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Psychology Of Language > Ch.2 - The Science of Language > Flashcards

Ch.2 - The Science of Language Flashcards

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1
Q

What is Psycholinguistics?

A

The scientific study of cognitive processes involved in comprehending and producing language

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2
Q

What is Latency?

A

-The difference in time between the presentation of stimulus and initiation of response
-a.k.a., reaction time (RT)

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3
Q

What is Accuracy and Error Rate?

A

-The percentage of correct responses
-percentage of incorrect responses

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4
Q

What is the Lexical Decision Task?

A

-participants see strings of letters, decide as quickly as possible if it is a word
-word trials present strings like STEM or TIME
-non-word examples include strings like MOBE or SPEM

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5
Q

What is a Nonword?

A

a pronounceable letter string that just happens not to be a word in English
(ex. Mongi or Degna)

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6
Q

What is Priming?

A

-the implicit memory process
-recall is enhanced due to previous exposure

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7
Q

Lexical Decision and Priming Example

  • Participants heard: “The gynmast loved the professor from the northwestern city (1) who (2) complained about the bad coffee.
  • Participants saw: “TEACHER” at (1) or (2)
  • The pronoun was a ____________ ____________ for “professor”
A

memory trigger

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8
Q

Lexical Decision and Priming can test ___________ ___________ in patients with aphasia.

A

syntactic processing

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9
Q

What is immediate recall?

A

-having no time lapses between stimulus and response
-tests short-term memory

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10
Q

What is delayed recall?

A

-having a time-lapse of several minutes or more between stimulus and response
-tests long-term memory

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11
Q

What is free recall?

A

-repeating items in any order

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12
Q

What is serial recall?

A

-repeating items in exact order

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13
Q

What is the primacy and recency effects?

A

-the first and last items in a list are recalled best
-middle items least recalled

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14
Q

How does implicit learning take place?

A

outside of conscious awareness

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15
Q

In the artificial grammar learning task, Reber (1967)…

A
  • had participants study lists of letter strings in the learning phase (pabikutibudodaropi)
  • participants are told the strings are generated from artificial grammar
  • participants indicate whether novel strings are grammatical or not in the test phase
  • only respond yes or no
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16
Q

What is Saccade?

A

the quick movement of eyes while reading

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17
Q

What is Fixation?

A

the momentary gaze of eyes on a single location

18
Q

What is Regression?

A

the movement of eyes back to a previously viewed location

19
Q

What is the Brain Stem and what does it do?

A

the interior portion of brain, regulates body functions

20
Q

What is the Cerebellum and what does it do?

A

walnut-sized section behind the brainstem, coordinates movement

21
Q

What is the Corpus callosum and what does it do?

A

the band of fibers connecting the right and left hemispheres

22
Q

What is the Cerebral cortex and what does it do?

A

the outer covering of the brain, manages mental functions giving rise to consciousness

23
Q

What is the Occipital lobe and its function?

A

Lobe located at the back of the head that processes visual input

24
Q

What is the Temporal lobe and its function?

A

Lobes on the sides of the head that processes auditory input and object recognition

25
Q

What is the Parietal lobe?

A

Lobe of the brain located on the top of the head that processes body position and navigation through space

26
Q

What is the Frontal lobe and its function?

A

Lobe of the brain located at the front of the head that manages motor movement, planning, and decision making

27
Q

Lateralization is the idea that some cognitive functions are processed mainly in ____ hemisphere. Traditional language areas are processed in the ______ hemisphere.

A

one; left

28
Q

What is Broca’s area and its function?

A

An area in the left frontal lobe that controls speech production

29
Q

How is Broca’s aphasia characterized?

A

by halting, effortful speech but with good comprehension

30
Q

What is Wernicke’s area and its function?

A

An area in the left temporal lobe that controls speech production

31
Q

How is Wernicke’s aphasia characterized?

A

by “word salad” speech production with poor comprehension

32
Q

Describe subcortical structures as a whole and name them

A

-A brain structure located below the cerebral cortex
1)Hippocampus
2) Amygdala
3) Basal Ganglia

33
Q

What is the (1) Hippocampus? (subcortical structures)

A

-Found in the temporal lobe and controls memory and learning

34
Q

What is the (2) Amygdala? (subcortical structures)

A

-Found in the temporal lobe and controls emotion and memory

35
Q

What is the (3) Basal Ganglia? (subcortical structures)

A

-Found at the base of the forebrain and controls procedural learning and routine actions

36
Q

What does an Electroencephalography (EEG) do?

A
  • it records voltage fluctuations at the scalp
37
Q

What is an event-related potential (ERP)?

A
  • a waveform extracted from EEG that signifies cognitive process
38
Q

What is the N400?

A

An ERP characterized by the negative peak signaling semantic anomaly

“I TAKE MY COFFEE WITH CREAM AND DOG”

39
Q

What is Positron Emission Tomography (PET)?

A
  • it tracks a mildly radioactive substance injected into the bloodstream
40
Q

What is Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)?

A
  • it uses magnetic properties to track backflow

Psychology Of Language (6 decks)

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