Ch.17 Concepts of Growth and Development

Question 1

Growth and development can be used interchangeably. What is the definition of each?

Answer 1

Growth- physical change and increase in size, height, weight, bone size, and dentition.
Development- an increase in the complexity of function and skill progression.

Question 2

What are developmental milestones?

Answer 2

developmental sequences and patterns that are predictable in a child’s growth

Question 3

What factors influence growth and development?

Answer 3

Genetic, temperament, family, nutrition, environment, health and culture

Question 4

Why is family an important factor that influences growth and development?

Answer 4

• they provide support and safety for child
• are involved in their children’s physical and psychological well-being and development
• socialize their children
• set expected behavior and model appropriate behavior.

Question 5

What environmental factors influence growth and development?

Answer 5

childs living conditions (eg homelessness), socioeconomic status (eg. poverty), climate and community

Question 6

What are some cultural factors that influence growth and development?

Answer 6

cultural customs, nutritional practices, and childrearing practices

Question 7

What is the different between people individual rate and sequences of growth and development?

Answer 7

rate- highly individual

sequence- predictable

Question 8

Growth and development are commonly thought of as having what 8 major components?

Answer 8

Biophysical 
Psychosocial 
Cognitive
Behavioural 
Social 
Ecological 
Moral 
Spiritual

Question 9

What are the different stages of growth and development and what ages do they consist of?

Answer 9

1) Neonatal / Birth to 28days
2) Infancy / 1 month to 1 year
3) Toddlerhood / 1-3
4) Preschool / 4-6
5) School Age / 6-12
6) Adolescence / 13-19
7) Young Adult / 20-39
8) Middle Adult / 40-64
9) Older Adult:
9. 1) Young-old / 65-74
9. 2) Middle-old / 75-84
9. 3) Old-old / 85+

Question 10

What does the biophysical development theory describe?

Answer 10

the development and physical changes of the body compared against established norms

Question 11

What does the psychosocial development theory describe?

Answer 11

the development of personality
-encompasses a persons temperament, feelings, self-esteem, self-concept, behaviour, ability to interact with others, and ability to life changes.

Question 12

Robert Havighurst (1900-1991) believed that learning is basic to life and people continue to learn throughout life. He describes G&D in what 6 stages?

Answer 12

1) Infancy and Early Childhood
2) Middle Childhood
3) Adolescence
4) Early Adulthood
5) Middle Age
6) Later Maturity

Question 13

For each of Robert 6 stages, he developed developmental tasks to be learned. What is a developmental task?

Answer 13

a task which arises at or about a certain period in life of an individual, successful achievement of which leads to happiness and to success with later tasks, while failure leads to unhappiness in the individual, disapproval by society, and difficulty with later tasks

Question 14

What concepts did Sigmund Freud introduce about development?

Answer 14

the unconscious mind; defense mechanisms; and id, ego, and superego.

Question 15

What is the unconscious mind?

Answer 15

part of a persons mental life that the mental life that the person is unaware of.

Question 16

What is a defense mechanisms or adaptive mechanisms?

Answer 16

the result of conflicts because of environmental and social restrictions

Question 17

What is id?

Answer 17

• the source of instinctive and unconscious urges

- and the source of all pleasure

Question 18

How is ego formed?

Answer 18

by the person to make effective contract with social and physical needs

Question 19

What does superego mean?

Answer 19

the conscience and the ego ideal

Question 20

What does Freud mean by the term libido?

Answer 20

the underlying motivation to human development that is an energy form or life instinct

Question 21

According to Freud’s theory of psychosexual development, personality develops through what 5 stages?

Answer 21

1) Oral / birth to 1.5 years
2) Anal / 1.5-3
3) Phallic / 4-6
4) Latency / 6- puberty
5) Genital / puberty to after

Question 22

The ______ changes its location of emphasis within the body from one stage to another in Freud’s stages.

Answer 22

Libido

Question 23

What is the immobilization or the inability of the personality to proceed to the next stage because of anxiety?

Answer 23

fixation

Question 24

Freud’s first three stages are grouped together and called what?

Answer 24

pregenital stages

Question 25

What is Erik Erikson’s (1902-1994) theory based around?

Answer 25

the entire life as he believes that people continue to develop throughout life

Question 26

What are the 8 different stages Erikson came up with and what is the center task at each stage?

Answer 26

1) Infancy (birth to 18 months)
task: trust vs mistrust Initiative
2) Early Childhood (18 months-3y)
Task: Autonomy vs shame and doubt
3) Late Childhood (3-5)
Task: Initiative vs guilt
4) School Age (6-12)
Task: Industry vs inferiority
5) Adolescence (12-20)
Task: Identity vs role confusion
6) Young Adult (18-25)
Task: Intimacy vs isolation
7) Adulthood (25-65)
Task: Generativity vs stagnation
8) Maturity (65-death)
Task: Intergrity vs despair
important set of stages

Question 27

What is cognitive development?

Answer 27

the manner in which people learn to think, reason, and use language and involves a person’s intelligence, perceptual ability, and ability to process information

Question 28

Who was the most widely know cognitive theorist?

Answer 28

Jean Piaget (1896-1980)

Question 29

Piaget divided the cognitive developmental process into what 5 stages?

Answer 29

1) sensorimotor phase
2) preconceptual phase
3) intuitive thought phase
4) concrete phase
5) formal operations phase

Question 30

In each of Piaget’s 5 phases, what 3 primary abilities are used by a person?

Answer 30

1. Assimilation
2. Accommodation
3. Adaptation

Question 31

What is assimilation?

Answer 31

the process through which humans encounter and react to new situations by using the mechanisms they already know

Question 32

What is accommodation?

Answer 32

a process of change whereby cognitive processes mature sufficiently to allow the person to solve problems that were unsolvable before

Question 33

What is adaptation?

Answer 33

(or coping behaviour) is the ability to handle the demands made by the environment

Question 34

What are the 5 levels or systems in the ecoogical systems theory?

Answer 34

• Microsystem- close relationships child has on a daily basis.
• Mesosystem- relationships of microsystems with one another
• Exosystem- those settings that may influence the child but with which the child does not have daily contact (eg. parents job)
• Macrosystem- attitudes and beliefs of the child’s culture
• Chronosystem- the period in which the child is growing up as it influences views of health and illness.

Question 35

What does moral mean?

Answer 35

relating to right and wrong

Question 36

What is mortality?

Answer 36

the requirements necessary for people to live together in society

Question 37

What is a moral behaviour?

Answer 37

the way a person perceives moral requirements and how they respond to them

Question 38

What is moral development?

Answer 38

the pattern of change in moral behaviour with age.