CH. 16 INNATE IMMUNITY Flashcards
IMMUNITY?
ABILITY TO WARD OF DISEASE
lack of resistance to a disease?
Susceptibility
defenses against any pathogen; rapid, present at birth prevents entry of microorganisms
Innate immunity (NON SPECIFIC)
immunity or resistance to a specific pathogen; slower to respond, has memory component
Adaptive immunity (SPECIFIC)
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) on host cells attach to ?
pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs)
induce the release of cytokines from the host cell that regulate the intensity and duration of immune responses
physical factors
inner portion made of connective tissue
DERMIS
physical factors
outer portion made of tightly packed epithelial cells containing keratin, a protective protein
Epidermis
physical factors
T/F Shedding and dryness of skin inhibits microbial growth?
true
physical factors
Epithelial layer that lines the gastrointestinal, respiratory, and genitourinary tracts
mucous membrane
role of mucus in line of defense?
viscous glycoproteins that trap microbes and prevent tracts from drying outucus
role of lacrimal apparatus
drains tears and washes the eye
physical factors
role of Ciliary escalator
transports microbes trapped in mucus away from the lungs
role of ear wax
prevents microbes from entering the ear
role of urine?
cleans the uretha via flow
physical factors
role of vaginal secretions
move microorganisms out of the vaginal tract
physical factors
what are the other ways to remove microbes
Peristalsis, defecation, vomiting, diarrhea
Chemical Factors
forms a protective film and lowers the pH (3–5) of skin
sebum
chemical factors
in perspiration, tears, saliva, and urine destroys bacterial cell walls
lysozome
chemical factors Low pH (1.2–3.0) of..destroys most bacteria and toxins?
gastric juice
chemical factors Low pH (3–5) of ..?
inhibits microbes
role of Normal Microbiota and Innate Immunity?
compete with pathogens via microbial antagonism (competitive exclusion)
factors of Normal Microbiota?
Competitive advantage for
space and nutrients
Produce substances harmful to pathogens
Alter conditions that affect pathogen survival
Normal Microbiota and Innate Immunity:
one organism benefits while the other (host) is unharmed
Commensalism
Normal Microbiota and Innate Immunity:
live microbial cultures administered to exert a beneficial effect
Probiotics
like yogurt
or drinks that contain live culture
are residents in tissues and organs
Fixed macrophages
roam tissues and gather at sites of infection
free macrophages
Chemical signals attract phagocytes to microorganisms
chemotaxis
Attachment of a phagocyte to the surface of the microorganism
adherance
microorganism is coated with serum proteins, making ingestion easier
Opsonization (ingestion)
Microorganism is digested inside a phagolysosome
Digestion
what do cytokines release during a fever? and what do they do?
prostaglandins
reset the hypothalamus to a higher temperature
cytoplasmic body formed by the fusion of a phagosome with a lysosome in a process that occurs during phagocytosis.
Phagolysosome
a fibrous protein forming the main structural constituent of hair, feathers, hoofs, claws, horns, etc
keratin
phago means to ?
eat
cyte?
denaturing mature cell
how is a fever beneficial?
a fever can help your child’s body fight off infection
Many illness-causing microbes do best at the body’s normal temperature.
The purpose of germ free mice in microbiome research
In this case the researcher is seeking to understand how an individual or combination of known bacteria affect the host, interact with each other, or are affected by the host.
Differentiate phagocyte from the process of phagocytosis
Phagocytosis occurs after the foreign body, a bacterial cell, for example, has bound to molecules called “receptors” that are on the surface of the phagocyte. The phagocyte then stretches itself around the bacterium and engulfs it
- State the antiphagocytic factors used by pathogens such as
glycocalyx, leukocidins, antigenic variation, etc.
