Ch.11 PP Notes Flashcards
What do hormones need?
Target cell with specific receptor, cause specific change, mechanism to turn them off
What are the classes of hormones?
Amines, polypeptides/proteins, glycoproteins, and steroids.
What are amines derived from?
tyrosine and tryptophan.
They are from the adrenal medulla, the thyroid, and the pineal glands.
What is an example of a polypeptide hormone?
insulin, oxytocin, glucagon, ACTH, parathyroid hormone, growth hormone.
What are glycoprotein hormones?
Polypeptides bound to a carbohydrate.
What are glycoprotein hormone examples?
follicle stimulating, and luteinizing hormone.
What are steroid hormones derived from?
cholesterol
What are examples of steroid hormones?
testosterone, estradiol, progesterone, cortisol
Where are steroids created in the body?
Adrenal cortex, gonads, and the placenta.
Properties of polar hormones (also called hydrophilic)?
Water soluble, but not membrane soluble
Properties of a nonpolar hormone (also called lipophilic)?
Not water soluble, but membrane soluble. Enter the cell directly.
What hormone is both polar and nonpolar?
melatonin
What is a prohormone?
inactive hormone, must be cut or spliced in order to be active.
What is an example of a prohormone?
insulin
What is a prehormone?
inactive prohormone, modified within the target cell.
What are some examples of prehormones?
thyroxine, vit D, testosterone.
What does it mean when hormones are synergistic?
2 or more hormones work together to produce a particular effect
What does it mean when the hormone is additive?
the hormones affect the target cell in the same way.
What does it mean when hormones are complementary?
each hormone contributes a different piece to the overall outcome.
What are permissive effects?
one hormone makes the target cell more receptive to a second hormone
What are antagonistic effects?
hormones work in opposite directions
What is a hormone half life?
time required for the concentration of the hormone to be halved (varies depending on hormone)
What are/is priming effects/upregulation?
increasing the amount of receptors that they have for that hormone. ** more sensitive to that hormone **
What is desensitization/ downregulation?
decreasing the amount of receptors that they have for that hormone. ** less sensitive to that hormone **
how do you avoid downregulation?
pulsatile secretion
Where are lipophilic hormone receptors in the cell?
in the cytoplasm or the nucleus
Where are water soluble hormone receptors in the cell?
Outer surface plasma membrane
What types of proteins bind to the nuclear receptor proteins?
steroid and thyroid hormones
What do the hormone receptors serve as?
transcription factors
What goes into the ligand binding region?
The hormone
What goes in the DNA binding region?
DNA
What is the hormone response element?
The region of DNA the receptor binds to
What is non-genomic steroid hormone action?
binds to the plasma membrane and activates the second messenger system. (affects seen in seconds or minutes)
What is genomic steroid hormone action?
receptors in cytoplasm translocate hormone to the nucleus. They form dimers. (affects seen in 30 mins)
What are coactivators?
molecules needed in addition to the steroid hormone, they activate transcription factors
what are corepressors?
molecules needed in addition to the steroid hormone, they deactivate transcription factors
What is the thyroid hormone action?
-Thyroxine (T4) travels to cell on TBG
-only the T4 and T3 enter the cell
-receptor protein inside of the nucleus
-goes to the hormone response element
-one receptor need the T3 and one need to 9cisretinoic acid
-translation starts
Go through the Adenylate Cyclse / cAMP second messenger system.
DO IT
What hormones use cAMP second messenger system?
epinephrine and norepinephrine.
Go through the steps of the phopholipase C Ca2+ second messenger system
DO IT
What hormone uses the phospholipase C Ca2+ second messenger system?
epinephrine
Go through the tyrosine Kinase Second messenger system
DO IT
what hormones use the tyrosine kinase second messenger system?
insulin and growth factors
What are the two regions of the pituitary?
Anterior (adenohypophysis) and the posterior (neurohypophysis)
What kind of hormones does the anterior pituitary secrete?
tropic hormones (stim secretion in other glands)
What is GH? And where is it from?
growth hormone/somatotropin.
From the anterior pituitary.
What is TSH? And where is it from?
It is thyroid stimulating hormone. It is from the anterior pituitary.
What is ACTH and where is it from?
adrenocorticotropic hormone/corticotropin. It is from the anterior pituitary.
What is FSH and where is it from?
Follicle stimulating hormone and it is from the anterior pituitary.
What is LH and where is it from?
luteinizing hormone and it is from the pituitary gland.
what PRL and where is it from?
prolactin and it is from the pituitary gland.
What is unique about the posterior pituitary gland?
It stores and releases hormone made by the hypothalamus.
What is ADH and where is it from?
It is antidiurhetic hormone and it is released by the posterior pituitary
What does ADH do?
Promotes retention of water in the kidneys. Release stimmed by increase in blood osm.
Where is oxytocin released from?
It is released not made in the posterior pituitary.
What does oxytocin do?
Contractions during birth, and milk let down in lactation. Stimmed release by suckling.
What are pituitary hormones regulated by?
Negative feedback inhibition
What is the connection between the hypothalamus, anterior pituitary and target tissue?
The axis
Where are the adrenal glands?
on top of the kidneys
What is the outer portion of the adrenal gland?
The adrenal medulla
What does the adrenal medulla secrete?
epinephrine and norepinephrine
What is the inner portion of the adrenal medulla?
The adrenal cortex (glandular epithelium)
What does the adrenal cortex secrete?
steroids in response to ACTH.
What kind of steroids does the adrenal cortex secrete?
corticoid/corticosteroids
What are the three categories of corticosteroids?
mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids, and adreno androgens
What do mineralocorticoids do?
stim retention of Na and excretion of K to regulate blood pressure and volume.
What is an example of mineralocorticoids?
aldosterone
What tissue is are mineralocorticoids?
zona glomerulosa
What do glucocorticoids do?
Stim gluconeogenesis and inhibits glucose utilization to raise glucose levels, stims lipolysis
What is an example of a glucocorticoids?
cortisol
What tissue are glucocorticoids from?
zona fasciculata
What are adreno androgens?
weak sex hormones that support those made in the gonads.
What is an example of adreno androgens?
DHEA
what tissue are adreno androgens?
zona reticularis
What happens during Cushing’s disease?
hypersecretion of glucocorticoids. Leads to lipolysis and redistribution of fat. in adrenal cortex.
What happens during Addison’s disease?
hyposecretion of corticosteroids. Leads to hypoglycemia, Na K imbalance, dehydration, low BP. In adrenal cortex.
What is primary adrenal insufficiency?
autoimmune destruction of adrenal cortex
what is secondary adrenal insufficiency?
inadequate ACTH. Caused by taking too many corticosteroids and then abruptly stopping. In adrenal cortex.
What activates the adrenal medulla and stims release of epinephrine and norepinephrine (fight flight?)
sympathetic nervous system response
what is pheochromocytoma
benign tumor on the adrenal medulla.
GAS?
general adaptation system
What are the three stages of GAS?
alarm reaction, stage or resistance, stage of exhaustion.
What is happening during the alarm reaction of GAS?
fight/ flight, HPA is fired up, sympathetic nervous system.
What is the stage of resistance in GAS?
readjustment in response to release of GRH, ACTH, and corticoids
What is the stage of exhaustion of GAS?
sickness or death if readjustment fails.
What is the interior of the thyroid follicle?
fluid filled colloid
What is the outside of the thyroid follicle?
parafollicular cells that secrete calcitonin
What connects the two lobes of the thyroid?
isthmus
What is a thyroid follicle?
hollow space in the thyroid that makes thyroglobulin, T3 and T4
What is thyroglobulin?
proteins that carry T4 in the blood
What does the thyroid follicle absorb?
Iodine and it puts it in the colloid
Go over Iodine to T3 T4 creation in the follicle
DO IT.
What does calcitonin do?
Made by parafollicular cells, inhibits activity of osteoclasts, lowers blood Ca.
What does Iodine deficiency lead to?
No T3 and T4 made, thyroid over works and gets large (this is a goiter).
This leads to hypothyroidism.
What is cretinism?
hypothyroidism during pregnancy to 6 months post birth.
What is Grave’s disease?
leads to hyperthyroidism, autoimmune, Growth of goiter, stims excessive secretion of thyroid hormones. Grave’s is the most common cause of hyperthyroidism.
Go over hyper vs hypothyroidism.
do it
Where are the parathyroid glands
on the back of the thyroid
What does the parathyroid secrete?
PTH
what is PTH?
What is PTH? What does it do?
Parathyroid Hormone, promotes rise in blood Ca by acting on bone, kidney and intestines.
pancreas is both what and what?
endocrine and exocrine
Where are the endocrine cells in the pancreas?
pancreatic islets
What are the three sections in the pancreatic islets?
alpha, beta, and delta
What do alpha cells in the pancreas produce?
Glucagon
What do beta cells in the pancreas produce?
insulin
What do delta cells in the pancreas produce?
somatotropin.
What is the function of insulin?
to lower blood glucose, secreted by beta cells.
Go over the action of insulin
do it
What is the function of glucagon?
antagonistic to insulin, raises the blood glucose level, produces by alpha cells.
Go over the action of glucagon
as well as its relationship with insulin
What are signs of diabetes mellitus?
fasting hyperglycemia, and glucose in the urine
What is type 1 diabetes?
autoimmune/genetic, destruction of beta cells in the pancreas, so no insulin secretion
What is type 2 diabetes?
gained during your life, largely caused by insulin resistance due to downregulation of insulin receptors.
What is gestational diebetes?
insulin secretion is inadequate to meet increased demand from the fetus.
What hormone does the pineal gland secrete?
melatonin
do we secrete more or less melatonin as we age?
less
What amino acid is melatonin made from?
tryptophan
What regulates melatonin release?
SCN (suprachiasmic Nucleus) or hypothalamus
What stims and inhibits melatonin production?
Light inhibits, and dark stims production
