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NASM CPT7 > Ch.1 - The Modern State of Health and Fitness > Flashcards

Ch.1 - The Modern State of Health and Fitness Flashcards

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1
Q

Obesity

A

A complex disease involving an excessive amount of body fat; classified by a body mass index of 30 or greater.

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2
Q

Kinesiology

A

Study of movement as it relates to anatomy and physiology.

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3
Q

Evidence-based practice

A

A practice that relies on evidence for guidance and A decision-making and includes

  • developing individual expertise,
  • staying current on the best sources of external evidence (e.g., peer-reviewed research),
  • and prioritizing client values and expectations.
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4
Q

Musculoskeletal system

A

The combined, interworking system of all muscles and bones in the body.

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5
Q

Musculoskeletal system

A

The combined, interworking system of all muscles and bones in the body.

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6
Q

Deconditioned

A

A state of lost physical fitness, which may include muscle imbalances, decreased flexibility, and a lack of core and joint stability.

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7
Q

Overweight

A

A body weight greater than what is considered within normal standards; a body mass index of 25.0 to 29.9.

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8
Q

Muscle imbalance

A

When muscles on each side of a joint have altered length-tension relationships.

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9
Q

Joint stability

A

The support provided by tissues surrounding a joint to maintain and provide control during movement.

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10
Q

Spectrum of Health

A 
ꜛ
Positive health
Better health
Freedom from sickness
-------------------------------------
Unrecognized sickness
Mild sickness
Yeah
↓
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11
Q

general definition of disease

A

includes any abnormal condition that negatively affects the structure or function of a part of the body. Diseases can affect one area of the body or they can be systemic, affecting every part of the body (i.e., various forms of cancer). There are two basic types of disease: chronic, or noncommunicable (i.e., not contagious), disease and acute disease.

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12
Q

Acute disease

A

accounts for conditions like getting sick from the flu virus

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13
Q

WHO (2018a) defines chronic disease as follows

A

Noncommunicable diseases (NCDs), also known as chronic diseases, tend to be of long duration and are the result of a combination of genetic, physiological, environmental and behaviors factors. The main types of NCDs are cardiovascular diseases (like heart attacks and stroke), cancers, chronic respiratory diseases (such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and asthma) and diabetes.

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14
Q

Noncommunicable diseases (NCDs)

A

also known as chronic diseases, tend to be of long duration and are the result of a combination of genetic, physiological, environmental and behaviors factors. The main types of NCDs are cardiovascular diseases (like heart attacks and stroke), cancers, chronic respiratory diseases (such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and asthma) and diabetes.

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15
Q

Medical event or disease

A

any medical condition that occurs suddenly and can be treated and healed in a short period of time. For example, an isolated bout of bronchitis is an acute medical condition that is easily treated with antibiotics and rest, and typically resolves in a week or so. However, if left untreated, the condition could progress to more serious chronic problems.

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16
Q

Chronic disease

A

a medical condition that persists for a long duration or cannot be cured altogether, typically lasting for 3 months or more. Chronic diseases generally cannot be prevented by vaccines or cured by medications, nor do they just disappear over time. For example, individuals with a long history of smoking are prone to acute bouts of bronchitis, which can and often do progress toward chronic bronchitis.

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17
Q

It is important for fitness professionals to keep in mind that a wide range of chronic diseases can be avoided by two simple things:

A

eating a healthy diet and taking part in regular exercise to stay physically fit. Someone who is primarily sedentary, is deconditioned, and eats a diet mainly consisting of junk food will be far more likely to develop a chronic disease than someone who follows a healthy diet and stays regularly active (CDC, 2020a, 2020b).

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18
Q

Leading causes of death

A

https://nasmu.nasm.org/file.php/10474/Data/assets/9781284200881_CH01_FIGF04.jpg

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19
Q

Preventable causes of death

A

https://nasmu.nasm.org/file.php/10474/Data/assets/9781284200881_CH01_FIGF05.jpg

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20
Q

Socioeconomic status

A

The social standing of a person or group that includes education, income, and occupation.

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21
Q

Morbidity

A

The state of having a disease.

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22
Q

Mortality

A

A state or a risk of death or dying.

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23
Q

Homeostasis

A

The process by which the human body strives to maintain a relatively stable equilibrium.

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24
Q

Risk factor

A

Any attribute, characteristic, or exposure of an individual that increases the likelihood of developing a disease or injury.

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25
Q

Cholesterol

A

A waxy, fatlike substance found in bodily cells.

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26
Q

BMI formula

A

Metric formula: BMI = weight (kg) ÷ [height (m)]2

Imperial formula: BMI = 703 × weight (lb) ÷ [height (in.)]2

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27
Q

Stroke

A

A sudden lack of blood supply to the brain, caused by either a blockage in an artery or ruptured blood vessel.

28
Q

Heart attack

A

The action that occurs when an artery supplying the heart with blood and oxygen becomes blocked; medically known as a myocardial infarction.

29
Q

Heart failure

A

A condition in which the heart can’t pump enough blood to meet the body’s needs.

30
Q

Heart valve problem

A

A condition that occurs when one or more heart valves do not function properly, causing shortness of breath and reduced oxygen supply to the body.

31
Q

Arrhythmia

A

A problem with the rate or rhythm of a person’s heartbeat. The heart beats too quickly, too slowly, or with an irregular pattern.

32
Q

Ischemic heart disease

A

A category of heart-related problems caused by the narrowing of coronary arteries, which supply blood and oxygen to the heart muscle.

33
Q

Atherosclerosis

A

The processes by which plaque is formed in arteries leading to reduced blood flow.

34
Q

Physical activity

A

Bodily movement that results in energy expenditure and encompasses many modes and intensities. Movement that is not structured exercise such as recreational pursuits (e.g., golfing, gardening, and walking a dog).

35
Q

Hypertension

A

Consistently elevated blood pressure.

36
Q

Systolic blood pressure (SBP)

A

The pressure in arteries and other blood vessels when the heart is contracting; the first (top) number recorded.

37
Q

Diastolic blood pressure (DBP)

A

The pressure in arteries and other blood vessels when heart is at rest or between beats; the second (bottom) number recorded.

38
Q

Physical activity

A

Bodily movement that results in energy expenditure and encompasses many modes and intensities. Movement that is not structured exercise such as recreational pursuits (e.g., golfing, gardening, and walking a dog).

39
Q

Hypertension

A

Consistently elevated blood pressure.

Hypertension, specifically, is one of the primary risk factors for heart disease and stroke (World Health Organization, 2019). Hypertension is categorized by a blood pressure greater than 120/80 (systolic/diastolic) millimeters of mercury (mm Hg) (Hernandez-Vila, 2015). Fitness professionals need to promote awareness of hypertension and encourage clients to modify risk factors, such as poor diet, lack of physical activity, and tobacco use.

40
Q

Systolic blood pressure (SBP)

A

The pressure in arteries and other blood vessels when the heart is contracting; the first (top) number recorded.

41
Q

Diastolic blood pressure (DBP)

A

The pressure in arteries and other blood vessels when heart is at rest or between beats; the second (bottom) number recorded.

42
Q

Blood pressure is classified as follows:

A
  • Normal (healthy): Less than 120/80 mm Hg
  • Elevated: Systolic between 120 and 129 and diastolic less than 80 mm Hg
  • Stage 1 hypertension: Systolic between 130 and 139 or diastolic between 80 and 89 mm Hg
  • Stage 2 hypertension: Systolic 140 or higher or diastolic 90 mm Hg or higher
  • Hypertensive crisis: Systolic greater than 180 and/or diastolic greater than 120 mm Hg (Whelton et al., 2018)
43
Q

Becoming more physically active can lower systolic blood pressure by…

A

… an average of 4–9 mm Hg.

44
Q

How to lower blood pressure?

A

A helpful method for every individual to keep blood pressure at healthy levels is regular exercise. Exercise has been shown to improve factors linked to cardiovascular health, resulting in lower blood pressure (Nam, 2011). Additionally, a fiber-rich diet with plenty of vegetables, whole grains, and fruit significantly helps reduce blood pressure (Siervo et al., 2015). Other evidence-based practice recommendations to reduce and control blood pressure include learning stress-reduction techniques and avoiding both smoking and excessive alcohol use.

45
Q

“Good” and “Bad” Cholesterol

A

There are two main types of cholesterol in the body: low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and high-density lipoprotein (HDL). LDL cholesterol, sometimes referred to as “bad cholesterol,” tends to increase the risk of cardiovascular disease (Nelson, 2013). LDLs, specifically, are the form of cholesterol that makes up the plaque that clogs arteries. Ideally, LDL levels should be less than 100 milligrams per deciliter (mg/dL) (O’Keefe et al., 2004).

HDL cholesterol, on the other hand, is sometimes referred to as “good cholesterol.” It does not have the tendency to clog arteries like LDL cholesterol does and, in fact, actually helps remove some LDL cholesterol from the body. To help reduce the risk of heart disease, in conjunction with lowering LDL levels below 100 mg/dL, HDL levels should typically be kept around 60 mg/dL (Grundy et al., 2018; U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2001).

46
Q

Diabetes

A

Chronic metabolic disorder, caused by insulin deficiency, which impairs carbohydrate usage and enhances usage of fat and protein.

47
Q

Glucose

A

The simplest form of carbohydrate used by the body for energy.

48
Q

Insulin resistance

A

The inability of the cells to respond to insulin; occurs in type 2 diabetes.

49
Q

Cancer

A

A group of diseases involving abnormal cell growth with the potential to invade or spread to other parts of the body.

50
Q

Type 1 vs Type 2 diabetes

A

With type 1 diabetes, the pancreas does not make enough insulin (or none at all), which is a hormone that helps transport glucose into cells to be used for energy. Without insulin, glucose in the blood (i.e., blood sugar) can rise to dangerous levels, causing numerous health complications. Type 1 diabetes is typically genetic and is not something a person can actively prevent.

With type 2 diabetes, the body still produces insulin; however, it is not used properly by the cells. When excess carbohydrates (specifically sugar) are chronically consumed in the diet, high levels of insulin need to be produced to help regulate blood sugar. When excess insulin continually tries to deliver glucose to cells when they already have more than they can use, cells stop responding to it. This state is called insulin resistance. Once cells have become insulin resistant, a person is said to have developed type 2 diabetes. Regulating blood sugar can become very difficult for these individuals, which may lead to uncontrolled blood sugar levels and a wide variety of health complications.

51
Q

On the bright side, it is estimated that around 30–50% of cancers can be prevented by avoiding risk factors and implementing existing evidence-based prevention strategies (Bray et al., 2018). Two of those prevention strategies are…

A

… taking part in regular exercise and eating a healthy diet.

52
Q

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)

A

A general term used to describe progressive lung diseases, including emphysema, chronic bronchitis, and refractory (nonreversible) asthma.

53
Q

Endorphins

A

A group of hormones secreted by the brain that provides a variety of physiological functions, such as reducing the perception of pain.

54
Q

Leading Causes of Death

A 
Ischemic heart disease
Stroke
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Lower respiratory infections
Alzheimer's disease and other dementias
Trachea, bronchus, lung cancers
Diabetes mellitus
Road injury
Diarrheal diseases
Tuberculosis
55
Q

Preventable Causes od death

A 
Tobacco smoking
Overweight and obesity
Alcohol
Infectious diseases
Toxins
Motor vehicle collisions
Firearms deaths
Sexually transmitted infections 
Drug abuse
56
Q

Skeletal muscle

A

The type of muscle tissue that connects to bones and generates the forces that create movement.

57
Q

Sprain

A

A stretching or tearing of ligaments.

58
Q

Plantar fasciitis

A

An inflammation of the fibrous tissue (plantar fascia) along the bottom of the foot, which often results in intense heel pain.

59
Q

Patellar tendonitis

A

An injury or inflammation of the tendon that connects the patella (kneecap) to the tibia (shin bone).

60
Q

Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) tear

A

A stretch, partial tear, or complete tear of the anterior cruciate ligament of the knee.

61
Q

Medial cruciate ligament (MCL) tear

A

A stretch, partial tear, or complete tear of the medial collateral ligament of the knee.

62
Q

Shoulder impingement syndrome

A

Shoulder pain caused by rotator cuff tissues rubbing against the acromion bone of the shoulder.

63
Q

What are two of the most common issues at the foot and ankle complex?

A

Ankle sprains and plantar fasciitis

64
Q

scope of practice

A

All the things a professional can do within the legal boundaries of their job title

65
Q

deconditioned

A

A state in which a person may have a combination of muscle imbalances, poor flexibility, insufficient endurance, or limited joint stability

66
Q

What are the components to an integrated approach to exercise?

A
  • Speed, agility and quickness
  • Diet supplementation
  • Core strength and stability

NASM CPT7 (5 decks)

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