Ch 1 The Evolution of Animals & The Chemical Basis of Life

Question 1

first man observed cells under light microscope?

Answer 1

Robert Hooke

Question 2

first man observed alive cells under light microscope?

Answer 2

Anton van Leeuwenhoek

Question 3

founder of cell theory?

Answer 3

Theodor Schwann, Matthias Schleiden, Rudolf Virchow

Question 4

the differences between prokaryote and eukaryote? And what is their main difference?

Answer 4

Pro/Eu "true nucleus"
nucleoid/nuclues
Small amount DNA/chromosomal DNA
ribosome/both membranebound organelle and non- org
Amitosis/mitosis ,meiosis

Question 5

the two main groups of prokaryotic cells?

Answer 5

Bacteria and Archaea

Question 6

the four types of biological molecules?

Answer 6

Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, Nucleic acids

Question 7

sugar’s general formula?

Answer 7

CH2O

Question 8

By what bond,sugars joint one another and form polysaccharide?

Answer 8

glycosidic bonds

Question 9

glycolipid?glycoprotein?

Answer 9

Glycolipid are sphinogosine-based lipid molecules linked to carbohydrates, often active components of plasma membrane.
Glycoprotein are conjugated proteins having a carbohydrate as the nonprotein component.

Question 10

How many monosaccharide does one polysaccharide possess?

Answer 10

more than ten monosaccharide units

Question 11

what bond do glycerol molecule and fatty acids form triacylglycerol?

Answer 11

ester bonds

Question 12

three parts does an amino acid have?

Answer 12

carboxyl group
an amino group
link with a single carbon atom→α-carbon.

Question 13

what bond do amino acids joint into a protein molecule?

Answer 13

by peptide bonds

Question 14

four levels structures of protein?

Answer 14

Primary structure, Secondary structure, tertiary structure, quaternary structure

Question 15

bonds of protein of the four level of structure?

Answer 15

• Primary structure:- Peptide Bonds
• Secondary structure:- Hydrogen Bonds
• Tertiary structure:- Van der Waals force, Hydrogen Bonds & Ionic Bonds.
• Quaternary structure:- disulfide bonds, noncovalent bonds.

Question 16

acidic amino acid?

Answer 16

polar and negatively charged at physiological pH —aspartic acid/aspartate (Asp) and glutamic acid/glutamate (Glu)

Question 17

alkaline amino acid?

Answer 17

arginine (Arg), lysine (Lys) and histidine (His)

Question 18

Short ans four level of protein structure?

Answer 18

Primary structure: specific linear sequence of amino acids that constitute the chain
Secondary structure:
alpha（α）helix：the backbone lies on the inside of the helix，and the side chains project outwardstabilized by hydrogen bonds
beta （β）pleated sheet:several segments of a polypeptide lying side by side，the backbone of a β sheet assumes a folded or pleated conformation；
Tertiary structure : Stabilize by an array of noncovalent bonds between the diverse side chains of the protein
Quaternary structure : made up of more than one chain，or subunit；the subunits linked by covalent disulfide bonds，or mostly noncovalent bonds

Question 19

three parts is a nucleotide consisted of?

Answer 19

a phosphate group；
a five-carbon suger—ribose；
a nitrogenous base

Question 20

two types of bases constructing nucleotides?

Answer 20

Pyrimidines and Purines

Question 21

what bonds do nucleotides assemble into a nucleic acid chain?

Answer 21

3’- 5’ phosphodiester bonds (3’ carbon of one nucleotide link to phosphate group attached to the 5’carbon of next nucleotide)

Question 22

difference between a DNA and a RNA?

Answer 22

• the second carbon of ribose eliminates an oxygen in DNA，while RNA not
• DNA and RNA share different Pyrimidines
• RNAs consist of a continuous single strand, but with partial double strand; while DNAs consist of a continuous double helix strands