Ch12: principles of testing selection and administration Flashcards
reasons for testing
assessment of athletic talent
identification of physical abilities in need of improvement
setting of realistic goals using baseline measurements
evaluation of progress
identification of physical staleness, burnout, and overtraining
test
a procedure for assessing ability in a particular endeavor
field test
a test used to assess ability that is performed away from the laboratory and does not require extensive training or expensive equipment
measurement
the process of analyzing test results for the purpose of making decisions
evaluation
the process of collecting data
pretest
a test administered before the beginning of training to determine the athlete’s initial basic ability levels
midtest
a test administered one or more times during the training period to assess progress and modify the program as needed to maximize benefit
formative evaluation
periodic reevaluation based on midtests administered during the training, usually at regular intervals
posttest
a test administered after the training period to determine the success of the training program in achieving the training objectives
validity
is the degree to which a test or test item measures what it is supposed to measure
is one of the most important characteristics of testing
tests of basic athletic abilities or capacities is more difficult to establish than those of physical properties such as height and weight
construct validity
is the ability of a test to represent the underlying construct
refers to overall validity, or the extent to which the test actually measures what it was designed to measure
construct
is the theory developed to organize and explain some aspects of existing knowledge and observation
face validity
is the appearance to the athlete and other casual observers that the rest measures what it is purported or supposed to measure
the assessment of face validity is generally informal and nonquantitative
content validity
is the assessment by experts that the testing covers all relevant subtopics or component abilities in appropriate proportions
how can a test developer ensure content validity
listing the ability components to be assessed
making sure the ability components are all represented on the test
verifying that the proportion of the total score attributable to a particular component ability should be proportional to the importance of that component to total performance
criterion-referenced validity
is the extent to which test scores are associated with some other measure of the same ability
is often estimated statistically
what does formative evaluation allow
-eval of diff training methods
-collection of normative data
-enables monitoring of athlete’s progress
-enables adjusting the training program for the athlete’s individual needs
A test battery for soccer players should include at min tests of:
sprinting speed
agility
coordination
kicking power
what are the types of criterion referenced validity
concurrent validity (convergent validity)
predictive validity
discriminant validity
concurrent validity
is the extent to which test scores are associated with those of other accepted tests that measure the same ability.
convergent validity
-is evidenced by high positive correlation between results of the test being assessed and those of the recognized measure of the construct (the “gold standard”)
-is the type of concurrent validity that field tests should exhibit
predictive validity
-is the extent to which the test score corresponds with future behavior or performance.
-can be measured through comparison of a test score with some measure of success in the sport
-example: the correlation between the overall score on a battery of tests used to assess potential for basketball and a measurement of actual basketball performance
discriminant validity
-is the ability of a test to distinguish between two different constructs and is evidenced by a low correlation between the results of the test and those of tests of a different construct
-It is best if tests in a battery measure relatively independent ability components
Reliability
-is a measure of the degree of consistency or repeatability of a test
-A test must be reliable to be valid
-However, even a reliable test may not be valid, because the test may not measure what it is supposed to measure.
factors that produce measurement error
-Intrasubject (within subjects) variability
-Lack of interrater (between raters) reliability or agreement
-Intrarater (within raters) variability
-Failure of the test itself to provide consistent results
intrasubject variability
is a lack of consistent performance by the person being tested.
intrarater variability
is the lack of consistent scores by a given tester.
interrater reliability
is the degree to which different raters agree in their test results over time or on repeated occasions; it is a measure of consistency
-referred to as objectivity or interrater agreement
sources of interrater differences
variations in the
-calibrating testing devices
-preparation of athletes
-administration of the test.
sources of intrarater error
-unintentional leniency
-inadequate training
-inattentiveness
-lack of concentration
-failure to follow standardized procedures for:
device calibration,
athlete preparation,
test administration,
or test scoring
what are the factors of test selection
-metabolic energy system specificity
-biomechanical movement pattern specificity
-athlete experience & training status
-age & sex
-environmental factors
metabolic energy system specificity
-A valid test must emulate the energy requirements of the sport for which ability is being assessed.
-must understand the 3 basic energy systems (phosphagen, glycolytic, and oxidative) and their inter- relationships in order to apply the principle of specificity when choosing or designing valid tests to measure athletic ability
biomechanical movement pattern specificity
-the more similar the test is to an important movement in the sport, the better
-Sports differ in their physical demands
-Positions within a sport differ
what does experience and training status consider
-athlete’s ability to perform the technique
-athlete’s level of cardiorespiratory endurance, strength, speed and power training
-the type of resistance training equipment being used by the athlete
-the type of resistance training exercise being used to test the athlete
age and sex
-can affect the validity and reliability of a test
-the 1.5-mile run: aerobic power test
college-aged men & women vs male & female preadolescents
-Max # of chin-ups: muscular endurance test, men vs women
environmental factors
-High ambient temperature, especially in combination with high humidity, can impair endurance exercise performance, pose health risks, and lower the validity of an aerobic endurance exercise test.
-temp fluctuations can reduce the ability to compare test results over time
-altitude: can also impair performance on aerobic endurance tests, although not on tests of strength and power
health and safety considerations
strength and conditioning professional must:
-be aware of testing conditions that can threaten the health of athletes
- be observant of signs and symptoms of health problems that warrant exclusion from testing
- remain attentive to the health status of athletes, especially before, during and after max exertions
selection and training of testers
-should be well trained
-should have a thorough understanding of all testing procedures and protocols
-should perform and score all tests correctly
-must have sufficient practice
-should be trained to explain and administer the tests as consistently as possible
recording forms should:
Scoring forms should be developed before the testing session and should have space for all test results and comments.
test format
-consider whether athletes will be tested all at once or in groups
-the same tester should administer a given test to all athletes if possible
-each tester should administer only one test at a time, especially when the tests require complex judgments
testing batteries and multiple testing trials
-duplicate test setups can be used for large groups
-when multiple trials of a test or a battery of test are performed, allow complete recovery btw trials
sequence of tests
Knowledge of exercise science can help determine: proper order of tests and the duration of rest periods
between tests to ensure test reliability.
The fundamental principle with test sequencing should be that one test should not affect the performance of a subsequent test
sequence of tests 1 to 7
- Nonfatiguing tests (height, weight, flexibility, skinfold and girth measurements, balance and stability, vertical jump)
- Agility tests (T-test, pro agility test, Edgren side step test)
- Maximum power and strength tests (1RM power clean, 1RM bench press)
- Sprint tests (40 m sprint with split times at 10 m and 20 m)
- Local muscular endurance tests (partial curl-up test, push-up test)
- Fatiguing anaerobic capacity tests (400-m run, 300-yard shuttle run)
- Aerobic capacity tests (1.5-mile run, 12-min run or Yo-Yo intermittent recovery test)
what should the test order be designed to require
The test order should also be designed to require minimal recovery time between tests, allowing for a more efficient testing session
how to prepare athletes for testing
-announce time, date and purpose of test battery in advance
-athletes should be familiar w test content and procedures
-host a short, supervised pretest practice or familiarization session 1 to 3 days before the test
-provide clear and simple instructions
what should the instructions cover for prep of athlete for testing
the purpose of the test, how it is to be performed, the amount of warm-up recommended, the number of practice attempts allowed, the number of trials, test scoring, criteria for disallowing attempts, and recommendations for maximizing performance.
t/f Whenever possible, tell athletes their test scores immediately after each trial to motivate them to perform better on subsequent trials
true
t/f no need to administer a pretest warm up for athletes
false
t/f Administer a supervised cool-down period to athletes following tests that dramatically increase heart rate and at the completion of the test battery
true
aerobic endurance testing in the heat
what is hyponatremia
Hyponatremia occurs when the concentration of sodium in your blood is abnormally low
What is EAH used to describe?
EAH is used to describe hyponatremia occurring during
or up to 24 hours after physical activity
What is the definition of EAH?
Exercise-associated hyponatremia (EAH) is defined by an acute fall in the serum or plasma sodium concentration to below 135 mmol/L that occurs during or up to 24 hours after prolonged physical activity.
What are the main determinants of serum [Na+]
the total content of exchangeable body sodium and potassium
relative to total body water
What are 3 ways EAH can occur?
from loss of solutes (sodium, potassium), a relative excess of
total body water or a combination of both
Which of the 3 exercise-associated hyponatremias are classified dilutional and depletional EAH?
Hypovolemic EAH
What are the 2 forms of EAH
asymptomatic or symptomatic
What are the major risk factors for the development of asymptomatic and symptomatic EAH?
-Overdrinking water, sports drinks, and other hypotonic beverages
-Weight gain during exercise
-Exercise duration >4 h
-Event inexperience or inadequate training
-Slow running or performance pace
-High or low body mass index (BMI)
-Readily available fluids
What is the single most important risk factor for EAH?
The single most important risk factor is sustained, excessive fluid (water, sports drinks or other hypotonic fluids) intake in volumes greater than loss through
sweat, respiratory and renal water excretion so that a positive
fluid balance accrues over time
Which form is the most dangerous to an athlete’s health?
Severe symptomatic EAH (EAHE)
What is arginine vasopressin (AVP)
Vasopressin (arginine vasopressin [AVP]), also known as antidiuretic hormone (ADH), is a nonapeptide stored in and secreted from the posterior pituitary gland. Its primary target organ is the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct, where it acts to promote water reabsorption
What is another name for AVP?
anti-diuretic hormone secretion (SIADH)?????
What is non-osmotic AVP secretion?
non-osmotic AVP secretion is a key contributing factor in most athlete-related symptomatic cases.5,19
Known stimuli to AVP secretion that are commonly associated with exercise include: nausea/vomiting;
interleukin-6 release; plasma volume contraction; hypoglycemia; elevated body temperature; and/or other hormonal mediators
What is SIADH?
syndrome of inappropriate anti-diuretic hormone secretion (SIADH)
How is non-osmotic AVP secretion different from osmotic AVP secretion?
the threshold and sensitivity of AVP release
What is EAHE
exercise-associated hyponatremic encephalopathy
a life-threatening
condition that has been observed across a wide variety of
activities
What is the difference between asymptomatic and symptomatic EAH
Asymptomatic athletes with [Na+]135 mmol/L have largely been detected
by blood samples taken post-exercise from athletes participating in research protocols or obtained for reasons other than suspicion of EAH. Athletes with the symptomatic form
of EAH can present with mild, non-specific symptoms
(eg, lightheadedness, nausea) but typically present with
headache, vomiting, and/or altered mental status (eg, confusion, seizure) resulting from cerebral edema
In which activities has Symptomatic EAH been reported?
Clusters of cases have occurred
in military training exercises, marathons, Ironman triathlons
and ultramarathons
What are the etiology & pathophysiology of EAH
The predominant pathophysiology of EAH, and of most
serious medical concern, is dilutional hyponatremia caused by
sustained overdrinking and AVP induced impaired water
clearance, which overwhelms the ability of the kidney to
excrete the excess water load
What are the etiologies of the 3 types of EAH
-euvolemic (total body water expansion without changes in total exchangeable sodium)
-hypervolemic (total body water expansion above concomitant increases in total exchangeable sodium)
-hypovolemic hyponatremia reflects a loss of total body exchangeable sodium that manifests as volume
depletion
What is the role of thirst?
Thirst should provide adequate stimulus for preventing
excess dehydration and markedly reduce the risk of developing EAH in all sports
What is the misconception of thirst as a guide to fluid replacement?
Unfortunately, this advice has fostered the misconception that thirst is a poor guide to fluid
replacement and has facilitated inadvertent overdrinking and
pathological dilutional EAH
Is EAH best classified by clinical severity or by the absolute numerical concentration of Na+?
e, EAH is best classified
by clinical severity (symptoms) and not the absolute numerical [Na+] value to best guide treatment strategies
What are the signs & symptoms associated with Mild EAH, and Severe EAH & EAHE (Table 5)?
Do the signs & symptoms of EAH overlap with other conditions associated with exercise-associated collapse?
yes
What are some of these other causes of collapse?
signs and symptoms
including exertional heat illness, acute mountain sickness,
hypernatremia and exercise associated postural hypotension
what is orthostatic hypotension
also called postural hypotension — is a form of low blood pressure that happens when standing after sitting or lying down
What is the Trendelenburg position?
the patient is supine on the table with their head declined below their feet at an angle of roughly 16
What is obtundation, decorticate posturing, mydriasis, and frothy sputum?
obtundation: A dulled or reduced level of alertness or consciousness
decorticate posturing: an abnormal posturing in which a person is stiff with bent arms, clenched fists, and legs held out straight
mydriasis:Dilated pupils
frothy sputum:Mucus that contains bubbles and is foamy
What is osmotic demyelination syndrome?
a condition that is associated with rapid correction of sodium levels or fluid shifts
What is non-cardiogenic pulmonary edema?
Pulmonary edema that is not caused by increased pressures in the heart
What is the cause of neurological signs & symptoms of severe symptomatic EAH?
due to cerebral edema that
occur when water flows along the osmotic gradient from the
extracellular fluid into the intracellular compartment
Is severe symptomatic EAH always accompanied by CNS-triggered non-cardiogenic pulmonary edema?
no it may or may not
What are the onsite treatments for Asymptomatic & Symptomatic EAH?
In athletes with this incidental biochemical diagnosis, oral or intravenous hypotonic fluid intake should be restricted until the onset
of urination
life threatening emergency that requires immediate administration of IV hypertonic saline (HTS)
What is HTS?
IV hypertonic saline such as sodium chloride
What is the concentration range for HTS?
The dose and route of
HTS administration should be based upon the severity of
clinical symptoms and the available HTS formulations
What are the recommended treatments for Mild or Severe EAH (Table 6)?
What is the treatment for athletes with signs & symptoms of EAHE?
will require immediate
measurement of electrolytes and should be treated as
described above without delay once EAH is confirmed
What are the 3 types of fluids that can worsen the degree of hyponatremia?
(water, sports drinks or other hypotonic fluids)
how can EAH be oprevented?
The drinking of fluid volumes sufficiently above
sweat and urinary losses before, during and after activity and
the accrual a positive water balance, is the primary underlying pathophysiological mechanism of symptomatic and fatal
EAH cases
According to laboratory and field studies, what percentages of normal body mass and total body water can be tolerated without a reduction in endurance performance or muscular power when in cool to temperate temperatures?
Laboratory and field studies indicate that fluid deficits less
than and up to a volume approximately equal to 3% of normal
body mass (or ;5% total body water) can be tolerated without a reduction in endurance performance or muscular power
when in cool to temperate (2108C-208C) temperatures
In most cases, will drinking to thirst prevent both dilutional EAH & performance decrements due to excessive dehydration?
Therefore, aggressive drinking to prevent dehydration is
unnecessary and carries with it greater risk of developing
symptomatic EAH.
