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Psychology Of Language > Ch. 5 - Words > Flashcards

Ch. 5 - Words Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a word?

A

The minimal unit of meaning that can stand alone.

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2
Q

What is a concept?

A

-The mental representation of a statistical regularity in our experience
-Representations of classes of objects or events

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3
Q

What do concepts provide to us?

A

-they provide us with expectations, guide our responses to new instances of these objects or events

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4
Q

What are the forms of the dual nature of words?

A

-Phonological form- how it sounds
-Semantic representation- what it means

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5
Q

What are the two types of words?

A

1) Content words
2) Function words

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6
Q

What are content words? Examples?

A
  • words that are labels for concepts
  • nouns (represent objects), verbs (represent events), adjectives (describe)
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7
Q

Content words are an __________ _________ of words.

A

open-class; inviting new words all the time

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8
Q

What are function words? Examples?

A
  • Words that serve grammatical purposes
  • prepositions (of, at, in, to, from), determiners (the, a, some), conjunctions (and, but, because)
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9
Q

What is a lemma? (naked)

A

the most basic from of a word.

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10
Q

What is a lexeme? (how you can dress them up)

A

the set of all forms a word can take

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11
Q

Words in _________ are composed of one or more syllables. Elephant example?

A

isolation; “It’s an elephant”

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12
Q

Within ___________, phonemes regroup to form syllables across word boundaries. Elephant and going to example?

A

utterance; “It-sa-NEL-ephant” “Gonna”

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13
Q

What is the onset of a syllable?

A

the initial consonantal portion of a syllable; trying to make alliterations (the bold and the beautiful; then and there)

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14
Q

Match onsets of syllables to ____________. Examples?

A

alliterate; “the bold and the beautiful,” “then and there”

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15
Q

What is the rime of the syllable?

A

it is a vowel (nucleus) and final consonantal portion (coda) of a syllable

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16
Q

Match rimes to ___________. Examples?

A

rhyme; cash, dash, stash

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17
Q

What is the onset, rime, nucleus, and coda of the word “speech”

A

Onset: SP
Rime: EECH
Nucleus: EE
Coda: CH

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18
Q

What are Phonotactic Rules? Example of a violation of phonotactic rules?

A

the rules for combining phonemes into sequences to form words
(“sealed letter” is possible but not “seal dletter”)

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19
Q

What do phonotactic rules distinguish?

A

1) possible words: treb, fleen, gorp
2) impossible words: tber, fneel, gpor

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20
Q

Phonotactic rules vary from language to language.
Tski is _____ in Japanese but not in English
Street is _______ in Japanese, but it is in English

A

legal; illegal

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21
Q

Words are symbols.
Where do we look to figure out where the meaning of a symbol came from?

A

the traditional cognitive approach

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22
Q

What is the traditional cognitive approach? Example?

A
  • that symbols acquire meaning through relationships with other symbols
  • the dictionary defines words with other words
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23
Q

What is the Symbol Grounding Problem (Searle, 1980)?

A

The “Chinese Room Argument”
Say you land at the Beijing Airport and you are trying to read the signs. A Chinese dictionary won’t help you understand the meanings because ????????

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24
Q

(Symbol Grounding Problem)
What are semantic primes?

A

innately meaningful concepts used to define all other concepts

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25
Q

(Symbol Grounding Problem)
There is no consensus about how many _________ ________ there are, or which __________ are basic.

A

semantic primes; concepts

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26
Q

(Symbol Grounding Problem)
What are embodied representations? What supports it’s exsistence?

A
  • symbols understood in terms of the perceptual and motor experiences it evokes
  • support from neuroimaging studies (envisioning a brown of steak, showing a green steak evokes N400 anomaly)
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27
Q

(Symbol Grounding Problem)
What is embodied cognition and metaphor?

A

concrete concepts understood in terms of sensorimotor experiences

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28
Q

Abstract concepts are understood in terms of __________ based on __________ experiences

A

metaphors; sensorimotor
(“We’ve hit a rocky patch”
talking about the quality of the relationship by how
easily or not it is to physically walk down this path)

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29
Q

What is arbitrariness of the signal?

A

an observation that the sound of words gives virtually no information about meaning and is considered the universal property of language

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30
Q

Systematic sound symbol patterns are frequent:
enlighs onset gl (light): glow, gleam, glitter, glisten, glossy, glare

A
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31
Q

What is an onomatopoeia?

A

a word that represents a sound - thud, bang, animal noises

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32
Q

Onomatopoeias are not the same in different ____________. Pigs go _____ in English but ______ in Japanese

A

languages; oink oink; bubu

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33
Q

What is the Bouba-Kiki effect?

A

Kiki looks sharp and jagged and Bouba is soft and fluffy

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34
Q

3 main parts of the S-shaped learning curve

A

-until 18 months, word learning is slow
-vocab spurt during preschool years
-word learning tapers off somewhat later in childhood

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35
Q

4 Reasons for preschool vocab spurt

A

1) naming insight
2) mastery of phonology
3) improved memory
4) increased social engagement

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36
Q

Learning a word involves…

A

1) Constructing a concept
2) Learning a phonological word form
3)Associating a concept with word form

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37
Q

What is receptive vocabulary?

A

A set up of words a person recognizes and understands the meaning of (no necessarily important to produce it in the correct context/ language comprehension)

38
Q

What is productive vocabulary?

A

A set of words a person produces in the appropriate context.

39
Q

What is fast mapping?

A

The ability to learn a new word after only one or a few exposures (may not be producing it in the context yourself)

40
Q

What is referential uncertainty?

A

man saying “gavagai” and pointing to a running rabbit picture

No direct link between the word and the object or event it refers to

MAKE NEW SLIDES vvvvvv
when presented with a new word, people assume it applies to a whole object, the thing being pointed at

there’s nothing in the speech stream that a new word or utterance represents a piece or a whole of the thing it’s referring to.

41
Q

What is whole object assumption?

A

new words refer to entire objects and not just part of it

42
Q

What is taxonomic assumption?

A

new words extend to other similar referents
(“doggie means similar animals in general)

43
Q

What is mutual exclusivity assumptions?

A

no two words mean exactly the same thing

assume the word tail doesn’t mean doggie but rather something about the dog

44
Q

What is slow mapping?

A

learning words gradually over multiple exposures

45
Q

What is cross-situation word learning?

A

Associating novel words with novel objects by tracking co-occurrence statistics (hearing dog with family dog and hearing dog at the dog park)

46
Q

What is joint attention?

A

A situation in which all participants focus attention on the same object or event and reduces referential ambiguity (parent grocery shopping w/ kid… pointing and direct eye gazing at same object)

47
Q

What is syntactic bootstrapping? Example?

A

The use of syntactic information to infer the meaning of verbs
(John is gorping vs. John is gorping the cat)

48
Q

___________ of word forms affect how easily they’re learned

A

Chracteristics

49
Q

What is word frequency?

A

How often a word in all forms occurs in a language

50
Q

What is neighborhood density?

A

How many other words differ from a word by substitution of a single phoneme

51
Q

What is phonotactic probability?

A

The likelihood that a sequence of phonemes will occur in a language

52
Q

(Phonological Forms)
What is the mental lexicon?

A

The storage of information about words in long-term memory

53
Q

Initially, we thought word forms are stored as a set of ___________.
Evidence from speech errors:
- Keep your feet moving -> _______ _________
- Take my bike -> ______ ___ ________

A

Phonemes; foot meeving; bake my bike

54
Q

Others think only the most basic word form (_________) is stored.
Can generate plurals and past tenses for __________.
- Dax -> daxes OR blick -> blicked
Irregular forms: separate entries or by analogy
- Foot -> feet but factiously moose -> meese

A

Lemma; Nonwords

55
Q

Why are inflectional suffixes added to a word?

A

They are added for purposes of grammar
(ex. toy, toys; play, plays, played, playing)

56
Q

Why are derivational suffixes added to words?

A

It changes the meaning and grammatical category
[ex. agree (verb) —> agreement (noun) or agreeable (adjective)]

57
Q

What is the base frequency effect?

A

The frequency effect of base for extends to inflected forms
also added to derived forms if no change in pronunciation
no base frequency effect with changes in pronunciation

58
Q

What are thematic relationships?

A

the relationship between words based on frequency of co-occurence
(ex. coffee-creamer)

59
Q

What are taxonomic relationships?

A

the relationship between words based on category membership
(ex. coffee-redbull: both belonging to the category of things to drink when you need a pick me up)

60
Q

What is the word-association task?

A

-a participant produces one or more words in response to a prompt

61
Q

Younger children have more ____________ relations with the word association task while older children and adults have more _____________ relations.

A

thematic; taxonomic

62
Q

What is the network model? (Collins & Quillian, 1969)

A

-the mental lexicon as a network of concepts connected by semantic links

63
Q

Example of semantic links…

A

ex. a canary IS A bird, bird HAS wings
- thus, a bird has wings

64
Q

What is the semantic priming task ?

A
  • experimenter presents a pair of words in a sequence
  • participant performs lexical decision task on second word
65
Q

What are semantic priming effects?

A

-target words are recognized faster when presented with related than unrelated prime
(ex.DOCTOR, NURSE - FAST RT
DOCTOR, SPOON - SLOW RT)

66
Q

What is the picture-word inference task?

A
  • a picture and word appear
    -participant instructed to ignore word and name the picture as quickly as possible
    -when the word is categorically related to the picture, RT is delayed (cat, horse)
    -When thematically related, there is a faster RT
67
Q

What did the semantic interference task find?

A
  • taxonomical relations yield slower RTs
  • categorical words compete for selection
68
Q

What is the dual lexicon model (Gow 2021)?

A
  • dorsal sound-to-action stream stores phonological word forms
  • ventral sound-to-meaning stream links word form with semantic representations stored elsewhere
69
Q

What is the supramarginal gyrus? What word forms are stored in this area?

A

-region of inferior parietal lobe, adjacent to the lateral fissure
-phonological word forms may be stored in this area

70
Q

The left hemisphere is related to _______ relation semantic processing: acorn-squirrel

A

direct

71
Q

The right hemisphere is related to _______ relation semantic processing: lion-stripes (by way of tiger)

A

indirect

72
Q

What is word recognition?

A

-linking word forms in the speech stream to the semantic representation in the mental lexicon

73
Q

What is word production?

A

-finding word forms in the mental lexicon to express underlying semantic representation

74
Q

What is lexical access?

A

-matching the acoustic signal of the speech stream to candidate phonological representations in the mental lexicon
-the speech stream is ambiguous, so multiple candidates are considered

75
Q

What is lexical selection?

A
  • choosing the best-fitting word match to acoustic input
  • context and expectation have influence at this point
76
Q

What is lexical integration?

A

-linking selected word form to overall semantics and syntax of utterance
-understanding not just individual words of utternace!!!!!!!!!!!!!

77
Q

What is the top-down process?

A

-being influenced by context or expectations

78
Q

What is the sentence superiority effect?

A
  • we have an improved ability to identify words within a sentence as opposed to isolation
79
Q

What is the word frequency effect?

A

-common words are recognized more quickly than less common words

80
Q

What is the visual world paradigm?

A
  • participants interact with objects or pictures according to spoken instructions
    -object names are from the same cohort
  • older adults are more likely to select higher frequency items when lower frequency item is named
81
Q

What is lexical selection?

A
  • going from a particular concept to abstract word form (lemma)
82
Q

What is phonological encoding?

A

-going from an abstract word form (lemma) to phonological representation
(ex. p-uh-p-ee)

83
Q

What is the tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon?

A

-lexical selec!!!!!!!!!

84
Q

What is the Levelt Feedforwardf model?

A
  • each process is performed in a serial fashion (step-by-step in a specific order)
    -6 stages
    -after progressing thru the stages, you get some feedback through self-monitoring at the end of production
    -support comes from reaction time experiments
85
Q

Steps of the Levelt Feedforward Model
1)___________ ____________ –> lexical concept (expressed by word): <BABY>
2)\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ --> lemma (basic word form): KITTEN
3) \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ --> adding inflectional morphemes as needed: KITTEN-S
4)\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ --> convert to phoneme string: K-I-T-UH-N-Z
5) \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ --> gesutral score (motor commands to articulators)
6) \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ --> sound wave :speech string</BABY>

Self monitoring –> feedback from sound wave back to conceptual preparation.

A

1) conceptual preparation
2) lexical selection
3) morphological encoding
4) phonological encoding
5) phonetic encoding
6) articulation

86
Q

What is the Dell Interactive Model?

A

accounts for speech errors in healthy and brain-damaged populations
as obtained!!!!!!!!

87
Q

What is the semantic layer of the dell interactive model?

A

-concepts are distributed across a network of feature nodes

88
Q

What are semantic neighbors? (Dell model)

A

(concepts with related meanings) have overlapping feature nodes

89
Q

What is a word layer? (Dell)

A

one node for each lemme (abstract word form)

90
Q

What is the phoneme layer (Dell)?

A

one node!!!!!!!!!!!

Psychology Of Language (6 decks)

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