51
Q

future of chemotherapeutic agents?

antimicrobial peptides produced by bacteria? produced by various organisms?

A

target virulence factors
sequester iron with feeds pathogens

Bacteriocines
Antimicrobial peptides

Micro Bio Final Exam (3 decks)

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