Ch2 Basic Exercise Science

Question 0

Nervous system

Answer 0

Consist of network of specialized cells called neurons that transmit and coordinate signals, providing, a communication network in human body

Question 1

Human movement System

Answer 1

The combination of the nervous , muscular, and skeletal system

Question 2

Sensory function

Answer 2

Ability of the nervous system to sense changes in either the internal or external environment

Question 3

Integrative function

Answer 3

Ability of the nervous system to analyze and interpret sensory information to allow for proper decision making, which produces the appropriate response

Question 4

Motor function

Answer 4

The neuromuscular response to sensory information

Question 5

Proprioception

Answer 5

A cumulative sensory input to the central nervous system from all mechanoreceptors that sense body position and limb movement

Question 6

Neuron

Answer 6

A functional unit of the nervous system

Question 7

Sensory (afferent) neurons

Answer 7

Respond to touch, light and other stimuli. Transmit nerve impulses from effector sites such as organs and muscles via receptors to the brain and spinal cord

Question 8

Interneurons

Answer 8

Transmit never impulses from one neuron to another

Question 9

Motor (efferent) neurons

Answer 9

Transmit nerve impulses from the brain and spinal cord to effector sites

Question 10

Central nervous system

Answer 10

Consist of brain and spinal cord. It coordinate activity of all parts of the body

Question 11

Peripheral nervous system

Answer 11

Consist of 12 cranial and 31 pairs of spinal nerves that spread through out the body. 2 subdivisions
Somatic - serve skeletal muscles and responsible for voluntary control of movement
Autonomic - supplies neural input to involuntary systems ( heart, digestive, endocrine glands)

Question 12

Mechanoreceptors

Answer 12

Specialized structures that respond to mechanical pressure within tissue and transmit signals through sensory nerves. Sense distortion in body tissue.
Respond to touch, pressure, stretch, sound waves, light, and motion, monitors position of muscles, bones, and joints

Question 13

Muscle spindles

Answer 13

Receptors that run parallel to muscle fibers, sensitive to change in length and the rate of length that a muscle is stretched. Helps regulate contraction

Question 14

Golgi tendon organ (GTO)

Answer 14

Specialized sensory receptors located in tendon, surrounds a joint that responds to pressure, acceleration, deceleration of the joint. Sensitive to change in muscular tension, and rate of the tension change

Question 15

Joint receptors

Answer 15

Joint receptors are located in and around a joint capsule, act to signal extreme joint positions, respond to pressure, acceleration, deceleration, of the joint.

Question 16

Skeletal system

Answer 16

Body’s frame work composed of bones and joints. Supportive, protecting, allow body movement, produce blood, and store minerals. Has 206 bones, 177 are used in voluntary movement, forms over 300 joints

Question 17

Bones

Answer 17

Provide a resting ground for muscles and protection of vital organs

Question 18

Joints

Answer 18

Formed by bones, junctions of muscles and connective tissue, at which movement occurs. Also known as articulation

Question 19

Axial skeleton

Answer 19

Consist of skull, vertebral column and rib cage. Has 80 bones

Question 20

Appendicular skeleton

Answer 20

Made up of upper and lower extremities plus shoulder and pelvic girdles. Has 126 bones

Question 21

Remodeling

Answer 21

Process of resorption and formation of bone

Question 22

Osteoclasts

Answer 22

Cell Responsible for removal of bone tissue “resorption”

Question 23

Osteoblasts

Answer 23

Cell responsible for laying down new bone tissue “formation”

Question 24

Epiphysis

Answer 24

The end of a long bone, mainly composed of spongy bone, and house much of the red marrow in blood cell production, primary sites for growth

Question 25

Diaphysis

Answer 25

Shaft portion of long bone, mostly compact bone "support"

Question 26

Epiphyseal plate

Answer 26

The region of long bone connecting the diaphysis to the epiphysis. It's a layer of subdividing cartilaginous cells in which growth in length of diaphysis occurs

Question 27

Periosteum

Answer 27

A dense membrane composed of fibrous connective tissue that closely wraps all bone except that of the articulating surfaces of joints which are covered by synovial membrane

Question 28

Medullary cavity

Answer 28

The central cavity of bones shafts where marrow is stored

Question 29

Articular cartilage

Answer 29

Cartilage that covers the articulate surfaces of bone, hard white and shiny has synovial fluid. Reduce friction in freely movable synovial joints

Question 30

Depressions

Answer 30

Flattened or indented portions of bone which can be attachment sites for muscle

Question 31

Proccess

Answer 31

Projections protruding from the bone where muscles tendons and ligaments can attach. Types are condyle, epicondyle, tubercle, trochanter

Question 32

Vertebral column

Answer 32

Series of irregular shaped bones called vertebrae that houses the spinal cord. Cervical (c1-c7), thoracic (T1-T12), lumbar (L1-L5), sacrum, coccyx

Question 33

Arthrokinematics

Answer 33

Joint motion 3 major types: roll, spin, slide

Question 34

Synovial joints

Answer 34

Most common in body about 80%. Held together by a capsule and ligaments and are most associated with movement in the body. Produce lubricant "synovial fluid"

Question 35

Nonsynovial joints

Answer 35

Joints at do not have a joint cavity, connective tissue or cartilage, little to no movement

Question 36

Gliding joint

Answer 36

No axis of rotation moves by sliding side to side or back and forth. Found: carpals in hands

Question 37

Condyloid joint

Answer 37

Formed by the fitting of condyles of one bone into elliptical cavities of another moves predominatly in one plane Found: knee

Question 38

Hinge joint

Answer 38

Unusual moves predominantly in one plane of motion (Sagittal) Found: elbow

Question 39

Saddle joint

Answer 39

One bone fits like a saddle on another bone, moves predominantly in 2 planes (Sagittal joint of thumb) Found: only in carpometacarpal

Question 40

Pivot joint

Answer 40

Only one axis, moves predominantly in one plane of motion( transverse) Found: radioulnar

Question 41

Ball-and-socket joint

Answer 41

Most mobile joint, moves in all planes of motion | Found: shoulder

Question 42

Ligaments

Answer 42

Primary tissue that connects bone to bone and provides stability, input to the nervous system, guidance, and limitation of improper joint movement Made up of protein called elastin and collagen

Question 43

Muscular system

Answer 43

Series of muscles that move the skeleton. Generate internal tension that under control of the nervous system manipulates bones to produce movement

Question 44

Epimysium

Answer 44

Later of connective tissue that is underneath the fascia and surrounds the muscles

Question 45

Permysium

Answer 45

Connective tissue that surrounds fascicles

Question 46

Endomysium

Answer 46

Deepest layer of connective tissue that surrounds individual muscle fibers

Question 47

Tendons

Answer 47

Connective tissue that attach muscle to bone and provide an anchor for muscles to produce force

Question 48

Sarcomere

Answer 48

Functional unit of muscle that produces muscular contraction and consists of repeating sections of actin and myosin

Question 49

Explain muscle contraction

Answer 49

While muscles are in a relaxed state tropomyosin (protein structure responsible for muscle contraction) located on the actin filament in a sarcomere which are repeating sections that make up a myofibril, blocks myosin binding sites that are also located on the actin filament, keeping the muscles relaxed. Troponin (protein structure responsible for muscle contraction)also located on the actin filament plays a role for contraction by providing binding sites for both calcium and tropomyosin when a muscle needs to contract

Question 50

Neural Activation

Answer 50

Communication link between the nervous system and muscular system, basically a contraction generated by neural stimulation

Question 51

Motor Unit

Answer 51

A motor neuron and all of the muscle fibers it connects too "innervates too"

Question 52

Neurotransmitters

Answer 52

Chemical messengers that cross the neuromuscular junction "synapse" to transmit electrical impulses from the nerve to the muscle

Question 53

Sliding filament theory

Answer 53

Describes how thick and thin filaments within a sarcomere slide past one another, shortening the entire length of the sarcomere and thus shortening muscle and producing force

Question 54

Excitation to contraction

Answer 54

Process of neural stimulation creating a muscle to contract.

Question 55

All or nothing Law

Answer 55

If a stimulus is strong enough to trigger an action potential then it will spread through the whole length of the muscles fiber causing contraction. If a stimulus is not strong enough then there will be no action potential and no contraction.

Question 56

Muscle fiber type 1

Answer 56

Slow twitch contain large amount of capillaries, mitochondria, and myoglobin, which allows for improve delivery of oxygen. Smaller in size, slower to produce maximal tension, more resistant to fatigue. Produce long term contractions for stabilization and postural control

Question 57

Muscle fiber type 2

Answer 57

Fast twitch, subdivide into two types Type IIa - have higher oxidative capacity and fatigue more slowly and Type IIx - have a low oxidative capacity fatigues faster TContain fewer capillaries and myoglobin, they can use both aerobic and anaerobic metabolism. Quick to produce maximal tension.

Question 58

Agonist

Answer 58

Prime mover, are muscles most responsible for a particular movement

Question 59

Synergist

Answer 59

Assist prime mover, assist prime mover during movement

Question 60

Stabilizer

Answer 60

Stabilize while prime mover and synergistic work, support or stabilize the body

Question 61

Antagonist

Answer 61

Oppose prime mover, muscles perform opposite action of prime mover

Question 62

Endocrine system

Answer 62

System of glands that secrete hormones into the blood stream to regulate a variety of bodily functions, control of mood, growth and development

Question 63

Endocrine glands

Answer 63

Main are the hypothalamus, pituitary, thyroid, and adrenal glands

Question 64

Pituitary gland

Answer 64

"Master gland" it controls the functions of the endocrine system. Has 3 sections called lobes Anterior, intermediate, and posterior

Question 65

Anterior lobe of pituitary gland

Answer 65

Secrete growth hormone, prolactin hormone, adrenocotropic hormone (ACTH), thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH)

Question 66

Intermediate love of the pituitary gland

Answer 66

Secretes melanocyte stimulating hormone

Question 67

Posterior lobe of pituitary gland

Answer 67

Secrete antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and oxytocin

Question 68

Thyroid gland

Answer 68

Regulate metabolism and affect growth and rate function of other systems. Regulated by pituitary gland, responsible for carbohydrate, protein, fat metabolism, basal metabolic rate, protein synthesis sensitive to epinephrine, heart rate, breathing rate and body temp. Drop in thyroid function causes fatigue, depression, sensitive to cold and weight gain

Question 69

Adrenal glands

Answer 69

Secret corticosteroids and catecholamines also cortisol, and adrenaline

Question 70

Primary source of energy during vigorous exercise

Answer 70

Carbohydrates "glucose"

Question 71

Insulin and its function

Answer 71

Produced by pancreas, when elevated levels of glucose is detected in the body, insulin binds receptors of target cells and cell membrane becomes permeable to glucose, result is a drop in blood glucose levels. Also regulate energy and glucose metabolism in body.

Question 72

Glucagon and function

Answer 72

Also regulate blood glucose levels. Opposite of insulin. Glucagon releases from pancreas and raises blood glucose levels in the body when the body is physically active or when body is in a low state of glucose, glucose is released from its stored state in the liver called glycogen. Stimulates liver to convert glycogen stores back to glucose

Question 73

Catecholamines

Answer 73

2 types: epinephrine "adrenaline" and norepinephrine both produced by adrenal glands Prepare body for "fight" or "flight" response As body prepares for activity it triggers adrenal gland to secret more epinephrine which increases heart rate and stroke volume, elevate glucose levels, redistributes blood to working tissue, and opens up airways

Question 74

Testosterone & Estrogen

Answer 74

Test: produced a large amount about 10x in men small amount in ovaries of women. Responsible for development in sexual characteristics and great muscle mass. Plays a role in growth and repair of tissue, raised levels indicate "anabolic" training or tissue building Estro: large amount in women, small amounts in adrenal glands of men. Responsible for sexual characteristics regulation or "period"

Question 75

Cortisol

Answer 75

Catabolic hormone, under times of stress such as exercise or physical activity it secreted by adrenal glands and serves to maintain energy supply, through the breakdown of fats, carbohydrates, and protein. To much levels brought by over training, excessive stress, poor sleep, and inadequate nutrition can lead to significant breakdown of muscle tissue and other harmful side effects

Question 76

Growth hormone

Answer 76

Released from pituitary gland, regulated by hypothalamus, stimulates estrogen, test, deep sleep, and vigorous exercise. Anabolic hormone, responsible for growth and development of bone, muscle tissue and protein synthesis increases fat burning and strengthens immune system