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Microbiology > Ch.2: The Molecules of Life > Flashcards

Ch.2: The Molecules of Life Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

How does microrganisms help plants improve soil?

A

by accumulating nitrogen from air

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2
Q

What is living matter composed of?

A

Carbon (C), hydrogen (H), oxygen (O), nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), sulfur (S)

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3
Q

Atomic number

A

number of protons

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4
Q

Mass number

A

of protons and # of neutrons

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5
Q

atom

A
  • basic unit of matter
  • Protons and neutrons make up central part of atom, or nucleus
  • Electrons form electron “cloud”
  • An atom normally has equal numbers of protons and electrons, therefore overall it has no charge
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6
Q

neutrons

A
  • uncharged particles
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7
Q

protons

A
  • positively charged particles
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8
Q

electrons

A
  • negatively charged particles
  • Shells closer to nucleus fill first
  • Innermost shell can hold up to 2 electrons
  • most stable with 8 electrons in outer shell (“octet rule”)
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9
Q

Ions

A

atom that has gained or lost electron(s)
- Anions gain electron(s) and are negatively charged
- Cations lose electron(s) and are positively charged

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10
Q

Isotopes

A

an element have different numbers of neutrons

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11
Q

Three main types of chemical bonds

A
  • Ionic bonds
  • Covalent bonds
  • Hydrogen bonds
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12
Q

Ionic bonds

A

form because of attraction between negative and positive charges

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13
Q

covalent bonds

A

form when atoms share electrons
- One pair of shared electrons = single covalent bond

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14
Q

Molecule

A

two or more atoms joined together by covalent bonds

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15
Q

Compound

A

molecule containing atoms of different elements

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16
Q

Non-polar covalent bond

A

equal sharing of electrons

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17
Q

Polar covalent bond

A

unequal sharing of electrons
- One atom more electronegative than the other

18
Q

Hydrogen bonds

A
  • weak bonds formed when a hydrogen atom in polar molecule is attracted to electronegative atom in same or another polar molecule
19
Q

oxidation-reduction (redox) reactions

A
  • The reactant that loses electrons is oxidized
  • The reactant that gains electrons is reduced
20
Q

reducing agents

A

reactants that typically lose electrons

21
Q

oxidizing agents

A

reactants that typically gain electrons

22
Q

enzymes

A
  • are biological catalysts that speed the rate of reactions
  • Reactants in enzyme-catalyzed reactions are substrates
23
Q

polar and charged substances

A
  • are hydrophilic (“water loving”)
  • dissolve in water
24
Q

Non-polar substances

A
  • are hydrophobic (“water fearing”)
  • do not dissolve in water
  • Ex: oil
25
Q

pH

A
  • a measure of acidity (H+ concentration)
  • increase H+ concentration = acidic
  • increase OH^- concentration = base
26
Q

Buffers

A

a chemical that helps to maintain a relatively constant pH of a solution
- Base added: buffer releases H+
- Acid added: buffer combines with H+
Buffers important to action of enzymes that may change shape when pH changes

27
Q

organic molecules

A
  • contain hydrogen and carbon which forms four covalent bonds
  • are often macromolceules
28
Q

four major classes of organic molecules

A
  1. carbohydrates
  2. lipids
  3. proteins
  4. nucleic acids
29
Q

What are the monomers of proteins?

A

one or more chains subunits called amino acids
- The chains vary in length among different proteins
- Folded into complex three-dimensional
- Proper folding is crucial to a protein’s function

30
Q

Amino Acid structure

Protein monomer

A
  1. Central carbon
  2. Hydrogen atom
  3. carboxyl group
  4. amino group
  5. Side chain (R group)
    Different amino acids characterized by 26 different side chains:
    – Non-polar: hydrohobic
    – Polar: hydrophilic
    – Charged (+ or −)
31
Q

What is the function of proteins?

A
  • Enzyme catalysis
  • Transport
  • Signal reception
  • Regulation
  • Motility
  • Support
32
Q

Which organisms use D-amino acids?

A

Bacteria

33
Q

What is the most important feature of a protein?

A

Protein characteristics depend mainly on shape
- Shape determined by amino acid sequence

34
Q

What is the Primary structure in protein building (what’s the 1st step)

A

sequence and number of amino acids

35
Q

Which type of bond holds protein together AND holds the two strands of DNA together?

A

Hydrogen bonds

36
Q

How is an ATP molecule built? (what are the components)

A
  1. 3 phosphate groups
  2. adenosine = ribose + adenine
37
Q

Which monosaccharides are found in nucleic acids?

A
  1. ribose (in RNA)
  2. deoxyribose (in DNA)
38
Q

What do dehydration reactions do?

A
  • Removes water and joins monomers to build polymers by forming covalent bonds
39
Q

What are the major properties of ALL lipids?

A
  • Lipids are non-polar, hydrophobic molecules
  • slight solubility in water
  • Important in structure of membranes
  • Not all lipids are composed of similar subunits
40
Q

What are the 2 components of a phospholipid?

A
  1. hydrophilic phosphate group –> face ouward toward aqueous environment
  2. hydrophobic fatty acid tails
    - Form lipid bilayer
    - Essential component of cytoplasmic membranes

Microbiology (9 decks)

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