Ch.16 Nose Mouth & throat Flashcards
adults have ___ permanent teeth- __ in each arch
32 (includng wisdom teeth)
16
a gradual loss of ____ starts later adult years, making the nose appear more prominent in some people
subcutaneous fat
___, a condition in which the uvula is split either completely or partially, occurs in 18% of ____ and 10% in ___.
bifid uvula
american indians
asians
____ is a milky, bluish- white, opawue apperance o he buccal mucosa. it occurs more often in darkly pigmented persons and is seen most often in african americans.
leukoedema
throughout life, ___ have more teeth decay than ___.
whites; blacks
subjective data for nose
- discharge
- frequent colds
- sinus pain
- trauma
- epistaxis
- allergies
- altered smell
___- occurs with colds, allergies, sinus infections, trauma
rhinorrhea
__ is nosebleeds
epitaxis
___- occurs with trauma, vigrous nose blowing, foreign body
epitaxis
**what should a person do when they have a nosebleed?
person should sit up with head tilted forward, pinch nose between thumb and forefinger for 5 to 15 mins.
____ rhinitis if due to pollen… ____ if allergen is dust
seasonal
perennial
subjective for mouth and throat
- sores and lesions
- sore throat
- bleeding gum
- toothache
- hoarseness
- dysphagia
- altered taste
- smoking, alcohol consumption
- self-care behaviors
untreated strep throat may lead to the complications of ____.
rheumatic fever
hoarseness of the larynx has many causes?
overuse of the voice upper respiratory infection chronic inflammation lesions neoplasm
___ occurs with pharyngitis, gasstroesophageal reflux disease, stroke and other neurologic diseases, esophageal cancer
dysphagia
another word for dry mouth
xerostomia
the sense of smell is medicated by cranial nerve ___.
1; is not tested in a routine examination
how to test for patency of the nostrils?
pushing each nasal wing shut with your finger while asking the patient to sniff inward through the other naris.
When inspecting the nasal mucosa, note its ______
normal red color, smooth and moist surface. note any swelling, discharge, bleeding or foreign body.
a deviated septum is ____ and is ____.
common
not significant unless air flow is obstructed.
bony ridges curving down from the lateral walls of the nose
turbinates
the ___ turbinate will not be in your view, but the __ and ___ turbinates appear the same light red color as the nasal mucosa
superior
middle
inferior
when palpating the sinus area, the person should feel
firm pressure but no pain
lips: when inspecting the lips, all racial groups have lips that are deeper and pinker than facial skin. however. some _____ normally may have bluish lips and darker line on the gingival margin
african americans.
what do inpect the lips for?
color
moisture
cracking
lesions
cracking in all corners of lips
cheilitis( perleche)
the teeth should normally look?
white , straight, evenly spaced, and clean and free of debbris or decay.
normally the gums look…
pink or coral with stippled( dotted) surface
check the tongue for…
the color of the tongue should be…
color surface characteristics moisture pink and even ( a thin white coating may be present)
when inpecting the buccal mucosa, it looks..
pink, smooth, moist, although patchy hyperpigmentation is common and normal in dark skinned people.
an expected finding in the buccal mucosa is ___.
stensen’s duck; the opening of the parotid salivary gland .
a larger patch may be present along the buccal muscosa… leuokedema ( a bluish white, milky, benign, opaque area, more common in blacks and east indians)
leuokedema is ALWAYS unilateral or bilateral?
bilateral; the cause is unknown
small, isolated white or yellow papules on the mucosa of cheek, tongue and lips.
fordyce granules
the chalky white raised patche of leukoplakia is ____.
abnormal!
___ is the most common early lesion in people with aids
oral kaposi sarcoma
ask the person to say “ahhh” and note the soft palate and uvula ride in the midline. this tests one function of the cranial nerve ___.
X, vagus nerve.
a bifid uvula looks like it is split in two.. it is more common in ___.
american indians.
when inspecting the tonsils, they shoud appear…***
in some people, the crypts collects small plugs of whitish cellular debris… this indicates___
same pink as the oral mucosa and their surface is peppered with indentations or crypts. …
this is an indication of no infection however, there should be no exudate on the tonsils.
tonsils are graded as followed:
+1: visible…very small , right at the edge
+2: halfway between tonsillar pillars and uvula (average)
+3: touching the uvula (fluffy)
+4: touching each other ( could be an emergent situation)
you may normally see +1 or +2 tonsils in healthy people, especially in children. becuase _______.
lymphoid tissue is proportionately enlarged until puberty.
a white membrane covering the tonsils may accompany ____,____ and____.
infectious mononucleosis, luekemia and diphtheria
When doing the gag reflex, this test cranial nerve _ and __ .
IX and X, the glossopharryngeal and vagus
what has a sweet, fruity breath odor?
diabetic ketoacidosis
ammonia breath odor?
uremia
musty odor
liver disease
foul, fetid odor
dental or respiratory infection
mouse-like smell of the breath
diphtheria
the most common site of a nosebleed is _____.
kiesselbach plexus in the anterior septum
a small boil located in the skin or mucous membrane ; appears red and swollen and is quite painful. avoid any manipulation or trauma that may spread the infection
furuncle
what do nasal polyps look like?
smooth, pale gray nodules, which are overgrowth of mucusa, most commonly caused by chronic allergic rhinitis.
small blue-white spots with irregular red halo scattered over mucosa opposite the molars. an early sign, and pathognomic, of measles
koplik spots
chalky white, thick, raised patch with well-defined borders. the lesion is firmly attached and does not scape off. it is due to ____ and occurs ____. lesions are precancerous and the person should be referred
leukoplakia
chronic irritation
heavy smoking and heavy alcohol use
a white, cheesy, curdlike patch on the buccal mucosa and tongue. it CAN scape off, leavng a raw, red surface that bleeds easily.
candiasis or monilial infection (thrush)
The nasal mucosa of an individual with rhinitis would be:
bright red and swollen…. gray and boggy with chronic allergies.
What does pallor of the lips possibly indicate?
shock or anemia
What does cyanosis of the lips possibly indicate?
Hypoxemia or chilling
Cherry bright red lips are noted with what condition(s)? `
Carbon monoxide poisoning
Ketoacidosis
Acidosis from aspirin poisoning
What is the number 1 cause of dry mouth in the older population? `
Taking anticholinergic medications
What color teeth might you see in someone who has excessive fluoride use?
brown teeth
a short lingual frenulum, here fixing the tongue tip to the floor of the mouth and gums. this limits mobility and will affect speech if the tongue tip cannot be elevated to the alveolar ridge. a ___defect.
ankloglossia
congenital
the surface is slick and shiny; the mucosa thins and looked red from decreased papillae. accompanied by dryness of tongue and burning. occus with vitamin b12 deficiency, folic acid deficiency and iron deficiency anema.
smooth, glossy tongue (atrophic glossitis)
pattern of normal coating interspersed with bright red, shiny, circular bald areas with raised pearly borders.
georgraphic tongue (migratory glossitis)
REVIEW
page 380-381
Chronic allergies
Mucosa looks swollen, boggy, pale, and gray.
Perforation
Is seen as a spot of light from a penlight shining in the other naris and occurs with cocaine use
Buccal mucosa
Looks smooth, pink, moist, although patchy hyperpigmentation is common and normal in dark-skinned people
Fordyce granules
Small, isolated white or yellow papules on the mucosa of cheek, tongue, and lips. They are not significant!
Torus palatinus
Nodular bony ridge down the middle of the hard palate. Common is American Indians, Inuits, and Asians. Not significant!!
A yellow, hard palate
Is an indication of jaundice!
Leukoplakia
Chalky white, thick, raised patch with well-defined borders. Occurs with heavy alcohol use, heavy smoking. The person should be referred !
Candidiasis or monolial infection
A white, cheesy, curd like patch on the Buccal mucosa and tongue. It scrapes off, leaving A raw,red surface that bleeds easily.
Smooth, glossy tongue (atrophic glossitis)
The surface is slick and shiny; the mucosa thins and looks red from decreased papillae. Accompanied by dryness of tongue and burning. Occurs with vitamin b12 deficiency (pernicious anemia), folic acid deficiency, and iron deficiency anemia.
Black hairy tongue
This is not really hair but, rather, elongation of filiform papillae and painless overgrowth of mycelial threads of fungus infection on the tongue. Color varies from black-brown to yellow. It occurs after the use of antibiotics, which inhibit normal bacteria and allow proliferation of fungus.
The nasal mucosa of an individual with rhinitis would be: A) moist and pink. B) swollen, boggy, and gray. C) bright red and swollen. D) pale with bright red bleeding.
C. Bright red and swollen
The examiner notices a fine tremor when the patient sticks out his or her tongue. What disorder is consistent with this finding? A) Hyperthyroidism B) Diabetic ketoacidosis C) Halitosis D) Alcoholism
Hyperthyroidism
On examination of an American Indian’s mouth, the examiner notices the presence of a bifid uvula. How should this finding be interpreted?
A) This is an expected variation associated with this individual.
B) This condition is frequently associated with cleft palate.
C) This may indicate the presence of oral cancer.
D) This is rare and indicates other congenital anomalies may be present.
This is an expected variation in this individual
An enlarged tongue (macroglossia) may accompany: A) cleft palate. B) hairy tongue. C) Down syndrome. D) fissured tongue.
Down syndrome
What is the major cause of decreased saliva production in the older adult? A) Use of anticholinergic medications B) Normal aging process C) Decreased fluid intake D) A diminished sense of taste and smell
Use of anticholinergics meds
The parotid gland's duct that opens into the mouth opposite the second molar is: A) the Wharton duct. B) the salivary duct. C) Stensen duct. D) the sublingual duct.
Stensen duct
Which of the following questions would the examiner ask to determine whether an individual has epistaxis?
A) “Do you have any difficulty with swallowing?”
B) “Have you ever noticed any unusual lesions on the inside of your mouth?”
C) “Do you experience nose bleeds?”
D) “Do you experience a runny nose frequently?”
Do you experience nosebleeds
