Ch.17 Concepts of Growth and Development Flashcards
FOCN w2
Growth and development can be used interchangeably. What is the definition of each?
Growth- physical change and increase in size, height, weight, bone size, and dentition.
Development- an increase in the complexity of function and skill progression.
What are developmental milestones?
developmental sequences and patterns that are predictable in a child’s growth
What factors influence growth and development?
Genetic, temperament, family, nutrition, environment, health and culture
Why is family an important factor that influences growth and development?
- they provide support and safety for child
- are involved in their children’s physical and psychological well-being and development
- socialize their children
- set expected behavior and model appropriate behavior.
What environmental factors influence growth and development?
childs living conditions (eg homelessness), socioeconomic status (eg. poverty), climate and community
What are some cultural factors that influence growth and development?
cultural customs, nutritional practices, and childrearing practices
What is the different between people individual rate and sequences of growth and development?
rate- highly individual
sequence- predictable
Growth and development are commonly thought of as having what 8 major components?
Biophysical Psychosocial Cognitive Behavioural Social Ecological Moral Spiritual
What are the different stages of growth and development and what ages do they consist of?
1) Neonatal / Birth to 28days
2) Infancy / 1 month to 1 year
3) Toddlerhood / 1-3
4) Preschool / 4-6
5) School Age / 6-12
6) Adolescence / 13-19
7) Young Adult / 20-39
8) Middle Adult / 40-64
9) Older Adult:
9. 1) Young-old / 65-74
9. 2) Middle-old / 75-84
9. 3) Old-old / 85+
What does the biophysical development theory describe?
the development and physical changes of the body compared against established norms
What does the psychosocial development theory describe?
the development of personality
-encompasses a persons temperament, feelings, self-esteem, self-concept, behaviour, ability to interact with others, and ability to life changes.
Robert Havighurst (1900-1991) believed that learning is basic to life and people continue to learn throughout life. He describes G&D in what 6 stages?
1) Infancy and Early Childhood
2) Middle Childhood
3) Adolescence
4) Early Adulthood
5) Middle Age
6) Later Maturity
For each of Robert 6 stages, he developed developmental tasks to be learned. What is a developmental task?
a task which arises at or about a certain period in life of an individual, successful achievement of which leads to happiness and to success with later tasks, while failure leads to unhappiness in the individual, disapproval by society, and difficulty with later tasks
What concepts did Sigmund Freud introduce about development?
the unconscious mind; defense mechanisms; and id, ego, and superego.
What is the unconscious mind?
part of a persons mental life that the mental life that the person is unaware of.
What is a defense mechanisms or adaptive mechanisms?
the result of conflicts because of environmental and social restrictions
What is id?
- the source of instinctive and unconscious urges
- and the source of all pleasure
How is ego formed?
by the person to make effective contract with social and physical needs
What does superego mean?
the conscience and the ego ideal
What does Freud mean by the term libido?
the underlying motivation to human development that is an energy form or life instinct
According to Freud’s theory of psychosexual development, personality develops through what 5 stages?
1) Oral / birth to 1.5 years
2) Anal / 1.5-3
3) Phallic / 4-6
4) Latency / 6- puberty
5) Genital / puberty to after
The ______ changes its location of emphasis within the body from one stage to another in Freud’s stages.
Libido
What is the immobilization or the inability of the personality to proceed to the next stage because of anxiety?
fixation
Freud’s first three stages are grouped together and called what?
pregenital stages
What is Erik Erikson’s (1902-1994) theory based around?
the entire life as he believes that people continue to develop throughout life
What are the 8 different stages Erikson came up with and what is the center task at each stage?
1) Infancy (birth to 18 months)
task: trust vs mistrust Initiative
2) Early Childhood (18 months-3y)
Task: Autonomy vs shame and doubt
3) Late Childhood (3-5)
Task: Initiative vs guilt
4) School Age (6-12)
Task: Industry vs inferiority
5) Adolescence (12-20)
Task: Identity vs role confusion
6) Young Adult (18-25)
Task: Intimacy vs isolation
7) Adulthood (25-65)
Task: Generativity vs stagnation
8) Maturity (65-death)
Task: Intergrity vs despair
important set of stages
What is cognitive development?
the manner in which people learn to think, reason, and use language and involves a person’s intelligence, perceptual ability, and ability to process information
Who was the most widely know cognitive theorist?
Jean Piaget (1896-1980)
Piaget divided the cognitive developmental process into what 5 stages?
1) sensorimotor phase
2) preconceptual phase
3) intuitive thought phase
4) concrete phase
5) formal operations phase
In each of Piaget’s 5 phases, what 3 primary abilities are used by a person?
- Assimilation
- Accommodation
- Adaptation
What is assimilation?
the process through which humans encounter and react to new situations by using the mechanisms they already know
What is accommodation?
a process of change whereby cognitive processes mature sufficiently to allow the person to solve problems that were unsolvable before
What is adaptation?
(or coping behaviour) is the ability to handle the demands made by the environment
What are the 5 levels or systems in the ecoogical systems theory?
- Microsystem- close relationships child has on a daily basis.
- Mesosystem- relationships of microsystems with one another
- Exosystem- those settings that may influence the child but with which the child does not have daily contact (eg. parents job)
- Macrosystem- attitudes and beliefs of the child’s culture
- Chronosystem- the period in which the child is growing up as it influences views of health and illness.
What does moral mean?
relating to right and wrong
What is mortality?
the requirements necessary for people to live together in society
What is a moral behaviour?
the way a person perceives moral requirements and how they respond to them
What is moral development?
the pattern of change in moral behaviour with age.
