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Neuroscience > Ch13 Motor Systems and Movement Pt1 > Flashcards

Ch13 Motor Systems and Movement Pt1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are motor neurons?

A

Nerve cells that cause muscle to contract

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2
Q

What are the 3 types of muscle involving motor neurons?

A

Skeletal, cardiac, and smooth

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3
Q

Which muscle type produces body movement?

A

Skeletal muscle

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4
Q

Motor neurons that innervate skeletal muscle are called what?

A

Lower motor neurons

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5
Q

What is the Motor Point?

A

Where the lower motor neuron enters the belly of a muscle

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6
Q

What is a neuromuscular junction (NMJ)?

A

The synapse between a lower motor neuron and a muscle fiber

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7
Q

What happens during a neuromuscular junction?

A

The neuron releases the neurotransmitter acetylcholine, which diffuses across the synaptic cleft and stimulates skeletal muscle contraction

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8
Q

The motor end plate on muscle cell membrane contains what type of receptors?

A

Acetylcholine (Ach) receptors

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9
Q

In the beginning of a muscle contraction, the lower motor neuron sends an action potential where?

A

To the neuromuscular junction

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10
Q

During a muscle contraction, acetylcholine is released and binds to what?

A

The motor end plate

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11
Q

The binding to the motor end plate allows sodium to flow where?

A

Into the cell

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12
Q

The sodium influx depolarizes what?

A

The muscle cell

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13
Q

Depolarization releases calcium ions from where?

A

The sarcoplasmic reticulum

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14
Q

Calcium ions trigger what?

A

Muscular contraction

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15
Q

What is a motor unit?

A

A lower motor neuron and all of the muscle fibers it innervates.

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16
Q

Small motor units have what type of control?

A

Fine control

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17
Q

Large motor units have what type of control?

A

Powerful, but poor fine control

18
Q

Upper motor neurons connect the brain with what?

A

Lower motor neurons

19
Q

Cell bodies of upper motor neurons are located where?

A

In the cerebral cortex and brainstem

20
Q

Upper motor neurons that originate in the primary motor cortex usually control skeletal muscles on the contralateral side of the body. True or false.

21
Q

How many cortical upper motor neurons arise from the primary motor cortex?

22
Q

What other areas of the brain do cortical upper motor neurons arise from?

A

Premotor cortex, supplementary motor area, and primary somatosensory cortex

23
Q

The motor homunculus is the map of proportional representation. True or false.

24
Q

What comprises the corticospinal tracts?

A

Axons that connect the cortex to lower motor neurons in the spinal cord

25
Q

What comprises the corticobulbar tracts?

A

Axons that connect the cortex to the cranial nerves (LMN)

26
Q

What are the two types of corticospinal tracts?

A

Lateral and anterior corticospinal tracts

27
Q

The lateral corticospinal tract crosses to where?

A

To the contralateral side of the body

28
Q

The anterior corticospinal tract remains where?

A

On the ipsilateral side of the body

29
Q

The lateral and anterior corticospinal tracts contain upper motor neurons that originate in the primary motor cortex and that control lower motor neurons in the spinal cord. True or false.

30
Q

What are the extrapyramidal tracts responsible for controlling?

A

Trunk movement, proximal muscles of extremities, muscle tone, and postural reflexes

31
Q

What are the 3 types of extrapyramidal tracts?

A

Reticulospinal, vestibulospinal, and tectospinal

32
Q

Where do reticulospinal tracts originate?

A

In the brainstem and reticular formation

33
Q

What do the reticulospinal tracts control?

A

Muscles involved with posture and gait

34
Q

Damage to the reticulospinal tracts can result in what?

A

Spasticity and hypertonicity

35
Q

Where do the vestibulospinal tracts originate?

A

In the brainstem

36
Q

What do the vestibulospinal tracts innervate?

A

Neck, trunk, and proximal extremity muscles needed for balance and posture

37
Q

What do vestibulospinal tracts synapse with?

A

Cranial nerves that control eye movement to help maintain gaze

38
Q

What does the tectospinal tract control?

A

Reflex motion of the neck, and links visual system with neck movement to allow visual tracking

39
Q

What can result from lower motor neuron lesions?

A

Hypotonia, hyporeflexia, atrophy, paralysis or paresis

40
Q

What is muscle tone?

A

The amount of resistance a muscle has to passive stretching

41
Q

What is the mechanical component of muscle tone?

A

Muscle cell properties and connective tissues

42
Q

What is the neural component of muscle tone?

A

Lower motor neurons provide signals to maintain tone

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