Ch.2 Flashcards
What is the difference between a genotype and a phenotype?
Genotype- DNA
Phenotype- observable characteristics
What is a gene?
genetic units, determine traits, contain 23 chromosomes
What is evolutionary psychology? Compare it to behavior genetics.
genetic changes and natural selection impact behaviour to
adapt to environment and promote survival
changes are age dependent and based on needs.
behavioural genetics: heredity
Who was Erikson, and what is his major contribution to the field of development?
Psychosocial Development
Erikson’s stages
List Erikson’s stages of psychosocial development.
Trust_____________________________Mistrust! ✤Autonomy________________________Shame! ✤Initiative__________________________Guilt! ✤Industry__________________________Inferiority! ✤Identity__________________________Confusion! ✤Intimacy_________________________Isolation! ✤Generativity______________________Stagnation
Describe the term psychoanalytic theory. What are the central features of this
approach?
Psychoanalytic
Sigmund Freud: Psychosexual!
unconsciousness!
*stage success or fixation!
*sexual impulses and gratification!
*importance of childhood experiences!
Describe operant conditioning and give an example.
*Skinner: operant conditioning
Reinforcement: Positive +: adding something pleasant
behaviour
Negative -: avoiding something unpleasant
behaviour
Negative -: taking away something pleasant
Punishment:
Positive +: adding something unpleasant
Describe classical conditioning and give an example.
Pavlov: Classical Conditioning learning based on associations
Describe social learning and give an example
Bandura
Learn by observing others
What aspect of development was Piaget interested in? List and describe his four
stages of development.
- Piaget’s Cognitive Theory:
developing thinking
Scheme
cognitive structure that helps organize and interpret information/ provides operating procedure
Assimilate !
incorporating new information into existing scheme
Accomodate
modifying existing scheme to take into account new information
What is meant by the terms accommodation and assimilation?
Assimilate !
incorporating new information into existing scheme
Accomodate
modifying existing scheme to take into account new information
Describe the information processing approach to cognitive development.
Memory Processes: encoding/storage/ retrieval
Memory components:
short and long term memory (varying capacity)
Who was Vygotsky? What is his major contribution to our understanding of
development?
cognitions depend on social and cultural contexts
scaffolding
support provided by others (modelling, prompts, teaching)
!
zone of proximal development
gap between what can do on own and with help from competent others
