CH2 Flashcards
BIO
List the 8 Qualities of Life
8 Qualities of Life:
- Movement – self-generated movement
- Respiration – extract energy from carbohydrates, fats, and proteins through the biochemical processes of aerobic or anaerobic cellular respiration
- Sensitivity – all living things sense and react to stimuli.
- Growth – all living things grow and develop over time.
- Reproduction – all living things can produce new living things.
- Equilibrium – all living things can maintain a relatively stable internal environment unique to an individual species, which is known as maintaining homeostasis.
- Excretion – all living things produce wastes that must be removed.
- Nutrition - all living things extract nutrients from the environment, which are used to produce cellular energy, grow and develop, and maintain equilibrium.
Explain the key ideas of Cell Theory
Cell Theory:
- All living things are made of up cells.
- Cells are the smallest and most basic unit of life.
- All cells come from pre-existing cells.
Which Kingdoms are prokaryotes
Archea and Bacteria
Which Kingdoms are eukaryotes
Animalia, fungi, plantae, protista
Prokaryotes vs Eukaryotes - (Describe differences for membrane-bound organelles, DNA, organism nature, and Cell replication
Eukaryotes: (Respective answers)
- Present
- Linear DNA
- Unicellular or Multicellular
- Mitosis and Meiosis
Prokaryotes: (Respective answers)
- Absent (except vesicles)
- Circular Chromosome/DNA.
- Unicellular
-Binary Fission
Define Organelle
a cellular structure that performs specific functions.
Define Lumen
the space within a cavity which can act as a passageway.
Define Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
a type of nucleic acid that is a key structural component of ribosomes.
Define cytosol and cytoplasm
Cytosol - the aqueous fluid that surrounds the organelles inside a cell.
Cytoplasm - the cytosol and organelles inside the plasma membrane, excluding the nucleus.
List the role, key structural information and the other things to know about the Nucleus
- Nucleus:
o The nucleus is surrounded by a double membrane.
o Its role is to protect and confine the genetic information (DNA) of the cell.
o Inside the nucleus is a smaller structure known as the nucleolus which is the site of ribosome production
o DNA is dispersed in the nucleus except during cell division.
List the role, key structural information and the other things to know about the Ribosomes
o Ribosomes are tiny structures made of 60% of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and 40% proteins that fold into a large and small sub-unit.
o Cells have many ribosomes, which either float freely in the cytoplasm or are attached to the rough endoplasmic reticulum.
o Ribosomes are involved in translation during protein synthesis.
List the role, key structural information and the other things to know about the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
o A membranous chain of connected and flattened sacs which are coated with ribosomes.
o This allows the rough endoplasmic reticulum to synthesise and modify proteins.
o The rough endoplasmic reticulum typically surrounds, or is close to, the nucleus.
o Dispatches proteins to other parts of the cell e.g., Golgi apparatus
List the role, key structural information and the other things to know about the Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
o A membranous chain of connected and flattened sacs which are not coated with ribosomes.
o The smooth endoplasmic reticulum is responsible for the production of lipids(fats)/hormones in a cell.
o Dispatches lipids/hormones to other parts of the cell e.g., Golgi apparatus
List the role, key structural information and the other things to know about the Golgi Apparatus
- Golgi apparatus:
o Stacked flattened sacs that are the sites of protein sorting, packaging, and modification for use in the cell or export out of the cell.
o Protein-filled vesicles often fuse with or bud off from the Golgi apparatus.
o Also known as the Golgi body.
o Receives from the SER and RER
List the role, key structural information and the other things to know about the Vesicle
- Vesicle:
o A small, membrane-bound sac
o Transports substances out of a cell or within the cell (e.g., RER to Golgi)
o Stores substances within a cell.
List the role, key structural information and the other things to know about the Lysosomes
- Lysosomes:
o A membrane-bound vesicle that contains digestive enzymes.
o It is responsible for breaking down cell waste and toxins, acting like a garbage disposal.
o Can also rupture and release enzymes into a cell – A deliberate process called apoptosis (Controlled cell death)
List the role, key structural information and the other things to know about the Plasma Membrane
- Plasma Membrane:
o The plasma membrane is a selectively permeable barrier between the intracellular and the extracellular environment.
o It is made of a phospholipid bilayer which is studded with many molecules.
List the role, key structural information and the other things to know about the Cytoskeleton
- Cytoskeleton:
o A large network of protein filaments that start at the nucleus and reach out to the plasma membrane.
o The cytoskeleton is critical for maintaining shape and transporting vesicles around the cell.
o In the given fluorescence microscopy photo, the purple represents the cytoskeleton.
List the role, key structural information and the other things to know about the Vacuole
- Vacuole:
o A membrane-bound sac that is used for water and solute storage.
o Vacuoles can also play a role in maintaining plant cell structure.
List the role, key structural information and the other things to know about the Cell Wall
- Cell Wall:
o A sturdy border outside the plasma membrane that provides strength and structure to plant, bacterial, and fungal cells.
Define Chloroplast. What do chloroplasts contain their own of? List 4 parts of the chloroplast and what they are/do?
Chloroplasts - double membrane bound organelle that contains flattened, fluid-filled sacs that are the site of photosynthesis. Chloroplasts also contain their own DNA and ribosomes.
- Chlorophyll – Pigment that absorbs light energy.
- Thylakoid – Contains Chlorophyll.
- Granum (pl. Grana) – Flattened Stacks of Thylakoid.
- Stroma – The fluid found within the inner membrane.
Define photosynthesis and recite the formula. Where are the enzymes needed for the process stored?
Photosynthesis - the process of converting light energy, carbon dioxide, and water into glucose and oxygen. Water must be both a reactant and a product. (Cannot simplify)
6 Carbon Dioxide + 12 Water = through light absorbed by chlorophyll = 1 Glucose + 6 Oxygen + 6 Water
Enzymes needed for photosynthesis is located in the grana membrane and in the stroma.
Define Mitochondria. What do mitochondria contain their own of? List 2 parts of the mitochondria and what they are?
Mitochondrion (pl. mitochondria) – An organelle with a highly folded inner membrane surrounded by a second outer membrane. Mitochondria is a double membrane bound organelle.
- Matrix - the space inside the inner membrane of the mitochondria
- Crista (pl. cristae) - the fold of the inner membrane of the mitochondria
- They also contain their own DNA and ribosomes.
What is mitochondria the site of? And define that process.
Mitochondria are the site of aerobic cellular respiration, a chemical reaction that produces the ATP required to power cellular processes.
