Ch2 Basic Exercise Science Flashcards
Nervous system
Consist of network of specialized cells called neurons that transmit and coordinate signals, providing, a communication network in human body
Human movement System
The combination of the nervous , muscular, and skeletal system
Sensory function
Ability of the nervous system to sense changes in either the internal or external environment
Integrative function
Ability of the nervous system to analyze and interpret sensory information to allow for proper decision making, which produces the appropriate response
Motor function
The neuromuscular response to sensory information
Proprioception
A cumulative sensory input to the central nervous system from all mechanoreceptors that sense body position and limb movement
Neuron
A functional unit of the nervous system
Sensory (afferent) neurons
Respond to touch, light and other stimuli. Transmit nerve impulses from effector sites such as organs and muscles via receptors to the brain and spinal cord
Interneurons
Transmit never impulses from one neuron to another
Motor (efferent) neurons
Transmit nerve impulses from the brain and spinal cord to effector sites
Central nervous system
Consist of brain and spinal cord. It coordinate activity of all parts of the body
Peripheral nervous system
Consist of 12 cranial and 31 pairs of spinal nerves that spread through out the body. 2 subdivisions
Somatic - serve skeletal muscles and responsible for voluntary control of movement
Autonomic - supplies neural input to involuntary systems ( heart, digestive, endocrine glands)
Mechanoreceptors
Specialized structures that respond to mechanical pressure within tissue and transmit signals through sensory nerves. Sense distortion in body tissue.
Respond to touch, pressure, stretch, sound waves, light, and motion, monitors position of muscles, bones, and joints
Muscle spindles
Receptors that run parallel to muscle fibers, sensitive to change in length and the rate of length that a muscle is stretched. Helps regulate contraction
Golgi tendon organ (GTO)
Specialized sensory receptors located in tendon, surrounds a joint that responds to pressure, acceleration, deceleration of the joint. Sensitive to change in muscular tension, and rate of the tension change
Joint receptors
Joint receptors are located in and around a joint capsule, act to signal extreme joint positions, respond to pressure, acceleration, deceleration, of the joint.
Skeletal system
Body’s frame work composed of bones and joints. Supportive, protecting, allow body movement, produce blood, and store minerals. Has 206 bones, 177 are used in voluntary movement, forms over 300 joints
Bones
Provide a resting ground for muscles and protection of vital organs
Joints
Formed by bones, junctions of muscles and connective tissue, at which movement occurs. Also known as articulation
Axial skeleton
Consist of skull, vertebral column and rib cage. Has 80 bones
Appendicular skeleton
Made up of upper and lower extremities plus shoulder and pelvic girdles. Has 126 bones
Remodeling
Process of resorption and formation of bone
Osteoclasts
Cell Responsible for removal of bone tissue “resorption”
Osteoblasts
Cell responsible for laying down new bone tissue “formation”
Epiphysis
The end of a long bone, mainly composed of spongy bone, and house much of the red marrow in blood cell production, primary sites for growth
Diaphysis
Shaft portion of long bone, mostly compact bone “support”
Epiphyseal plate
The region of long bone connecting the diaphysis to the epiphysis. It’s a layer of subdividing cartilaginous cells in which growth in length of diaphysis occurs
Periosteum
A dense membrane composed of fibrous connective tissue that closely wraps all bone except that of the articulating surfaces of joints which are covered by synovial membrane
Medullary cavity
The central cavity of bones shafts where marrow is stored
Articular cartilage
Cartilage that covers the articulate surfaces of bone, hard white and shiny has synovial fluid. Reduce friction in freely movable synovial joints
Depressions
Flattened or indented portions of bone which can be attachment sites for muscle
Proccess
Projections protruding from the bone where muscles tendons and ligaments can attach. Types are condyle, epicondyle, tubercle, trochanter
Vertebral column
Series of irregular shaped bones called vertebrae that houses the spinal cord. Cervical (c1-c7), thoracic (T1-T12), lumbar (L1-L5), sacrum, coccyx
Arthrokinematics
Joint motion 3 major types: roll, spin, slide
Synovial joints
Most common in body about 80%. Held together by a capsule and ligaments and are most associated with movement in the body. Produce lubricant “synovial fluid”
Nonsynovial joints
Joints at do not have a joint cavity, connective tissue or cartilage, little to no movement
Gliding joint
No axis of rotation moves by sliding side to side or back and forth.
Found: carpals in hands
Condyloid joint
Formed by the fitting of condyles of one bone into elliptical cavities of another moves predominatly in one plane
Found: knee
Hinge joint
Unusual moves predominantly in one plane of motion (Sagittal)
Found: elbow
Saddle joint
One bone fits like a saddle on another bone, moves predominantly in 2 planes (Sagittal joint of thumb)
Found: only in carpometacarpal
Pivot joint
Only one axis, moves predominantly in one plane of motion( transverse)
Found: radioulnar
Ball-and-socket joint
Most mobile joint, moves in all planes of motion
Found: shoulder
Ligaments
Primary tissue that connects bone to bone and provides stability, input to the nervous system, guidance, and limitation of improper joint movement
Made up of protein called elastin and collagen
Muscular system
Series of muscles that move the skeleton. Generate internal tension that under control of the nervous system manipulates bones to produce movement
Epimysium
Later of connective tissue that is underneath the fascia and surrounds the muscles
Permysium
Connective tissue that surrounds fascicles
Endomysium
Deepest layer of connective tissue that surrounds individual muscle fibers
Tendons
Connective tissue that attach muscle to bone and provide an anchor for muscles to produce force
Sarcomere
Functional unit of muscle that produces muscular contraction and consists of repeating sections of actin and myosin
Explain muscle contraction
While muscles are in a relaxed state tropomyosin (protein structure responsible for muscle contraction) located on the actin filament in a sarcomere which are repeating sections that make up a myofibril, blocks myosin binding sites that are also located on the actin filament, keeping the muscles relaxed. Troponin (protein structure responsible for muscle contraction)also located on the actin filament plays a role for contraction by providing binding sites for both calcium and tropomyosin when a muscle needs to contract
Neural Activation
Communication link between the nervous system and muscular system, basically a contraction generated by neural stimulation
Motor Unit
A motor neuron and all of the muscle fibers it connects too “innervates too”
Neurotransmitters
Chemical messengers that cross the neuromuscular junction “synapse” to transmit electrical impulses from the nerve to the muscle
Sliding filament theory
Describes how thick and thin filaments within a sarcomere slide past one another, shortening the entire length of the sarcomere and thus shortening muscle and producing force
Excitation to contraction
Process of neural stimulation creating a muscle to contract.
All or nothing Law
If a stimulus is strong enough to trigger an action potential then it will spread through the whole length of the muscles fiber causing contraction. If a stimulus is not strong enough then there will be no action potential and no contraction.
Muscle fiber type 1
Slow twitch contain large amount of capillaries, mitochondria, and myoglobin, which allows for improve delivery of oxygen. Smaller in size, slower to produce maximal tension, more resistant to fatigue. Produce long term contractions for stabilization and postural control
Muscle fiber type 2
Fast twitch, subdivide into two types Type IIa - have higher oxidative capacity and fatigue more slowly
and Type IIx - have a low oxidative capacity fatigues faster
TContain fewer capillaries and myoglobin, they can use both aerobic and anaerobic metabolism. Quick to produce maximal tension.
Agonist
Prime mover, are muscles most responsible for a particular movement
Synergist
Assist prime mover, assist prime mover during movement
Stabilizer
Stabilize while prime mover and synergistic work, support or stabilize the body
Antagonist
Oppose prime mover, muscles perform opposite action of prime mover
Endocrine system
System of glands that secrete hormones into the blood stream to regulate a variety of bodily functions, control of mood, growth and development
Endocrine glands
Main are the hypothalamus, pituitary, thyroid, and adrenal glands
Pituitary gland
“Master gland” it controls the functions of the endocrine system. Has 3 sections called lobes
Anterior, intermediate, and posterior
Anterior lobe of pituitary gland
Secrete growth hormone, prolactin hormone, adrenocotropic hormone (ACTH), thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH)
Intermediate love of the pituitary gland
Secretes melanocyte stimulating hormone
Posterior lobe of pituitary gland
Secrete antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and oxytocin
Thyroid gland
Regulate metabolism and affect growth and rate function of other systems. Regulated by pituitary gland, responsible for carbohydrate, protein, fat metabolism, basal metabolic rate, protein synthesis sensitive to epinephrine, heart rate, breathing rate and body temp. Drop in thyroid function causes fatigue, depression, sensitive to cold and weight gain
Adrenal glands
Secret corticosteroids and catecholamines also cortisol, and adrenaline
Primary source of energy during vigorous exercise
Carbohydrates “glucose”
Insulin and its function
Produced by pancreas, when elevated levels of glucose is detected in the body, insulin binds receptors of target cells and cell membrane becomes permeable to glucose, result is a drop in blood glucose levels. Also regulate energy and glucose metabolism in body.
Glucagon and function
Also regulate blood glucose levels. Opposite of insulin. Glucagon releases from pancreas and raises blood glucose levels in the body when the body is physically active or when body is in a low state of glucose, glucose is released from its stored state in the liver called glycogen. Stimulates liver to convert glycogen stores back to glucose
Catecholamines
2 types: epinephrine “adrenaline” and norepinephrine both produced by adrenal glands
Prepare body for “fight” or “flight” response
As body prepares for activity it triggers adrenal gland to secret more epinephrine which increases heart rate and stroke volume, elevate glucose levels, redistributes blood to working tissue, and opens up airways
Testosterone & Estrogen
Test: produced a large amount about 10x in men small amount in ovaries of women. Responsible for development in sexual characteristics and great muscle mass. Plays a role in growth and repair of tissue, raised levels indicate “anabolic” training or tissue building
Estro: large amount in women, small amounts in adrenal glands of men. Responsible for sexual characteristics regulation or “period”
Cortisol
Catabolic hormone, under times of stress such as exercise or physical activity it secreted by adrenal glands and serves to maintain energy supply, through the breakdown of fats, carbohydrates, and protein. To much levels brought by over training, excessive stress, poor sleep, and inadequate nutrition can lead to significant breakdown of muscle tissue and other harmful side effects
Growth hormone
Released from pituitary gland, regulated by hypothalamus, stimulates estrogen, test, deep sleep, and vigorous exercise. Anabolic hormone, responsible for growth and development of bone, muscle tissue and protein synthesis increases fat burning and strengthens immune system
