Ch12: Glucose Sensors Flashcards

1
Q

What is continuous glucose monitoring (CGM)?

A

CGM uses subcutaneous sensors to measure glucose levels in interstitial fluid every 1–5 minutes, often wirelessly​

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2
Q

Why are commercial glucose meter readings higher than actual glucose concentrations?

A

They report “plasma equivalent” concentrations, which are higher than whole blood glucose levels

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3
Q

What are glucose sensors?

A

Devices that detect glucose concentration in a sample, often using enzymatic or non-enzymatic methods.

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4
Q

What is the most common enzyme used in glucose sensors?

A

Glucose oxidase (GOx).

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5
Q

Q: What is continuous glucose monitoring (CGM)?

A

A: A technology that provides real-time glucose level measurements through a subcutaneous sensor.

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6
Q

Q: How does a CGM sensor communicate data?

A

A: Via wireless transmission to an external device or smartphone.

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7
Q

Q: What is an electrochemical glucose sensor?

A

A: A sensor that measures glucose concentration by detecting electrical signals from enzymatic reactions.

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8
Q

Q: How does GOx catalyze glucose oxidation?

A

A: By converting glucose to gluconolactone and hydrogen peroxide.

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8
Q

Q: What is the principle of optical glucose sensors?

A

A: Measuring glucose levels based on changes in light absorbance or fluorescence.

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9
Q

Q: What is the role of a co-factor in glucose sensors?

A

A: It assists enzymes in the oxidation process, e.g., FAD in glucose oxidase.

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9
Q

Q: Why are enzymatic glucose sensors popular?

A

A: They are highly specific and sensitive to glucose.

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10
Q

Q: What is the difference between amperometric and colorimetric glucose detection?

A

A: Amperometric measures electrical current; colorimetric measures color change.

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11
Q

Q: Why is GDH-PQQ used in some glucose sensors?

A

A: It allows oxygen-independent glucose measurement, improving accuracy.

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12
Q

Q: How do paper-based glucose sensors work?

A

A: By embedding reagents on paper to produce color changes or signals in response to glucose.

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13
Q

Q: What are the drawbacks of optical glucose sensors?

A

A: They can be affected by sample turbidity and require complex setups.

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14
Q

Q: What are the two major advantages of GDH-PQQ over GOx?

A

A: Oxygen independence and higher stability.

15
Q

Q: How do glucose meters display higher-than-actual readings?

A

A: By reporting plasma-equivalent glucose concentrations.

16
Q

Q: What is the detection mechanism of GOx and ferricyanide?

A

A: Electrochemical detection via ferricyanide reduction.

17
Q

Q: Why is miniaturization important for glucose sensors?

A

A: It enables portable, point-of-care testing and integration with wearable devices.

18
Q

Q: What is an advantage of using LEDs in glucose detection?

A

A: LEDs are energy-efficient and provide stable light for optical sensors.

19
Q

Q: How is glucose measured in a spectrophotometer?

A

A: By detecting changes in absorbance or fluorescence due to enzymatic reactions.

20
Q

Q: What is a glucose assay kit?

A

A: A tool containing reagents for quantitative glucose measurement, often using spectrophotometry.

21
Q

Q: What is continuous glucose monitoring (CGM)?

A

A: Real-time glucose measurement using subcutaneous sensors.

22
Q

Q: Why do glucose meters overestimate concentrations?

A

A: They display plasma-equivalent concentrations higher than whole blood glucose.

23
Q

Q: What are the chemical components in GOx and benzidine detection?

A

A: Enzyme: glucose oxidase (GOx), Mediator: benzidine, Mechanism: colorimetric.

24
Q

Q: What are GDH and PQQ benefits?

A

A: Oxygen independence and higher stability.

25
Q

Q: Write the formula for GDH and NAD+.

A

A: Glucose+NAD^+→Gluconate+NADH