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Y3 Chemistry > CH2 KINETIC PARTICLE THEORY > Flashcards

CH2 KINETIC PARTICLE THEORY Flashcards

1
Q

What is matter?

A

A substance that has mass and occupies space.

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2
Q

What is the kinetic particle theory?

A

All matter is made of TINY PARTICLES and these particles are in CONSTANT RANDOM motion, colliding with one another.

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3
Q

Describe the particulate characteristics for a solid.

A
  • closely packed in an orderly manner - held together by very strong forces of attraction
  • vibrate about their fixed positions
  • posses very low kinetic energy
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4
Q

Describe the particulate characteristics for a liquid

A
  • closely packed in a disorderly manner
  • held together by strong forces of attraction
  • slide past one another freely
  • posses low kinetic energy
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5
Q

Describe the particulate characteristics for a gas.

A
  • far apart and arranged in a disorderly manner
  • held together by weak forces of attraction
  • move quickly and randomly
  • possess high kinetic energy
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6
Q

When a substance changes in state, is this a physical or chemical change?

A

State changes are physical changes as no new products are formed.

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7
Q

Describe the change in the arrangement of particles in a solid as it melts.

A
  1. Particles gain K.E. and vibrate faster about their fixed positions
  2. Particles overcome forces of attraction between them and move further apart.
  3. Particles now slide past one another. Solid has melted into a liquid.
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8
Q

Why does melting/boiling/sublimation occur at a fixed temperature?

A

Energy from heating is used to overcome forces of attraction between the particles.

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9
Q

When state change occurs, do the particles continue to gain K.E.?

A

No

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10
Q

Describe the change in the arrangement of particles in a liquid as it boils.

A
  1. Particles gain K.E. and slide past one another faster.
  2. Particles overcome the strong forces between them and move further apart.
  3. Particles now move quickly and randomly. Liquid has boiled to form gas.
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11
Q

Describe the change in the arrangement of particles in a liquid as it freezes.

A
  1. Particles lose K.E and slide past one another more slowly
  2. Forces of attraction between particles become stronger and particles move closer to one another
  3. All particles vibrate about their fixed and orderly positions. Liquid has frozen into solid.
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12
Q

Describe the change in the arrangement of particles in a gas as it condenses.

A
  1. The particles lose K.E. and move more slowly
  2. Forces of attraction form between particles and the particles move closer together
  3. All particles slide past each. Gas has condensed into liquid.
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13
Q

Why does freezing/condensation happen at a fixed temperature?

A

The heat removed during cooling is equal to the heat released by the particles when they take up a more orderly arrangement.

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14
Q

What are the differences between boiling and evaporation?

A

B: fast process E: slow process

B: bubbles are observed
E: no visible change

B: occurs throughout the whole liquid
E: occurs only at the exposed surface of the liquid

B: occurs at a fixed temperature
E: occurs at any temperature BELOW the boiling point

B: Source of energy needed
E: Energy supplied by the surroundings

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15
Q

What is sublimation?

A

The change from solid to gas without melting.

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16
Q

What are some substances that sublime?

A

Iodine, chloride, ammonium, dry ice

17
Q

What is vapour deposition?

A

The change from gas to solid without condensation.

18
Q

Why are gases, such as oxygen and nitrogen, stored as liquids when being transported?

A

The volume of the substance shrinks significantly. Thus, they require less storage space, making transportation more efficient.

19
Q

Why do delivery companies use dry ice instead of ice cubes to keep frozen food cool during transport?

A
  1. The melting point of dry ice is much lower than ice cubes > it will keep food colder
  2. Unlike ice packs made from frozen water, dry ice evaporates into carbon dioxide and does not result in a liquid mess.
20
Q

What is diffusion?

A

The NET MOVEMENT of particles from a region of HIGHER concentration to LOWER concentration due to CONSTANT, RANDOM MOTION of the particles, until equilibrium is reached.

21
Q

What factors affect the rate of diffusion?

A
  1. Temperature
    At higher temperatures, more T.E is converted to K.E. > able to move faster > increased rate of diffusion.
  2. Particle mass
    Particles with a larger mass require more K.E. to move at the same speed as lighter particles.
22
Q

As K.E decreases, the rate of diffusion ______.

A

Increases

Y3 Chemistry (3 decks)

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