Ch14 Cognition, Emotion, Memory, and Language Pt1

Question 1

What is cognition?

Answer 1

The ability to think, plan, and solve problems

Question 2

What is emotion?

Answer 2

Feelings and reactions that occur in response to thoughts, beliefs, or experiences

Question 3

The cognitive cortex is responsible for what?

Answer 3

Planning ahead, exercising judgement, reasoning, problem solving, and analyzing

Question 4

Cognitive areas of the cerebral cortex are centered where?

Answer 4

In the frontal lobe

Question 5

Cognitive areas of the cerebral cortex are responsible for what?

Answer 5

Intelligence, judgement, and behavior

Question 6

Important functions of the prefrontal cortex include what?

Answer 6

Inhibition of inappropriate responses and dangerous impulses

Question 7

What 4 brain structures give input to the cognitive cortex?

Answer 7

Somatosensory cortex, auditory association cortex, visual association cortex, and the thalamus

Question 8

What can result from a lesion to the frontal cortex?

Answer 8

Decreased concentration, perseveration (difficulty shifting attention to new topics), decreased ability to focus on a task, confusion, and inability to plan and follow through

Question 9

What system controls emotion?

Answer 9

The limbic system

Question 10

What structures comprise the limbic system?

Answer 10

Orbitofrontal cortex, inferotemporal cortex, cingulate gyrus, hippocampus, and amygdala

Question 11

The emotional cortex plays a critical role in what?

Answer 11

In cognition and behavior

Question 12

What is the emotional cortex closely connected to?

Answer 12

Sensory regions

Question 13

What does the emotional cortex affect?

Answer 13

Physiological responses via autonomic nervous system

Question 14

What does the emotional cortex communicate with?

Answer 14

The cognitive cortex

Question 15

The cognitive cortex allows emotions to be considered when making decisions. True or false.

Answer 15

True

Question 16

The emotional cortex helps inform what other cortex?

Answer 16

The cognitive cortex, emotions help to guide decisions

Question 17

How can the cognitive cortex control emotions?

Answer 17

It can monitor and modify emotional responses

Question 18

Lesions affecting the emotional cortex that exhibit a decreased emotional response result in what?

Answer 18

Flat affect, few preferences, decreased empathy

Question 19

Lesions affecting the emotional cortex that exhibit an increased emotional response result in what?

Answer 19

Exaggerated responses to mundane events

Question 20

Damage to the emotional cortex or the cognitive cortex often causes dysfunction of the other. True or false.

Answer 20

True

Question 21

What is learning?

Answer 21

The process of acquiring memory

Question 22

What is memory?

Answer 22

The result of the learning process

Question 23

What is neuroplasticity?

Answer 23

The ability of the brain to change and adapt, it is what makes learning and memory possible

Question 24

What are the two types of learning and memory?

Answer 24

Declarative and non-declarative

Question 25

Declarative memory is further divided into what two categories?

Answer 25

Semantic (facts) and episodic (personal)

Question 26

Where are declarative memories stored?

Answer 26

In the cortical association areas

Question 27

What type of memories are declarative ones?

Answer 27

Memories that can be described in words such as your phone number, what you did on your last birthday, etc

Question 28

What type of memories are non-declarative ones?

Answer 28

Motor skills and emotional responses such as driving a car or shooting a basketball

Question 29

What are the four stages of declarative learning?

Answer 29

Acquisition, consolidation, storage, and retrieval

Question 30

What is acquisition of memory?

Answer 30

The brain acquiring new knowledge

Question 31

What is consolidation of memory?

Answer 31

Newly acquired knowledge being encoded into existing neural circuits. Synapses are fired repeatedly during memory consolidation.

Question 32

What is retrieval of memory?

Answer 32

The activation of cortical association areas and the prefrontal cortex to retrieve a memory

Question 33

Where are memories stored in the brain?

Answer 33

Visual memories are stored in the visual cortex, auditory memories are stored in the auditory cortex

Question 34

What are some learning tips for students?

Answer 34

Getting a full night's sleep, aerobic exercise after studying, meaningful, focused, active repetition of material. To engage the body and mind as much as possible.

Question 35

What are the 3 phases of motor learning?

Answer 35

Acquisition, storage, and access

Question 36

What is acquisition of motor learning?

Answer 36

Practicing the action

Question 37

Where are motor skill memories stored?

Answer 37

In the supplementary motor area

Question 38

Access of motor skill memories requires what?

Answer 38

Activation of motor cortex, supplementary motor area, cerebellum, and basal ganglia

Question 39

How long is working memory?

Answer 39

Seconds to minutes long

Question 40

How long is true short-term memory?

Answer 40

Minutes to days long

Question 41

What does short term memory require?

Answer 41

Strengthening of synapses

Question 42

What is sensitization?

Answer 42

More presynaptic neurotransmitters and postsynaptic receptors