Ch.16 Infection Control

Question 1

Define disease

Answer 1

absence of health caused by microbes

Question 2

What is an Infection?

Answer 2

growth of a microorganism on or in a host caused by pathogenic organisms

Question 3

What are the 3 functions of pathogens?

Answer 3

• multiply in large numbers
• cause tissue damage
• secrete exotoxins (temp, nausea, vomitting, shock)

Question 4

What are the 4 types of pathogens?

Answer 4

• bacteria
• viruses
• fungi
• protozoan parasites

Question 5

What does colonized mean?

Answer 5

person with infection that does not show symptoms

Question 6

Define bacteria

Answer 6

• microscopic single celled organism

- reside in colonies

Question 7

What is morphology?

Answer 7

the size and shape of the bacterium determined by Gram staining

Question 8

What are the 3 general morphologies?

Answer 8

• cocci/spheres
• bacilli/rods
• spheres

Question 9

What is the difference between the bacteria prokaryotes and eukaryotes?

Answer 9

• prokaryotes lack a nucleus and membrane bound organelles

- eurokaryotes have a true nucleus

Question 10

What is a virus?

Answer 10

• microscopic single celled
• require host to survive
• have DNA or RNA-not both
• duplicate itself
• not affected by antibiotics

Question 11

What is a virion?

Answer 11

a viral particle

Question 12

What are some examples of virions?

Answer 12

• common cold
• mono
• herpes simplex
• warts

Question 13

What is fungi?

Answer 13

• eukaryote-has nucleus

- dimorphic- 2 forms yeast and mold

Question 14

What are the 4 common types of disease caused by fungi?

Answer 14

• Superficial-discoloration of skin
• Cutaneous- athletes foot
• Subcutaneous- enters host through skin trauma
• Systemic- enters circulatory and lymphatic system

Question 15

What is a parasitic protazoa?

Answer 15

• unicellular organisms that are neither plants nor animals and live in or on other organisms and the expense of the host
• can ingest food and some are equipped with a digestive system

Question 16

What happens at the Encounter stage of disease establishment?

Answer 16

the organism encounters host, encounters vary according to the host and the microorganism

Question 17

What happens at the Entry stage of disease establishment?

Answer 17

the organism gains entry via a portal either ingression or penetration

Question 18

Ingression entry is via:

Answer 18

food or water

Question 19

Penetration entry is via:

Answer 19

past the epithelium via a vector like fleas or mosquitoes

Question 20

What happens at the Spread stage of disease establishment?

Answer 20

• propagation of infectious organism

- requires overcoming of hosts immune system and defenses

Question 21

What happens at the Multiplication stage of disease establishment?

Answer 21

• the number of microbes must multiply before it is recognized
• this is the incubation period where the hosts defenses are overcome
• substantial population is acheived

Question 22

What are two outcomes of the Damage stage of disease establishment?

Answer 22

direct- causes cell death and releases toxins

indirect- changes hosts metabolism-life threatening

Question 23

What are 3 possible Outcomes of disease establishment?

Answer 23

• elimination- host gains control
• overcome- agent overcomes hosts immunity
• compromise- host and agent live in symbiosis

Question 24

What are some examples of routes for disease transmission?

Answer 24

• air
• droplet
• contact
• exogenous
• endogenous

Question 25

What is exogenous?

Answer 25

outside the body through direct or indirect vectors

Question 26

What is endogenous?

Answer 26

inside the body

Question 27

What is a nosocomial infection?

Answer 27

hospital acquired condition

Question 28

What is an iatrogenic infection?

Answer 28

an infection that is the result of intervention with a physician

Question 29

What factors encourage nosocomial infections?

Answer 29

• environment
• thereputic regimen
• equipment
• contamination during procedure
• age- young…elderly
• heredity
• stress
• personal choice

Question 30

What is a blood borne pathogen?

Answer 30

disease causing microorganism present in the human blood such as HIV HBV

Question 31

What are defenses of the body against microbes?

Answer 31

• normal flora
• chemotherapyy
• immunization

Question 32

What are examples of environmental control against microbes?

Answer 32

• asepsis

- chemical methods-disinfectants

Question 33

What are the two types of asepsis?

Answer 33

surgical and medical

Question 34

What is surgical asepsis?

Answer 34

procedure used to prevent contamination before during and after surgery using sterile technique

Question 35

What is medical asepis?

Answer 35

reduces the number of infectious agents by not making it conducive to grow and reproduce

Question 36

What is bactericidal?

Answer 36

kills microbes

Question 37

What is bacteriostatic?

Answer 37

inhibits growth

Question 38

What are standard precautions?

Answer 38

precautions to prevent the transmission of disease by body fluids and substances

Question 39

What is airborne precaution?

Answer 39

precaution against airborne diseases such as chicken pox and measles

Question 40

What is droplet precaution?

Answer 40

precautions against rubella, mumps, flu which are expelled from coughing sneezing and talking

Question 41

What is contact precaution?

Answer 41

used when caring for patients with hepatitis, impetitis