Ch15: Plants, Fungi, and the Move onto Land

Question 1

How do plants adapt to land life? What is the structural adaptations? What is the reproductive adaptations?

Answer 1

Developed roots and shoots (anchor/absorb water and minerals ; support plant/leaves) , lignin (harden cell walls). Plants have gametangia to keep their gametes and developing offspring from dying (from drying out in air)

Question 2

four major periods of plant evolution?

Answer 2

• Origin of plants (bryophytes)
• Early vascular plants (ferns – vascular tissue)
• First seed plants (gymnosperms- seedless vascular tissue)
• Flowering plants (angiosperms)

Question 3

characters of structure and reproduction of Bryophytes?

Answer 3

• No vascular tissue to carry water from soil
• No Lignin to harden cell walls, waxy cuticle to prevent dehydration
• Gametophyte ( greener/main body) and sporophyte (stalk with capsule at the tipproduce spore)
alternating generation Game dominant

Question 4

alteration of generations?

Answer 4

life cycle of plant having two multicellular stages-gametophyte , sporophyte

Question 5

symbiosis?

Answer 5

Interdependence between species that both benefits

Question 6

parasitism?

Answer 6

relation between 2 different kind of organism which one benefits while other damages

Question 7

lichen

Answer 7

composite organisms consisting of fungus and photosynthetic partner(algae) growing together

Question 8

the characters of structure and reproduction of ferns?

Answer 8

• Have vascular tissue, but also seedless
• The sperm of ferns are flagellated and must swim through a film of water to fertilize eggs.
• Having the sporophyte as the dominant generation, while the gametophyte can live alone.

Question 9

the terrestrial adaptations of seed plants?

Answer 9

• Further reduction of the gametophyte
• The evolution of pollen
• The advent of the seed

Question 10

How angiosperms are so successful on land?

Answer 10

• Refined vascular tissue make water transport more efficient
• The advent of the flower
• Interdependence from animals

Question 11

How fungi acquire their nutrients?

Answer 11

Heterotrophs that acquire their nutrients by absorption. Fungi secret powerful hydrolytic enzymes into the food, and the enzymes decompose complex molecules to much simpler compounds that fungi can absorb

Question 12

the ecological impact of fungi?

Answer 12

• Fungi is the principal decomposer that keep ecosystems stocked with inorganic nutrients essential for plant growth
• decompose dead bodies and dung, wood furniture and food
• some species infect grain crops and cause tremendous economic losses
• some produce antibiotics to treat bacterial disease and produce food
• Without it, elements like carbon would accumulate in organic matter, plants & animals would starve