Ch. 3 - Speech Perception Flashcards
What is a frequency (Hz)? How is it perceived?
of wave peaks in a given amount of time (usually in a second) and is perceived as pitched.
High frequency = ________ pitch
Low frequency = _________ pitch.
high; low
High frequency = ________ pitch
Low frequency = _________ pitch.
high; low
What is amplitude (Db)? How is it perceived?
the amount of change a wave undergoes in one cycle and is perceived as loudness
High amplitude = ________ noises
Low amplitude = _________ noises
louder; softer
High amplitude = ________ noises
Low amplitude = _________ noises
louder; softer
What is a fundamental frequency?
the lowest frequency produced by a vibrating object
What are overtones? How are they perceived?
they are higher frequencies also produced by vibrating objects and are perceived as timbre
What is timbre describing? What does it allow us to differentiate?
deep and rich versus tiny or nasally; allows us to differentiate between a piano. harmonica, and guitar playing the same note
What is a periodic sound? How is it perceived?
A regularly repeating pattern produced by a vibrating object
Vowels are ________ speech sounds.
periodic
What are aperiodic speech sounds? How are they perceived?
they are not a regularly repeating patten produced by collisions or friction; perceived as noise
Consonants are __________ sounds.
aperiodic
What is the Pinna / Ear Flap?
a largely immobile, but important role in sound localization that funnels sound down into the auditory canal.
What does the Auditory Canal do?
it amplifies sounds between 1,000 & 5,000 Hz and ends at the ear drum (tympanic membrane)
The tympanic membrane (eardrum) vibrates against a set of three bones called the ___________.
Ossicles
THE MIDDLE EAR (AMPLIFIES SOUND):
What are the 3 ossicles?
1) Malleus - hammer
2) Incus - anvil
3) Stapes - stirrup
THE INNER EAR (TRANSDUCES SOUND):
What are the 3 parts of the middle ear?
1) cochlea
2) basilar membrane
3) hair cells
What is the (1) cochlea? (3 parts of inner ear)
the organ of auditory sensation
Where is the (2) basilar membrane? (3 parts of inner ear)
it extends inside the cochlea, undulated in vibrating fluid of cochlea
What are (3) hair cells? (3 parts of inner ear)
specialized cells of basilar membrane; sensitive to different frequencies
THE INNER EAR:
What is tonotopic organization?
the progressive arrangement of cells sensitive to different frequencies
THE INNER EAR:
What is tonotopic organization?
the progressive arrangement of cells sensitive to different frequencies
THE INNER EAR:
Where is the Primary auditory cortex?
found in the superior temporal lobe; responsible for the initial processing of input from the cochlea; arranged in tonotopic order like the basilar membrane
What does the Primary auditory complex do? How is it arranged?
responsible for the initial processing of input from the cochlea; arranged in tonotopic order like the basilar membrane
What is Phonation?
sound resulting from vibrations of the vocal folds as air is expelled from the lungs
What is prosody? What does it convey?
Fluctuations in fundamental frequency during an utterance; conveys both linguistic and emotional information
What is prosody? What does it convey?
Fluctuations in fundamental frequency during an utterance; conveys both linguistic and emotional information
What are formants? When do they occur?
bands of high-amplitude sound at certain frequencies above the fundamental frequency; occur during periodic stretches of speech stream
What are formant transitions?
modifications of formants due to preceding or following consonants
What are the four major categories of speech sounds?
1) Vowels
2) Sonorants
3) Fricatives
4) Plosives
What are the four major categories of speech sounds?
1) Vowels
2) Sonorants
3) Fricatives
4) Plosives
How are (1) vowels characterized? (four major categories of speech sounds)
distinguished by first two formants
(ex. i owe you a yo-yo)
How are (2) sonorants characterized? (four major categories of speech sounds)
How are (2) sonorants characterized? (four major categories of speech sounds)
they are sometimes vowels, sometimes consonants
(ex. LittLE, RivER)
