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Bio 1/2 > CH2 > Flashcards

CH2 Flashcards

BIO

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1
Q

List the 8 Qualities of Life

A

8 Qualities of Life:
- Movement – self-generated movement
- Respiration – extract energy from carbohydrates, fats, and proteins through the biochemical processes of aerobic or anaerobic cellular respiration
- Sensitivity – all living things sense and react to stimuli.
- Growth – all living things grow and develop over time.
- Reproduction – all living things can produce new living things.
- Equilibrium – all living things can maintain a relatively stable internal environment unique to an individual species, which is known as maintaining homeostasis.
- Excretion – all living things produce wastes that must be removed.
- Nutrition - all living things extract nutrients from the environment, which are used to produce cellular energy, grow and develop, and maintain equilibrium.

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2
Q

Explain the key ideas of Cell Theory

A

Cell Theory:
- All living things are made of up cells.
- Cells are the smallest and most basic unit of life.
- All cells come from pre-existing cells.

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3
Q

Which Kingdoms are prokaryotes

A

Archea and Bacteria

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4
Q

Which Kingdoms are eukaryotes

A

Animalia, fungi, plantae, protista

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5
Q

Prokaryotes vs Eukaryotes - (Describe differences for membrane-bound organelles, DNA, organism nature, and Cell replication

A

Eukaryotes: (Respective answers)
- Present
- Linear DNA
- Unicellular or Multicellular
- Mitosis and Meiosis
Prokaryotes: (Respective answers)
- Absent (except vesicles)
- Circular Chromosome/DNA.
- Unicellular
-Binary Fission

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6
Q

Define Organelle

A

a cellular structure that performs specific functions.

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7
Q

Define Lumen

A

the space within a cavity which can act as a passageway.

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8
Q

Define Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

A

a type of nucleic acid that is a key structural component of ribosomes.

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9
Q

Define cytosol and cytoplasm

A

Cytosol - the aqueous fluid that surrounds the organelles inside a cell.
Cytoplasm - the cytosol and organelles inside the plasma membrane, excluding the nucleus.

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10
Q

List the role, key structural information and the other things to know about the Nucleus

A
  • Nucleus:
    o The nucleus is surrounded by a double membrane.
    o Its role is to protect and confine the genetic information (DNA) of the cell.
    o Inside the nucleus is a smaller structure known as the nucleolus which is the site of ribosome production
    o DNA is dispersed in the nucleus except during cell division.
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11
Q

List the role, key structural information and the other things to know about the Ribosomes

A

o Ribosomes are tiny structures made of 60% of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and 40% proteins that fold into a large and small sub-unit.
o Cells have many ribosomes, which either float freely in the cytoplasm or are attached to the rough endoplasmic reticulum.
o Ribosomes are involved in translation during protein synthesis.

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12
Q

List the role, key structural information and the other things to know about the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

o A membranous chain of connected and flattened sacs which are coated with ribosomes.
o This allows the rough endoplasmic reticulum to synthesise and modify proteins.
o The rough endoplasmic reticulum typically surrounds, or is close to, the nucleus.
o Dispatches proteins to other parts of the cell e.g., Golgi apparatus

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13
Q

List the role, key structural information and the other things to know about the Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

o A membranous chain of connected and flattened sacs which are not coated with ribosomes.
o The smooth endoplasmic reticulum is responsible for the production of lipids(fats)/hormones in a cell.
o Dispatches lipids/hormones to other parts of the cell e.g., Golgi apparatus

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14
Q

List the role, key structural information and the other things to know about the Golgi Apparatus

A
  • Golgi apparatus:
    o Stacked flattened sacs that are the sites of protein sorting, packaging, and modification for use in the cell or export out of the cell.
    o Protein-filled vesicles often fuse with or bud off from the Golgi apparatus.
    o Also known as the Golgi body.
    o Receives from the SER and RER
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15
Q

List the role, key structural information and the other things to know about the Vesicle

A
  • Vesicle:
    o A small, membrane-bound sac
    o Transports substances out of a cell or within the cell (e.g., RER to Golgi)
    o Stores substances within a cell.
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16
Q

List the role, key structural information and the other things to know about the Lysosomes

A
  • Lysosomes:
    o A membrane-bound vesicle that contains digestive enzymes.
    o It is responsible for breaking down cell waste and toxins, acting like a garbage disposal.
    o Can also rupture and release enzymes into a cell – A deliberate process called apoptosis (Controlled cell death)
17
Q

List the role, key structural information and the other things to know about the Plasma Membrane

A
  • Plasma Membrane:
    o The plasma membrane is a selectively permeable barrier between the intracellular and the extracellular environment.
    o It is made of a phospholipid bilayer which is studded with many molecules.
18
Q

List the role, key structural information and the other things to know about the Cytoskeleton

A
  • Cytoskeleton:
    o A large network of protein filaments that start at the nucleus and reach out to the plasma membrane.
    o The cytoskeleton is critical for maintaining shape and transporting vesicles around the cell.
    o In the given fluorescence microscopy photo, the purple represents the cytoskeleton.
19
Q

List the role, key structural information and the other things to know about the Vacuole

A
  • Vacuole:
    o A membrane-bound sac that is used for water and solute storage.
    o Vacuoles can also play a role in maintaining plant cell structure.
20
Q

List the role, key structural information and the other things to know about the Cell Wall

A
  • Cell Wall:
    o A sturdy border outside the plasma membrane that provides strength and structure to plant, bacterial, and fungal cells.
21
Q

Define Chloroplast. What do chloroplasts contain their own of? List 4 parts of the chloroplast and what they are/do?

A

Chloroplasts - double membrane bound organelle that contains flattened, fluid-filled sacs that are the site of photosynthesis. Chloroplasts also contain their own DNA and ribosomes.
- Chlorophyll – Pigment that absorbs light energy.
- Thylakoid – Contains Chlorophyll.
- Granum (pl. Grana) – Flattened Stacks of Thylakoid.
- Stroma – The fluid found within the inner membrane.

22
Q

Define photosynthesis and recite the formula. Where are the enzymes needed for the process stored?

A

Photosynthesis - the process of converting light energy, carbon dioxide, and water into glucose and oxygen. Water must be both a reactant and a product. (Cannot simplify)

6 Carbon Dioxide + 12 Water = through light absorbed by chlorophyll = 1 Glucose + 6 Oxygen + 6 Water

Enzymes needed for photosynthesis is located in the grana membrane and in the stroma.

23
Q

Define Mitochondria. What do mitochondria contain their own of? List 2 parts of the mitochondria and what they are?

A

Mitochondrion (pl. mitochondria) – An organelle with a highly folded inner membrane surrounded by a second outer membrane. Mitochondria is a double membrane bound organelle.
- Matrix - the space inside the inner membrane of the mitochondria
- Crista (pl. cristae) - the fold of the inner membrane of the mitochondria
- They also contain their own DNA and ribosomes.

24
Q

What is mitochondria the site of? And define that process.

A

Mitochondria are the site of aerobic cellular respiration, a chemical reaction that produces the ATP required to power cellular processes.

25
Q

Define Cellular Respiration and recite the formula.

A

Cellular Respiration – the biochemical process in all living things that converts glucose into ATP.

Glucose + 6 Oxygen = 6 Carbon Dioxide + 6 Water + 30-32 ATP

26
Q

What’s the difference between anaerobic and aerobic and how many ATP does each produce?

A
  • Aerobic – In the presence of oxygen (Produces a total of 30-32 molecules of ATP)
  • Anaerobic – In the absence of oxygen (Produces a total of 2 molecules of ATP)
27
Q

What happens to the pyruvate when it is unable to reach the next step in cellular respiration?

A

In Animal Cells:
- Pyruvate is converted to lactic acid in the absence of oxygen.
- Occurs in the cytosol.
- Glucose = 2 Lactic acid + 2 ATP
In Plant/Fungi/Yeast Cells:
- Pyruvate is converted to ethanol and CO2.
- This is known as fermentation.
- Glucose = ethanol + carbon dioxide + 2 ATP.

28
Q

List and Describe the steps of Cellular Respiration. Including where it occurs, amount of ATP produced and what happens.

A
  • Steps:
    1. Glycolysis
     Occurs in the cytosol.
     Glycolysis is when a molecule of glucose is split into two molecules of pyruvate.
     This step produces 2 ATP and can occur in anaerobic conditions.
    2. Krebs Cycle
     2 Molecules of pyruvate then enter the mitochondria to begin step 2 and 3.
     Occurs in the matrix of the mitochondria.
     Produces 2 ATP and requires aerobic conditions.
    3. Electron Transport Chain
     Occurs in the cristae.
     Produces 26-28 ATP and requires aerobic conditions.
29
Q

What is the Endosymbiosis Theory and who proposed the idea and when?

A

Endosymbiosis Theory (Lynn Margulis (Proposed in 1967)) – a hypothesis that describes how prokaryotes gave rise to the first eukaryotes.

30
Q

Define endosymbiosis

A

Endosymbiosis - when one organism lives inside another in a mutually beneficial relationship.

31
Q

What does the endosymbiosis theory entail and what advantages did this give the host and the microbe?

A

Organelles such as chloroplasts and mitochondria were once, free-living organisms (like bacteria) that were engulfed by a eukaryotic cell through cytosis (Process of engulfing).
This then provided an advantage to both the host and the microbe:
o The eukaryotic cell gets free energy.
o The chloroplast/mitochondrion has a more efficient way to produce energy while receiving protection.

32
Q

What evidence supported the endosymbiosis theory?

A

Both Chloroplast and Mitochondria:
o Contain circular DNA like some bacteria.
o Reproduce by a form of binary fission like bacteria.
o Are similar sizes to bacteria.
The symbiotic relationship is also seen elsewhere.
o Nitrogen-fixing bacteria lives inside the cells of the roots of a plant.
o Some algae live inside coral cells.

33
Q

List the main three differences between Animal and Plant Cells

A

Cell Wall = Plant cells contain cell wall while animal cells do not
Vacuole = Plant cells have one large vacuole while animal cells only have small and multiple or no vacuoles.
Chloroplast = Plant cells contain cell wall while animal cells do not

34
Q

Pros of a high surface area to volume ratio

A

The exchange of materials within the extracellular environment can occur efficiently and effectively
Without it the two-way exchange through plasma membrane is unable to occur fast enough beyond a certain cell size/volume.

35
Q

Pros of cells being small

A

Distance to travel within the cell is smaller so the intracellular transport of molecules is faster.

Bio 1/2 (3 decks)

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