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Chemistry S3 > Ch.13.4 > Flashcards

Ch.13.4 Flashcards

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1
Q

Metals are very useful materials. They are used in many different ways for ________________, _______________, _____________________________. Many _______________, _________, and __________ in daily life are made of metals or contain metals.

A

construction, transportation, making tools and other objects etc; buildings, cars, objects

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3
Q

The ______________ and _____ of metals are related to their _______________________ and ________________.

A

discovery, use, ease of extraction, abundance

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4
Q

Ease of extraction of metals depends on ________________ ________________, ______________________________________ etc. Name and explain an example of how the ease of extraction of a metal has affected its discovery and use.

A

technological advancement, evolution of human wisdom; Copper is much easier to be extracted than tin and iron. As a result, The Copper Age came earlier than The Bronze Age and The Iron Age in human history.

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5
Q

Apart from the ease of extraction, as ___________________________________________, ________________________________________________________________ is one of the main factors that affect the ____________ of the metal. Name and explain an example of how the abundance of a metal affects its use.

A

the Earth’s crust is the major source of metals; the abundance of a metal in the Earth’s crust
Due to the high abundance of iron in the Earth’s crust, it has been widely used since it was discovered. Iron is still the most widely used metal today.

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6
Q

Describe the time period, the obtaining and the use of stone by humans in The Stone Age.

A

2 500 000 - 4000 B.C.
Stones could be commonly found in Nature and easily obtained by humans. Humans then used stones to make tools and weapons (eg arrowheads) and The Stone Age came first in human history.

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7
Q

Describe the time period, the obtaining and the use of copper by humans, and the reason why stone was replaced in The Copper Age.

A

4000 - 3000 B.C.
Humans knew how to obtain copper from its ores. They started to use copper to make tools and weapons, etc. Copper is easier to shape than stones.

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8
Q

Describe the time period, the obtaining and the use of bronze by humans, and the reason why copper was replaced in The Bronze Age.

A

3000 - 1000 B.C.
After learning how to obtain tin from its ores, humans mixed tin with copper to increase the hardness of copper. The new material formed was a mixture called bronze. Bronze was widely used to make containers, weapons, statues and ornaments.

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9
Q

Describe the time period, the obtaining and the use of iron by humans, and the reason why bronze was replaced in The Iron Age. Also describe the use of other metals in this age.

A

1000 B.C. - present
Humans developed the method for obtaining iron from its ores. Iron is abundant on Earth (2nd most abundant in Earth’s crust) and is much stronger than bronze. Iron replaced bronze and became the main material used in this period (eg to make tools, cannons).
A variety of other metals are also used in this age.

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10
Q

Name the year of discovery of gold.

A

5000 B.C.

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11
Q

Name the year of discovery of silver.

A

5000 B.C.

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12
Q

Name the year of discovery of copper.

A

4000 B.C.

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13
Q

Name the year of discovery of lead.

A

3500 B.C.

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14
Q

Name the year of discovery of tin.

A

3000 B.C.

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15
Q

Name the year of discovery of iron.

A

1500 B.C.

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16
Q

Name the year of discovery of mercury.

A

750 B.C.

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17
Q

Name the year of discovery of titanium.

A

1791

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18
Q

Name the year of discovery of sodium.

A

1807

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19
Q

Name the year of discovery of magnesium.

A

1808

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20
Q

Name the year of discovery of calcium.

A

1808

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21
Q

Name the year of discovery of aluminium.

A

1827

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22
Q

Reorder iron, silver, aluminium and copper in descending order of their abundance in the Earth’s crust.

A

Aluminium, iron, copper, silver.

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23
Q

Gold and silver were the earliest metals to be discovered. Suggest why they may have been found despite being so rare.

A

This may be because they are found as elements in nature, which means that only physical extraction is needed to extract them, such as gold panning and hence that they would be easy to extract. Moreover, their shiny appearance may make them easier to spot.

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24
Q

Aluminium is the ____________________ metal in the Earth’s crust; however it has only been discovered and used much later than most other metals. Why?

A

most abundant; This is because it is only found in compounds, which made it difficult to extract until the method of extracting aluminium through electrolysis was discovered in the 19th century.

25
Q

Why is silver not widely used today?

A

This is because it is rare and expensive.

26
Q

In Nature, most metals are found in the form of _________________ in ____________________. Only a few metals are found in the form of ____________________, such as _______________, ____________________ and ____________________.

A

compounds, metal ores; elements, gold, silver, platinum

27
Q

Metal ores are ______________________________________________________. They have to be ____________________ found and contain a ______________________________. Different metal ores contain ________________________.

A

rock and soil in the Earth’s crust that contain metals; naturally, large ratio of metals; different metals

28
Q

Common metal ores are found in nature in the form of _______________, ________________, and _________________.

A

oxides, sulphides, carbonates

29
Q

Why are many metals found in the form of metal oxides in Nature?

A

This is because oxygen is abundant in the Earth’s atmosphere, in which most metals are found.

30
Q

Historians divided human history into four main different periods according to _____________________________________________; namely _________________, _______________, ________________ and _____________________. (please name the ages in chronological order) In different ages, different ________ were used to ________________________, such as _________, ___________, ______________ and ______________.

A

the main types of materials used by humans; The Stone Age, The Copper Age, The Bronze Age, The Iron Age; materials, make useful objects; tools, weapons, containers and ornaments

31
Q

Name three examples of carbonate metal ores found in nature.

A

Calcium carbonates eg chalk, marble, limestone

32
Q

Name three examples of metals found in the form of elements in their metal ores in Nature.

A

Gold nugget, silver nugget, platinum nugget,

33
Q

Name the ores and the names and chemical formulas of the main compound in the ore of four examples of metals found in the form of compounds in Nature.

A

Bauxite — main ore of aluminium. It contains mainly aluminium oxide (Al2O3) / mineral gibbsite (Al(OH)3).
Copper pyrite — main ore of copper. It contains mainly copper iron sulphide (CuFeS2).
Haematite — main ore of iron. It contains mainly iron(III) oxide (Fe2O3).
Galena — main ore of lead. It contains mainly lead(II) sulphide (PbS).

34
Q

What is so special about copper pyrite?

A

This ore also contains iron; however it is called a copper ore because it contains more copper than iron.

35
Q

We can extract metals with different methods according to __________________________________________. There are two main types of methods to extract metals — ____________________________ (for metals that are found in the form of ______________) and ____________________________ (for metal found in the form of ______________).

A

their forms found in metal ores; physical methods, elements, chemical methods, compounds

36
Q

Name and elaborate on an example of a physical metal extraction method.

A

We can get gold grains from its ores by gold panning. In gold panning, people crush pieces of gold ores into smaller pieces. Then, they put the smaller pieces in a pan containing water. When people shake the pan, sand and small pieces of rock are washed away by water, leaving behind the denser gold grains.

37
Q

Name an example of a chemical metal extraction method.

A

Metals can be extracted from metal oxides that are found in some metal ores by heating the oxides with carbon.

38
Q

Describe the procedure of extracting iron from iron(III) oxide.

A
  1. Observe and record the colour of iron(III) oxide.
  2. Put one spatula of the iron(III) oxide into a weighing boat. Put a magnet near the bottom of the weighing boat. Record observations.
  3. Put one spatula of sodium carbonate into another weighing boat. Put a magnet near the bottom of the weighing boat. Record observations.
  4. Put iron(III) oxide and sodium carbonate onto two pieces of filter paper separately.
  5. Dip the head of a match in water to moisten it. Roll the moistened match head first in sodium carbonate, and then in iron(III) oxide.
  6. Light a candle over a heat-proof mat. Use a pair of tongs to hold the match. Burn the head of the match over the candle flame. Do not burn the match more than half-way along its length.
  7. Put the match in another weighing boat. Leave the match to cool for about 30 seconds. Then, use a spatula to crush the residue (charred part of the match). Put a magnet near the bottom of the weighing boat. Record observations.
39
Q

What is the use of sodium carbonate in the extraction of iron from iron(III) oxide?

A

Sodium carbonate is not a reactant. Iron(III) oxide (Fe2O3) reacts with sodium carbonate, which fuses easily and brings the iron(III) oxide into close contact with the carbon (C) so that they can react with each other.

40
Q

Name the safety precaution required while burning the match over the candle flame in the extraction of iron from iron(III) oxide.

A

Wear safety goggles.

41
Q

_________________________________________ provides a source of carbon in the extraction of iron from iron(III) oxide, which __________________________________________.

A

The charred part of the match, reacts with iron(III) oxide

42
Q

Name the word equation involved in the extraction of iron from iron(III) oxide.

A

iron(III) oxide + carbon —heat(△)—> iron + carbon dioxide

43
Q

Heat is the ________________________ for carbon reduction, meaning heating is __________________. What is the symbol for heating in chemistry?

A

reaction condition, required; △

44
Q

Name the balanced chemical equation involved in the extraction of iron from iron(III) oxide.

A

2Fe2O3(s) + 3C(s) —heat(△)—> 4Fe(s) + 3CO2(g)

45
Q

Iron can be extracted in the extraction of iron from iron(III) oxide. It is the substance that __________________________________________________________. How do we know that this substance is not iron(III) oxide nor sodium carbonate?

A

ferromagnetic that moves with the magnet after the reaction; we know this as they both aren’t attracted by a magnet.

46
Q

In the extraction of iron from iron(III) oxide, are iron(III) oxide, sodium carbonate, and the residue (charred part of the match) attracted by a magnet respectively? Moreover, what is the colour of iron(III) oxide?

A

No, no, yes; reddish-brown.

47
Q

Describe the procedures of extracting copper from copper(II) oxide.

A
  1. Observe and record the colour of copper(II) oxide.
  2. Add three spatulas of the copper(II) oxide and three spatulas of carbon powder to a crucible. Mix them well with a glass rod.
  3. Cover the crucible with a lid but leave a small gap. Support the crucible on a pipe-clay triangle placed on a tripod. Heat the mixture strongly for about eight minutes.
  4. Turns off the Bunsen burner and let the crucible cool for about three minutes. Do not remove the lid during cooling.
  5. After cooling, remove the lid of the crucible with a pair of tongs. Place the crucible on a heat-proof mat with the pair of tongs.
  6. Pour the residue onto a piece of filter paper.
  7. Spread the residue with a glass rod and observe it carefully for any shiny solid pieces in the residue. Collect the shiny solid pieces (if any) and record their colour.
48
Q

Name the required safety precautions while heating the copper(II) oxide and carbon powder mixture in a crucible while extracting copper from copper(II) oxide.

A

Wear safety goggles

Do not touch the lid or the crucible with bare hands as they are very hot

49
Q

Conclude the procedure of extracting copper from copper(II) oxide.

A

Copper(II) oxide (CuO) is heated with carbon powder (C) in air. Copper is extracted.

50
Q

Name the word equation involved in the extraction of copper from copper(II) oxide.

A

copper(II) oxide + carbon —heat(△)—> copper + carbon dioxide

51
Q

Name the balanced chemical equation involved in the extraction of iron from copper(II) oxide.

A

2CuO(s) + C(s) —heat(△)—> 2Cu(s) + CO2(g)

52
Q

In the extraction of copper from copper(II) oxide, carbon is ________________ (oxygen is gained) by the ___________________________ to form ___________________________. The copper(II) oxide is ________________ (oxygen is removed) by the ________________ to form _________________________.

A

oxidised, copper(II) oxide, carbon dioxide; reduced, carbon, metallic copper

53
Q

What are the colours of copper(II) oxide and that of the shiny solid pieces in the extraction of copper from copper(II) oxides respectively?

A

Black and reddish-brown.

54
Q

In the extraction of copper(II) oxide, copper can be extracted. It is the ______________________________________________________________.

A

shiny substance that appears reddish-brown in colour after reaction

55
Q

What fact helps us distinguish metals from their metal oxides?

A

The fact that the properties of a compound are usually different from its constituent elements.

56
Q

Some metals, such as zinc, ___________, ___________ and ___________, can be extracted by ______________________________________________________. In this reactions, carbon _____________________________________________, forming ___________________________. Carbon can be found in ______________, ______________ etc.

A

copper, iron, lead, heating their oxides with carbon at high temperatures; takes away the oxygen from the metal oxide; metal and carbon dioxide; coke, charcoal

57
Q

Give the general word equation of the process of extracting metal from metal oxide using carbon.

A

metal oxide + carbon —heat—> metal + carbon dioxide

58
Q

In the extraction of iron from iron(III) oxide, carbon is ________________ (oxygen is gained) by the ___________________________ to form ___________________________. The iron(III) oxide is ________________ (oxygen is removed) by the ________________ to form _________________________.

A

oxidised, iron(III) oxide, carbon dioxide; reduced, carbon, metallic iron

Chemistry S3 (10 decks)

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