Ch13 Motor Systems and Movement Pt2

Question 1

Muscle tone is controlled and adjusted by a reflex referred to as what?

Answer 1

The gamma loop

Question 2

Upper motor neuron lesions can result in what?

Answer 2

Spasticity, hypertonia, and hyperreflexia

Question 3

Coordinated movement relies on input from where in the brain?

Answer 3

The cerebellum and basal ganglia

Question 4

Damage to the cerebellum can result in what?

Answer 4

Ataxia

Question 5

What are the 3 regions of the cerebellum?

Answer 5

Vestibulocerebellum, Spinocerebellum, and Cerebrocerebellum

Question 6

What does the vestibulocerebellum coordinate?

Answer 6

Balance via inputs from the vestibular system

Question 7

What does the spinocerebellum coordinate?

Answer 7

Posture and gait via inputs from proprioceptors

Question 8

What does the cerebrocerebellum coordinate?

Answer 8

Distal limb movements via inputs from the primary motor cortex

Question 9

The basal ganglia is a group of interconnected neural structures that is responsible for what?

Answer 9

Initiation and inhibition of movement, and initiation of thought and emotion

Question 10

What are the 3 structures that compose the basal ganglia?

Answer 10

The caudate nucleus, the putamen, and the globus pallidus

Question 11

The motor circuit of the basal ganglia is responsible for what?

Answer 11

Movement initiation

Question 12

The cognitive circuit of the basal ganglia is responsible for what?

Answer 12

Connections with the prefrontal cortex

Question 13

The limbic circuit of the basal ganglia is responsible for what?

Answer 13

Emotional centers/connections

Question 14

The oculomotor circuit of the basal ganglia is responsible for what?

Answer 14

Regulating eye movement

Question 15

The direct pathway of the basal ganglia initiates or inhibits movement?

Answer 15

Initiates movement

Question 16

The indirect pathway of the basal ganglia initiates or inhibits movement?

Answer 16

Inhibits movement

Question 17

The direct and indirect basal ganglia pathways act via the upper motor neurons and the lower motor neurons. True or false.

Answer 17

True

Question 18

Parkinson’s disease results from a deficiency of what?

Answer 18

Dopamine

Question 19

Parkinson’s disease results in what symptoms?

Answer 19

Bradykinesia (small, slow movements), masked face, pill rolling tremor (resting tremor), shuffling gait, difficulty initiating movement, and cog-wheel rigidity (due to increased resistance to passive stretch)

Question 20

The supplementary motor area is responsible for what?

Answer 20

Storing motor memories and directing activity of the primary motor cortex

Question 21

Lesion to the supplementary motor area results in what?

Answer 21

Apraxia, a motor planning deficit

Question 22

What does the upper motor neuron gamma loop allow?

Answer 22

Allows brain to increase or decrease tone