Ch12: principles of testing selection and administration

Question 1

reasons for testing

Answer 1

assessment of athletic talent
identification of physical abilities in need of improvement
setting of realistic goals using baseline measurements
evaluation of progress
identification of physical staleness, burnout, and overtraining

Question 2

test

Answer 2

a procedure for assessing ability in a particular endeavor

Question 3

field test

Answer 3

a test used to assess ability that is performed away from the laboratory and does not require extensive training or expensive equipment

Question 4

measurement

Answer 4

the process of analyzing test results for the purpose of making decisions

Question 5

evaluation

Answer 5

the process of collecting data

Question 6

pretest

Answer 6

a test administered before the beginning of training to determine the athlete’s initial basic ability levels

Question 7

midtest

Answer 7

a test administered one or more times during the training period to assess progress and modify the program as needed to maximize benefit

Question 8

formative evaluation

Answer 8

periodic reevaluation based on midtests administered during the training, usually at regular intervals

Question 9

posttest

Answer 9

a test administered after the training period to determine the success of the training program in achieving the training objectives

Question 10

validity

Answer 10

is the degree to which a test or test item measures what it is supposed to measure
is one of the most important characteristics of testing
tests of basic athletic abilities or capacities is more difficult to establish than those of physical properties such as height and weight

Question 11

construct validity

Answer 11

is the ability of a test to represent the underlying construct
refers to overall validity, or the extent to which the test actually measures what it was designed to measure

Question 12

construct

Answer 12

is the theory developed to organize and explain some aspects of existing knowledge and observation

Question 13

face validity

Answer 13

is the appearance to the athlete and other casual observers that the rest measures what it is purported or supposed to measure
the assessment of face validity is generally informal and nonquantitative

Question 14

content validity

Answer 14

is the assessment by experts that the testing covers all relevant subtopics or component abilities in appropriate proportions

Question 15

how can a test developer ensure content validity

Answer 15

listing the ability components to be assessed
making sure the ability components are all represented on the test
verifying that the proportion of the total score attributable to a particular component ability should be proportional to the importance of that component to total performance

Question 16

criterion-referenced validity

Answer 16

is the extent to which test scores are associated with some other measure of the same ability
is often estimated statistically

Question 17

what does formative evaluation allow

Answer 17

-eval of diff training methods
-collection of normative data
-enables monitoring of athlete’s progress
-enables adjusting the training program for the athlete’s individual needs

Question 18

A test battery for soccer players should include at min tests of:

Answer 18

sprinting speed
agility
coordination
kicking power

Question 19

what are the types of criterion referenced validity

Answer 19

concurrent validity (convergent validity)
predictive validity
discriminant validity

Question 20

concurrent validity

Answer 20

is the extent to which test scores are associated with those of other accepted tests that measure the same ability.

Question 21

convergent validity

Answer 21

-is evidenced by high positive correlation between results of the test being assessed and those of the recognized measure of the construct (the “gold standard”)
-is the type of concurrent validity that field tests should exhibit

Question 22

predictive validity

Answer 22

-is the extent to which the test score corresponds with future behavior or performance.
-can be measured through comparison of a test score with some measure of success in the sport

-example: the correlation between the overall score on a battery of tests used to assess potential for basketball and a measurement of actual basketball performance

Question 23

discriminant validity

Answer 23

-is the ability of a test to distinguish between two different constructs and is evidenced by a low correlation between the results of the test and those of tests of a different construct

-It is best if tests in a battery measure relatively independent ability components

Question 24

Reliability

Answer 24

-is a measure of the degree of consistency or repeatability of a test

-A test must be reliable to be valid

-However, even a reliable test may not be valid, because the test may not measure what it is supposed to measure.

Question 25

factors that produce measurement error

Answer 25

-Intrasubject (within subjects) variability -Lack of interrater (between raters) reliability or agreement -Intrarater (within raters) variability -Failure of the test itself to provide consistent results

Question 26

intrasubject variability

Answer 26

is a lack of consistent performance by the person being tested.

Question 27

intrarater variability

Answer 27

is the lack of consistent scores by a given tester.

Question 28

interrater reliability

Answer 28

is the degree to which different raters agree in their test results over time or on repeated occasions; it is a measure of consistency -referred to as objectivity or interrater agreement

Question 29

sources of interrater differences

Answer 29

variations in the -calibrating testing devices -preparation of athletes -administration of the test.

Question 30

sources of intrarater error

Answer 30

-unintentional leniency -inadequate training -inattentiveness -lack of concentration -failure to follow standardized procedures for: device calibration, athlete preparation, test administration, or test scoring

Question 31

what are the factors of test selection

Answer 31

-metabolic energy system specificity -biomechanical movement pattern specificity -athlete experience & training status -age & sex -environmental factors

Question 32

metabolic energy system specificity

Answer 32

-A valid test must emulate the energy requirements of the sport for which ability is being assessed. -must understand the 3 basic energy systems (phosphagen, glycolytic, and oxidative) and their inter- relationships in order to apply the principle of specificity when choosing or designing valid tests to measure athletic ability

Question 33

biomechanical movement pattern specificity

Answer 33

-the more similar the test is to an important movement in the sport, the better -Sports differ in their physical demands -Positions within a sport differ

Question 34

what does experience and training status consider

Answer 34

-athlete's ability to perform the technique -athlete's level of cardiorespiratory endurance, strength, speed and power training -the type of resistance training equipment being used by the athlete -the type of resistance training exercise being used to test the athlete

Question 35

age and sex

Answer 35

-can affect the validity and reliability of a test -the 1.5-mile run: aerobic power test college-aged men & women vs male & female preadolescents -Max # of chin-ups: muscular endurance test, men vs women

Question 36

environmental factors

Answer 36

-High ambient temperature, especially in combination with high humidity, can impair endurance exercise performance, pose health risks, and lower the validity of an aerobic endurance exercise test. -temp fluctuations can reduce the ability to compare test results over time -altitude: can also impair performance on aerobic endurance tests, although not on tests of strength and power

Question 37

health and safety considerations

Answer 37

strength and conditioning professional must: -be aware of testing conditions that can threaten the health of athletes - be observant of signs and symptoms of health problems that warrant exclusion from testing - remain attentive to the health status of athletes, especially before, during and after max exertions

Question 38

selection and training of testers

Answer 38

-should be well trained -should have a thorough understanding of all testing procedures and protocols -should perform and score all tests correctly -must have sufficient practice -should be trained to explain and administer the tests as consistently as possible

Question 39

recording forms should:

Answer 39

Scoring forms should be developed before the testing session and should have space for all test results and comments.

Question 40

test format

Answer 40

-consider whether athletes will be tested all at once or in groups -the same tester should administer a given test to all athletes if possible -each tester should administer only one test at a time, especially when the tests require complex judgments

Question 41

testing batteries and multiple testing trials

Answer 41

-duplicate test setups can be used for large groups -when multiple trials of a test or a battery of test are performed, allow complete recovery btw trials

Question 42

sequence of tests

Answer 42

Knowledge of exercise science can help determine: proper order of tests and the duration of rest periods between tests to ensure test reliability. The fundamental principle with test sequencing should be that one test should not affect the performance of a subsequent test

Question 43

sequence of tests 1 to 7

Answer 43

1. Nonfatiguing tests (height, weight, flexibility, skinfold and girth measurements, balance and stability, vertical jump) 2. Agility tests (T-test, pro agility test, Edgren side step test) 3. Maximum power and strength tests (1RM power clean, 1RM bench press) 4. Sprint tests (40 m sprint with split times at 10 m and 20 m) 5. Local muscular endurance tests (partial curl-up test, push-up test) 6. Fatiguing anaerobic capacity tests (400-m run, 300-yard shuttle run) 7. Aerobic capacity tests (1.5-mile run, 12-min run or Yo-Yo intermittent recovery test)

Question 44

what should the test order be designed to require

Answer 44

The test order should also be designed to require minimal recovery time between tests, allowing for a more efficient testing session

Question 45

how to prepare athletes for testing

Answer 45

-announce time, date and purpose of test battery in advance -athletes should be familiar w test content and procedures -host a short, supervised pretest practice or familiarization session 1 to 3 days before the test -provide clear and simple instructions

Question 46

what should the instructions cover for prep of athlete for testing

Answer 46

the purpose of the test, how it is to be performed, the amount of warm-up recommended, the number of practice attempts allowed, the number of trials, test scoring, criteria for disallowing attempts, and recommendations for maximizing performance.

Question 47

t/f Whenever possible, tell athletes their test scores immediately after each trial to motivate them to perform better on subsequent trials

Answer 47

true

Question 48

t/f no need to administer a pretest warm up for athletes

Answer 48

false

Question 49

t/f Administer a supervised cool-down period to athletes following tests that dramatically increase heart rate and at the completion of the test battery

Answer 49

true

Question 50

aerobic endurance testing in the heat

Answer 50

Question 51

what is hyponatremia

Answer 51

Hyponatremia occurs when the concentration of sodium in your blood is abnormally low

Question 52

What is EAH used to describe?

Answer 52

EAH is used to describe hyponatremia occurring during or up to 24 hours after physical activity

Question 53

What is the definition of EAH?

Answer 53

Exercise-associated hyponatremia (EAH) is defined by an acute fall in the serum or plasma sodium concentration to below 135 mmol/L that occurs during or up to 24 hours after prolonged physical activity.

Question 54

What are the main determinants of serum [Na+]

Answer 54

the total content of exchangeable body sodium and potassium relative to total body water

Question 55

What are 3 ways EAH can occur?

Answer 55

from loss of solutes (sodium, potassium), a relative excess of total body water or a combination of both

Question 56

Which of the 3 exercise-associated hyponatremias are classified dilutional and depletional EAH?

Answer 56

Hypovolemic EAH

Question 57

What are the 2 forms of EAH

Answer 57

asymptomatic or symptomatic

Question 58

What are the major risk factors for the development of asymptomatic and symptomatic EAH?

Answer 58

-Overdrinking water, sports drinks, and other hypotonic beverages -Weight gain during exercise -Exercise duration >4 h -Event inexperience or inadequate training -Slow running or performance pace -High or low body mass index (BMI) -Readily available fluids

Question 59

What is the single most important risk factor for EAH?

Answer 59

The single most important risk factor is sustained, excessive fluid (water, sports drinks or other hypotonic fluids) intake in volumes greater than loss through sweat, respiratory and renal water excretion so that a positive fluid balance accrues over time

Question 60

Which form is the most dangerous to an athlete’s health?

Answer 60

Severe symptomatic EAH (EAHE)

Question 61

What is arginine vasopressin (AVP)

Answer 61

Vasopressin (arginine vasopressin [AVP]), also known as antidiuretic hormone (ADH), is a nonapeptide stored in and secreted from the posterior pituitary gland. Its primary target organ is the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct, where it acts to promote water reabsorption

Question 62

What is another name for AVP?

Answer 62

anti-diuretic hormone secretion (SIADH)?????

Question 63

What is non-osmotic AVP secretion?

Answer 63

non-osmotic AVP secretion is a key contributing factor in most athlete-related symptomatic cases.5,19 Known stimuli to AVP secretion that are commonly associated with exercise include: nausea/vomiting; interleukin-6 release; plasma volume contraction; hypoglycemia; elevated body temperature; and/or other hormonal mediators

Question 64

What is SIADH?

Answer 64

syndrome of inappropriate anti-diuretic hormone secretion (SIADH)

Question 65

How is non-osmotic AVP secretion different from osmotic AVP secretion?

Answer 65

the threshold and sensitivity of AVP release

Question 66

What is EAHE

Answer 66

exercise-associated hyponatremic encephalopathy a life-threatening condition that has been observed across a wide variety of activities

Question 67

What is the difference between asymptomatic and symptomatic EAH

Answer 67

Asymptomatic athletes with [Na+]135 mmol/L have largely been detected by blood samples taken post-exercise from athletes participating in research protocols or obtained for reasons other than suspicion of EAH. Athletes with the symptomatic form of EAH can present with mild, non-specific symptoms (eg, lightheadedness, nausea) but typically present with headache, vomiting, and/or altered mental status (eg, confusion, seizure) resulting from cerebral edema

Question 68

In which activities has Symptomatic EAH been reported?

Answer 68

Clusters of cases have occurred in military training exercises, marathons, Ironman triathlons and ultramarathons

Question 69

What are the etiology & pathophysiology of EAH

Answer 69

The predominant pathophysiology of EAH, and of most serious medical concern, is dilutional hyponatremia caused by sustained overdrinking and AVP induced impaired water clearance, which overwhelms the ability of the kidney to excrete the excess water load

Question 70

What are the etiologies of the 3 types of EAH

Answer 70

-euvolemic (total body water expansion without changes in total exchangeable sodium) -hypervolemic (total body water expansion above concomitant increases in total exchangeable sodium) -hypovolemic hyponatremia reflects a loss of total body exchangeable sodium that manifests as volume depletion

Question 71

What is the role of thirst?

Answer 71

Thirst should provide adequate stimulus for preventing excess dehydration and markedly reduce the risk of developing EAH in all sports

Question 72

What is the misconception of thirst as a guide to fluid replacement?

Answer 72

Unfortunately, this advice has fostered the misconception that thirst is a poor guide to fluid replacement and has facilitated inadvertent overdrinking and pathological dilutional EAH

Question 73

Is EAH best classified by clinical severity or by the absolute numerical concentration of Na+?

Answer 73

e, EAH is best classified by clinical severity (symptoms) and not the absolute numerical [Na+] value to best guide treatment strategies

Question 74

What are the signs & symptoms associated with Mild EAH, and Severe EAH & EAHE (Table 5)?

Answer 74

Question 75

Do the signs & symptoms of EAH overlap with other conditions associated with exercise-associated collapse?

Answer 75

yes

Question 76

What are some of these other causes of collapse?

Answer 76

signs and symptoms including exertional heat illness, acute mountain sickness, hypernatremia and exercise associated postural hypotension

Question 77

what is orthostatic hypotension

Answer 77

also called postural hypotension — is a form of low blood pressure that happens when standing after sitting or lying down

Question 78

What is the Trendelenburg position?

Answer 78

the patient is supine on the table with their head declined below their feet at an angle of roughly 16

Question 79

What is obtundation, decorticate posturing, mydriasis, and frothy sputum?

Answer 79

obtundation: A dulled or reduced level of alertness or consciousness decorticate posturing: an abnormal posturing in which a person is stiff with bent arms, clenched fists, and legs held out straight mydriasis:Dilated pupils frothy sputum:Mucus that contains bubbles and is foamy

Question 80

What is osmotic demyelination syndrome?

Answer 80

a condition that is associated with rapid correction of sodium levels or fluid shifts

Question 81

What is non-cardiogenic pulmonary edema?

Answer 81

Pulmonary edema that is not caused by increased pressures in the heart

Question 82

What is the cause of neurological signs & symptoms of severe symptomatic EAH?

Answer 82

due to cerebral edema that occur when water flows along the osmotic gradient from the extracellular fluid into the intracellular compartment

Question 83

Is severe symptomatic EAH always accompanied by CNS-triggered non-cardiogenic pulmonary edema?

Answer 83

no it may or may not

Question 84

What are the onsite treatments for Asymptomatic & Symptomatic EAH?

Answer 84

In athletes with this incidental biochemical diagnosis, oral or intravenous hypotonic fluid intake should be restricted until the onset of urination life threatening emergency that requires immediate administration of IV hypertonic saline (HTS)

Question 85

What is HTS?

Answer 85

IV hypertonic saline such as sodium chloride

Question 86

What is the concentration range for HTS?

Answer 86

The dose and route of HTS administration should be based upon the severity of clinical symptoms and the available HTS formulations

Question 87

What are the recommended treatments for Mild or Severe EAH (Table 6)?

Answer 87

Question 88

What is the treatment for athletes with signs & symptoms of EAHE?

Answer 88

will require immediate measurement of electrolytes and should be treated as described above without delay once EAH is confirmed

Question 89

What are the 3 types of fluids that can worsen the degree of hyponatremia?

Answer 89

(water, sports drinks or other hypotonic fluids)

Question 90

how can EAH be oprevented?

Answer 90

The drinking of fluid volumes sufficiently above sweat and urinary losses before, during and after activity and the accrual a positive water balance, is the primary underlying pathophysiological mechanism of symptomatic and fatal EAH cases

Question 91

According to laboratory and field studies, what percentages of normal body mass and total body water can be tolerated without a reduction in endurance performance or muscular power when in cool to temperate temperatures?

Answer 91

Laboratory and field studies indicate that fluid deficits less than and up to a volume approximately equal to 3% of normal body mass (or ;5% total body water) can be tolerated without a reduction in endurance performance or muscular power when in cool to temperate (2108C-208C) temperatures

Question 92

In most cases, will drinking to thirst prevent both dilutional EAH & performance decrements due to excessive dehydration?

Answer 92

Therefore, aggressive drinking to prevent dehydration is unnecessary and carries with it greater risk of developing symptomatic EAH.