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Bio139 Test 1 > CH2 Cell Anatomy > Flashcards

CH2 Cell Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

Plasma membrane

A

The plasma membrane; sometimes called the cell membrane; forms the outer; limiting barrier separating the internal contents of the cell from the external environment.

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2
Q

Cytoplasm.

A

kytos = a hollow; plasma = a thing formed) is a general term for all cellular contents located between the plasma membrane and the nucleus. Has Cytosol(fluid)

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3
Q

Nucleus vs Nucleolus

A

Nucleus includes the nuclear envelope and nucleolus

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4
Q

Nucleolus

A

Synthesizes rRNA and assembles ribosomes in the nucleus

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5
Q

Nucleus

A

Acts as cell control center; controls all genetic information (DNA); site of ribosome subunit assembly

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6
Q

Structure of the Plasma Membrane

A

Made from lipid(fat; Carbohydrate and protein. Has a Phosphate head(hydrophilic) and 2 fatty acid tails (hydrophobic) creating a lipid bilayer. Cholesterol provides strength and rigidity

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7
Q

Integral vs Peripheral Proteins

A

Peripheral proteins are not embedded in the phospholipid bilayer. They are attached loosely to either the external or internal surface of the membrane; often to the exposed parts of the integral proteins. Integral proteins are embedded within; and extend across; the phospholipid bilayer

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8
Q

Glyo-X

A

X can be lipid/protein/calyx(both) Glyo is a sugar

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9
Q

Active vs passive Transport

A

Active requires energy ATP

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10
Q

4 Passive Transports

A

Simple Diffusion 2) Osmosis 3)Facilated diffusion 4) Bulk Filtration

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11
Q

Simple diffusion

A

As a result of simple diffusion; a net movement of specific molecules or ions takes place from a region of their higher concentration to a region of their lower concentration. This net movement continues until all of those molecules are evenly distributed in the environment

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12
Q

Osmosis

A

Is a special type of simple diffusion in which WATER diffuses from one side of the selectively permeable membrane to the other. Still High to Low

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13
Q

Facilitated diffusion

A

Facilitated diffusion requires the participation of specific transport proteins that help specific substances move across the plasma membrane. These substances are either large molecules or molecules that are insoluble in lipids

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14
Q

Bulk filtration

A

Is driven by pressure and not necessary High to low

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15
Q

Active Transport Types

A

1)Ion Pumps 2) Bulk Transport (Exocytosis(out) or Endocytosis(in))

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16
Q

3 Type of Endocytosis

A

1 Phagocytosis: cell eating 2 Pinocytosis: cell drinking 3 Receptor-mediated endocytosis

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17
Q

Ion Pump

A

Against concentration gradient

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18
Q

sodium-potassium pump TEST

A

ION PUMP 3 Na+ come in with ATP from the cytoplasm enter the pump then exit into the extracellular fluid while 2K+ ion revert the pump back to it original shape

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19
Q

Phago vs Pino

A

Eat vs Drinking both into the cell

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20
Q

Receptor-mediated Endocytosis

A

MOST SPECIFIC is the movement of specific molecules from the extracellular environment into a cell by way of a newly formed vesicle. This process begins when molecules in the extracellular fluid bind to their specific integral membrane protein receptors.is the movement of specific molecules from the extracellular environment into a cell by way of a newly formed vesicle. This process begins when molecules in the extracellular fluid bind to their specific integral membrane protein receptors.

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21
Q

Inclusions

A

general term for substances temporarily stored in cell (ex. glycogen; fats

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22
Q

Cytosol

A

fluid; water; ions in The Cytoplasm

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23
Q

Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) What does it look like and Do

A

A Membrane network with Two Part Rough ER and Smooth ER

24
Q

Rough ER(Endoplasmic reticulum)

A

Connects to the Nucleus has ribosomes and Cisternae(flat stacks tops) IT produces proteins via ribosomes and sends them to the Golgi apparatus

25
Q

Smooth ER

A

similar to the rough ER but has no ribosomes. IT Synthesizes LIPID and detoxification

26
Q

Golgi Apparatus

A

Is a series of cisternae(flat stacks) It modifies package and sorts proteins arriving from the Rough ER NOT attached to the Nucleus

27
Q

Cis face vs Trans-face

A

Cis Face receiving end vs trans-face: shipping end ( Golgi apparatus)

28
Q

Three places the Golgi apparatus can send proteins

A

1) Out of the cell(exocytosis 2) into plasma membrane 3 Into lysosomes

29
Q

Lysosomes

A

Formed by the Golgi Apparatus. Have enzymes that digest waste products and other molecules (Break SHIT DOWN)

30
Q

Peroxisomes

A

Similar to Lysosomes in look but Formed from Rough ER and can self replicate. Have enzymes that detoxify harmful substance(toxins

31
Q

Mitochondria

A

Double membranes organelles that produce ATP via aerobic metabolism. CAN self replicate(POWER HOUSE) have a matric

32
Q

Matrix and Cristae

A

These folds; called cristae (kris ?ta? ; -te? ; crista = crest); increase the surface area that is exposed to the internal fluid contents; termed thematrix

33
Q

Ribosomes

A

Non membrane bound organelle that synthesis PROTEINS can be free or fixed

34
Q

Protein synthesis

A

Free ribosomes synthesize proteins for use within the cell 2. Fixed ribosomes synthesize proteins destined to be incorporated into the plasma membrane; exported from the cell; or housed within lysosomes

35
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

Made from microfilaments; intermediate filaments and microtubules Provides support and Transport

36
Q

Microfilaments vs Microtubules

A

Microtubules are biggest

37
Q

Centrosome and centrioles

A

Important in cell division Centrosome is a pair of perpendicular centrioles which are microtubules in a 9 + 3 arrangement

38
Q

Cilia

A

Hair like projections of a call that move thing across its surface (many per cell)

39
Q

Flagella

A

Sperm one big

40
Q

Nucleus

A

Control center Contains DNA and surrounded by a nuclear envelope(lipid bilayer connects to Rough ER)

41
Q

Nucleoli(2+) (nucleolus(1)

A

Makes ribosome can be 1 or more

42
Q

4 Bases in DNA and How they Bind

A

adenine - thymine and Cytosine - guanine

43
Q

What are nucleotides structure

A

Deoxyribos(sugar); Phosphate and a Base

44
Q

Genes

A

Section of DNA code

45
Q

Name for DNA

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid

46
Q

Histones

A

Package DNA

47
Q

How many chromosomes in humans

A

46 -> 23 pairs

48
Q

Two major Phases of cell cycle

A

Interphase and Mitotic Phase(mostly in interphase)

49
Q

3 Parts of Interphase

A

1) Gap 1 (growth) 2) Synthesis(S) (DNA) replication)3) Gap 2 (growth)

50
Q

4 Phases of mitosis in order

A

1)prophase 2)metaphase 3)Anaphase 4) Telophase

51
Q

What is mitosis

A

Is when a cell duplicates nuclear division and cytoplasmic division

52
Q

Prophase

A

1st Phase: The nucleolus breaks down and disappears. The chromosomes form a big puffy ball within the nucleus. Elongated microtubules called spindle fibers begin to grow from the centrioles; and this event pushes the two centriole pairs apart

53
Q

Metaphase(test)

A

2nd Phase Metaphase occurs when the chromosomes line up along the equatorial plate of the cell (figure 2.20c). Spindle fibers grow from each centriole toward the chromosomes; and some attach to the centromere of each chromosome. The collection of spindle fibers extending from the centrioles to the chromosomes forms an oval structured array termed the mitotic spindle

54
Q

Anaphase(test)

A

3rd Phase Anaphase begins as spindle fibers pull sister chromatids apart at the centromere

55
Q

Telephase

A

4th Stage BUILD New nuclear envelope is formed Chromosomes uncoil Mitotic spindle breaks down. This causes Cytokinesis(cleavage)

56
Q

Cytokinesis

A

Cleavage furrow is formed pinching cell into 2 daughter cells

57
Q

Microvilli

A

similar to cilia but DON’T move provides protection and increases surface area allowing for diffusion/absorption(lots in digestive track) Has a brush border

Bio139 Test 1 (3 decks)

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