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GU > Ch1 Structure and Functionality > Flashcards

Ch1 Structure and Functionality Flashcards

1
Q

The urinary system consists of:

A

Two Kidneys

Two Ureters

One Bladder

One Urethra

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2
Q

Scientific study of the anatomy, physiology, and disorders of the kidneys

A

Nephrology

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3
Q

Branch of medicine that deals with male and female urinary system, and the male reproductive system

A

Urology

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4
Q

Five functions of the kidneys

A

Regulation of ION levels in the blood

Regulation of blood VOLUME and PRESSURE

Regulation of blood pH

Production of HORMONES

Excretion of WASTE

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5
Q

What enzyme helps regulate blood pressure?

A

Renin

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6
Q

What helps regulate the blood pH?

A

Bicarbonate ions (HCO3-) and Hydrogen ions (H+)

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7
Q

What two hormones does the kidneys produce?

A

Calcitriol

Erythropoietin

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8
Q

Stimulates the production of red blood cells

A

Erythropoietin

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9
Q

Active form of vitamin D, helps regulate calcium homeostasis

A

Calcitriol

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10
Q

Wastes that the kidneys excrete

A

Ammonia (amino acids)

Bilirubin (hemoglobin)

Creatinine (muscle fibers)

Uric Acid (nucleic acids)

Other wastes (Diet, Drugs, Environmental toxins)

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11
Q

What vertebrae do the kidneys lie on?

A

12th Thoracic and first Three lumber vertebrae

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12
Q

Provide some protection for the superior parts of the kidneys

A

11th and 12th ribs

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13
Q

Which kidney is lower?

A

Right

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14
Q

An adult kidney is about the size of a:

A

Bar of soap

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15
Q

Where the ureter, blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerves enter/exit the kidney

A

Renal Hilum

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16
Q

A connective tissue sheath that helps maintain the shape of the kidney and serves as a barrier against trauma

A

Smooth, transparent renal capsule

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17
Q

Surrounds the renal capsule, cushions the kidney, and anchors the kidney to the posterior abdominal wall

A

Adipose tissue

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18
Q

Two main regions of the kidneys

A

Renal Cortex

Renal Medulla

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19
Q

Outer light-red region

A

Renal cortex

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20
Q

Darker red-brown region

A

Renal Medulla

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21
Q

Within the renal medulla are several:

A

Cone-shaped renal pyramids

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22
Q

What fills the spaces between renal pyramids?

A

Renal Columns (extension of the renal cortex)

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23
Q

Urine formed in the kidney passes from thousands of papillary ducts within the renal pyramids into cuplike structures called:

A

Minor Calyces

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24
Q

Each kidney has ___ minor calyces

A

8-12

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25
Q

From the minor calyces, urine flows into __ major calyces

A

2-3

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26
Q

After major calyces, urine flows into:

A

Single large cavity, Renal Pelvis

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27
Q

What drains urine into the ureter?

A

Renal pelvis

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28
Q

___% of resting cardiac output flows into the kidneys through the right and left renal arteries

A

20-25% (1200 mL per minute)

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29
Q

Renal artery divides into smaller vessels that eventually deliver blood to the:

A

Afferent arterioles

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30
Q

Each afferent arteriole divides into a tangled capillary network called:

A

Glomerulus

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31
Q

The capillaries of the glomerulus reunite to form:

A

Efferent arteriole

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32
Q

Each efferent arteriole divides to form a network of capillaries around the:

A

Kidney tubules

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33
Q

Peritubular capillaries reunite to form bigger veins which eventually drain into the:

A

Renal vein

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34
Q

Functional unit of the kidney

A

Nephron

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35
Q

Number of nephrons in each kidney

A

1 million

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36
Q

Two parts of the nephron

A

Renal Corpuscle

Renal Tubule

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37
Q

Where blood plasma is filtered

A

Renal Corpuscle

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38
Q

Where filtered fluid, called glomerular filtrate passes

A

Renal Tubule

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39
Q

As fluid moves through the renal tubules, wastes and excess substances are added, and useful materials are returned to blood in the:

A

Peritubular capillaries

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40
Q

Two parts that make up a renal corpuscle

A

Glomerulus

Glomerular (Bowman’s) capsule

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41
Q

Glomerular filtrate first enters the glomerular capsule and then passes into the:

A

Renal Tubule

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42
Q

The order fluid passes through the three main sections of the renal tuble

A

Proximal convoluted tubule

Loop of Henle

Distal convoluted tubule

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43
Q

Means the tubule is tightly coiled rather than straight

A

Convoluted

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44
Q

The renal corpuscle and both convoluted tubules lie within the:

A

Renal cortex

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45
Q

Location of the loop of Henle

A

Begins in the cortex and extends into the renal medulla

Hairpin turn back into the cortex

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46
Q

Distal convoluted tubules of several nephrons empty into a:

A

Common collecting duct

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47
Q

Several collecting ducts merge to form a:

A

Papillary duct

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48
Q

Order in which papillary ducts merge into:

A

Minor calyx

Major calyx

Renal pelvis

Ureter

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49
Q

Three basic functions of nephrons

A

Glomerular Filtration

Tubular reabsorption

Tubular secretion

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50
Q

Forcing of fluids and dissolved substances smaller than a certain size through a membrane by pressure

A

Filtration

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51
Q

First step in urine production

A

Glomerular filtration

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52
Q

What forces water and most solutes in blood plasma across the wall of glomerular capillaries to form glomerular filtrate?

A

Blood pressure

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53
Q

Filtered fluid flows along the renal tubule and through the collecting duct

A

Tubular reabsorption

Tubular secretion

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54
Q

Tubule and duct cells return about __% of the filtered water to blood through peritubular capillaries

A

99%

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55
Q

Filtered fluid has undergone tubular reabsorption and tubular secretion and enters the minor and major calyx

A

Urine

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56
Q

Two layers of cells that compose the glomerular capsule

A

Podocytes

Glomerular endothelium

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57
Q

Space between the renal corpuscle and the glomerular capsule

A

Capsular space

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58
Q

Cells that make up the inner wall of the glomerular capsule

A

Podocytes

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59
Q

Podocytes and glomerular endothelium form a filtration membrane that permits the passage of _____ from blood into the capsular space

A

Water and solutes

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60
Q

Forms the outer layer of the glomerular capsule

A

Simple squamous epithelial cells

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61
Q

Pressure that causes filtration

A

BP in the glomerular capillaries

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62
Q

Two pressures that oppose glomerular filtration

A

Blood colloid osmotic pressure

Glomerular capsule pressure

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63
Q

Net filtration pressure is normally:

A

10 mmHg

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64
Q

Net filtration forces how many liters of fluid into the capsular space for males & females daily?

A

Males: 180 L

Females: 150 L

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65
Q

Glomerular capillary blood pressure - (Blood colloidal pressure + Glomerular capsule pressure)

A

Net filtration pressure

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66
Q

Constriction of the afferent arteriole

A

Decreases blood flow into the glomerulus

Decreases net filtration pressure

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67
Q

Constriction of the efferent arteriole

A

Slows outflow of blood

Increases net filtration pressure

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68
Q

The amount of filtrate that forms in both kidneys every minute

A

Glomerular filtration rate (GFR)

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69
Q

GFR for adult males and females

A

Males: 125 mL/min

Females: 105 mL/min

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70
Q

Hormone that promotes loss of sodium ions and water in the urine in part because it increases glomerular filtration rate

A

Atrial Natriuretic Peptide

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71
Q

Cells in the atria of the heart secrete more ANP if the heart is:

A

Stretched out (More blood volume)

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72
Q

ANP acts on kidneys to increase loss of:

A

Sodium ions and water

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73
Q

Blood vessels of the kidneys are ______ neurons of the autonomic nervous system

A

Sympathetic

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74
Q

Filtered fluid becomes tubular fluid once it enters the:

A

Proximal convoluted tubule

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75
Q

__% of the water in glomerular filtrate actually leaves the body in urine

A

1%

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76
Q

What cells carry tubular reabsorption?

A

Epithelial cells all along the renal tubules and collecting ducts

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77
Q

Tubule cells that reabsorb 65% of filtered water, 100% of the filtered glucose and amino acids, and large quantities of ions

A

Proximal convoluted tubule

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78
Q

What cells fine-tune reabsorption to maintain homeostatic balances of water and selected ions?

A

Cells located distal to the proximal convoluted tubule

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79
Q

Kidneys

Secreted substances include:

A

Hydrogen ions (H+)

Potassium (K+)

Ammonia (NH3)

Urea

Creatinine

Drugs (Penicillin)

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80
Q

Poisonous waste product that is produced when amino groups are removed from amino acids

A

Ammonia

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81
Q

Liver cells convert most ammonia into:

A

Urea

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82
Q

Urea and ammonia in blood are both filtered at the glomerulus and secreted by the:

A

Proximal convoluted tubule cells into the tubular fluid

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83
Q

Normal blood pH

A

7.35-7.45

84
Q

To eliminate acids, the cells of the renal tubules secrete

A

H+ (hydrogen)

85
Q

Most important hormonal regulators of ion reabsorption and secretion are:

A

Angiotensin II

Aldosterone

86
Q

Found in the proximal convoluted tubules, enhances the reabsorption of Na+ and Cl-

A

Angiotensin II

87
Q

Angiotensin II stimulates the adrenal cortex to release:

A

Aldosterone

88
Q

Hormone that stimulates the tubule cells in the last part of the distal convoluted tubules and through the collecting ducts to reabsorb more Na+ and Cl- and secrete more K+

A

Aldosterone

89
Q

Major regulator of blood K+ level

A

Aldosterone

90
Q

An elevated level of K+ in plasma causes:

A

Serious disturbances in cardiac rhythm or cardiac arrest

91
Q

Plays a minor role in inhibiting the reabsorption of Na+

A

ANP

92
Q

GFR increases

Na+, Cl-, and water reabsorption decrease

A

More water and salt are lost in urine, lowering Blood Pressure

93
Q

The major hormone that regulates water reabsorption is

A

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

94
Q

ADH operates via:

A

Negative feedback loop

95
Q

Stimulates the release of ADH

A

Osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus stimulate the release from the posterior pituitary

96
Q

ADH is stimulated to be released when the concentration of water in blood decreases by __%

A

1%

97
Q

ADH acts on tubule cells in ____ convoluted tubules and through the collecting ducts

A

Last part of the distal convoluted tubules

98
Q

Increases water permeability in the last part of distal convolute tubules by insertion of proteins that function as water channels

A

ADH

99
Q

With ADH the kidneys can produce as little as ____ mL daily of very concentrated urine

A

400-500mL

100
Q

Lower than normal levels of Ca2+ in blood stimulates the parathyroid glands to release:

A

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

101
Q

PTH stimulates cells in the _____ convoluted tubules to reabsorb more Ca2+ into the blood

A

Distal convoluted tubules

102
Q

PTH inhibits _____ reabsorption in proximal convoluted tubules, thereby promoting _____ excretion

A

Phosphate - HPO4(2-)

103
Q

Volume of urine eliminated per day in a normal adult

A

1-2 liters

104
Q

Water accounts for about __% of the total volume of urine

A

95%

105
Q

Ureters transport urine from ______ of one of the kidneys to the bladder

A

Renal Pelvis

106
Q

If the physiological valve of the ureters under the bladder is not functional, what may occur?

A

Cystitis then Kidney Infection

107
Q

Three layers of a ureter

A

Mucosa (transitional epithelium - stretch)

Smooth muscle

Areolar connective tissue (blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, nerves)

108
Q

Hollow muscular organ behind the pubic symphysis

A

Bladder

109
Q

Location of the bladder for females

A

Infront of the vagina and below the uterus

110
Q

Bladder capacity

A

700-800 mL

111
Q

The mucosa of the bladder contains

A

Transitional epithelium

112
Q

Muscular layer of the urinary bladder that consists of three layers

A

Detrusor muscle

113
Q

Peritoneum forms what kind of coat on the superior surface of the bladder?

A

Serous outer coat

114
Q

Terminal portion of the urinary system

A

Urethra

115
Q

Location of the urethra in females

A

Directly behind the pubic symphysis, embedded in the front wall of the vagina

116
Q

Females

Opening of the urethra lies between:

A

Clitoris and vaginal opening

117
Q

Males

Urethra passes directly through:

A

Prostate, deep perineal muscles, and penis

118
Q

The opening and closing of the internal urethral sphincter is:

A

Involuntary

119
Q

External urethral sphincter:

A

Composed of skeletal muscle

Voluntary

120
Q

The urinary bladder stores urine prior to its elimination and then expels urine into the urethra by an act called:

A

Micturition

121
Q

Stretch receptors of the bladder transmit nerve impulses to the spinal cord when how much volume is present?

A

200-400 mL

122
Q

Nervous system

Impulses from the spinal cord cause contraction of the detrusor muscle and relaxation of the internal urethral sphincter muscle

A

Parasympathetic

123
Q

Spinal cord inhibits ______ motor neurons, causing relaxation of skeletal muscle in the external urethral sphincter

A

Somatic

124
Q

Causes a sensation of fullness that initiates a conscious desire to urinate before the micturition reflex actually occurs

A

Bladder filling

125
Q

Body fluids make up __% of total body mass

A

55-60%

126
Q

____ of body fluid is intracellular fluid (cytosol)

A

Two-thirds

127
Q

1/3 of body fluid

A

Extracellular

128
Q

__% of extracellular fluid is interstitial fluid

A

80%

129
Q

__% of extracellular fluid is blood plasma

A

20%

130
Q

Other extracellular fluids that are grouped with interstitial fluid:

A

Lymph

CSF

Synovial joint fluid

Aqueous humor

Endolymph/perilymph (ears)

Pleural, pericardial, peritoneal fluids

131
Q

Two barriers that separate intracellular fluid and extracellular fluid

A

Plasma membranes of cells

Blood vessel walls

132
Q

Small enough to permit the exchange of water and solutes between blood plasma and interstitial fluid

A

Capillaries

133
Q

Largest single component of the body

__% of total body mass

A

Water

45-75%

134
Q

Provide for the continual exchange of water and solutes among body fluid compartments

A

Filtration, reabsorption, diffusion, and osmosis

135
Q

Primary means of water movement between intracellular and interstitial fluid

A

Osmosis

136
Q

Determines the direction of water movement

A

Concentration of water solutes

137
Q

Most solutes in the body are

A

Electrolytes

138
Q

Main contributors to the osmotic movement of water

A

Electrolytes

139
Q

The body can gain water by:

A

Ingestion and metabolic reactions

140
Q

Ingested liquids

A

1600 mL

141
Q

Moist foods

A

700 mL

142
Q

Metabolic water gain

A

200 mL

143
Q

Metabolic water production is mainly produced during

A

Aerobic cellular respiration

Dehydration

144
Q

Daily water gains total

A

2500 mL

145
Q

Kidney volume of secreted urine

A

1500 mL

146
Q

Volume of water evaporated from skin

A

600 mL

147
Q

Lungs exhale ___ mL of water vapor

A

300 mL

148
Q

Water eliminated from feces

A

100 mL

149
Q

Governs the urge to drink

A

Hypothalamus “Thirst Center”

150
Q

Mild dehydration occurs when __% of fluid loss occurs

A

2%

151
Q

Stimulate the thirst center

A

Osmoreceptors

Increased Angiotensin II

152
Q

Elimination of excess body water or solutes occurs mainly by:

A

Controlling the amount lost in urine

153
Q

The extent of ____ loss is the main factor that determines body fluid volume

A

Urinary Salt (NaCl)

154
Q

Two main solutes in ECF and urine

A

Sodium (Na)

Chloride (Cl)

155
Q

Three hormones that regulate the extent of renal Na and Cl reabsorption

A

Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)

Angiotensin II

Aldosterone

156
Q

A salty meal leads to:

A

Increase in blood volume

157
Q

The major hormone that regulates water loss is

A

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

158
Q

Stimulates the release of ADH

A

Increase in osmotic pressure (decrease in water concentration)

159
Q

Promotes the insertion of water channels into the plasma membranes of cells in the collecting ducts of kidneys

A

ADH

160
Q

An increase in osmotic pressure of interstitial fluid causes:

A

Fluid being drawn out of cells (shrinkage)

161
Q

A decrease in osmotic pressure causes cells to:

A

Swell

162
Q

Changes in osmotic pressure most often result from changes in the concentration of:

A

Na+

163
Q

Inhibits the secretion of ADH

A

Decrease in the osmotic pressure of interstitial fluid

164
Q

Most abundant extracellular ions

Representing 90%

A

Na+ ions

165
Q

Accounts for almost half of the osmotic pressure of extracellular fluid

A

Na+

166
Q

Necessary for the generation and conduction of action potentials in neurons and muscles fibers

A

Na+

167
Q

Most prevalent anions in extracellular fluid

A

Chloride ions (Cl-)

168
Q

Most plasma membranes contains __ leakage channels

A

Cl-

169
Q

Most abundant cations in intracellular fluid

A

Potassium ions (K+)

170
Q

Play a key role in establishing the resting membrane potential and in the repolarization phase of action potentials in neurons and muscle fibers

A

Potassium (K+)

171
Q

When K+ move into or out of cells, it often is exchanged for ____ and thereby helps regulate the pH of body fluids

A

H+

172
Q

__% of the calcium in adults is in the skeleton and teeth

A

98%

173
Q

In body fluids calcium is mainly an:

A

Extracellular cation (Ca+)

174
Q

Two main regulators of Ca2+ (calcium) level in blood plasma are:

A

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

Calcitriol

175
Q

Form of vitamin D that acts as a hormone

A

Calcitriol

176
Q

Low plasma of Ca2+ promotes release of more PTH which stimulates ______ to release Ca2+

A

Osteoclasts

177
Q

Enhances reabsorption of Ca2+ from glomerular filtrate back into blood and increases production of calcitriol

A

PTH

178
Q

Increases Ca2+ absorption from the GI tract

A

Calcitriol

179
Q

Fours general functions of electrolytes

A

Ions control the OSMOSIS of water

Ions help maintain the ACID-BASE balance

Ions carry ELECTRICAL CURRENT

Serve as COFACTORS needed for optimal ACTIVITY of enzymes

180
Q

Difference between plasma and interstitial fluids

A

Plasma has many protein ions

181
Q

The difference in protein concentration is largely responsible for the

A

Blood colloid osmotic pressure

182
Q

The difference in osmotic pressure between blood plasma and interstitial fluid

A

Blood colloid osmotic pressure

183
Q

Diet containing large amount of proteins can result in:

A

Cellular metabolism which produces more acids

184
Q

pH of blood

A

7.35-7.45

185
Q

Three mechanisms that remove H+ from body fluids

A

Buffer Systems

Exhalation of carbon dioxide

Kidney excretion of urine

186
Q

Substances that act quickly to temporarily bind H+, removing the highly reactive, excess H+ from solution but not from the body

A

Buffers

187
Q

The principle buffer systems of the body fluids

A

Protein buffer system

Carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system

Phosphate buffer system

188
Q

Most abundant buffer in intracellular fluid and plasma

A

Protein buffer system

189
Q

Buffer system based on HCO3-

A

Carbonic Acid-Bicarbonate Buffer System

190
Q

Components of the phosphate buffer system are the ion:

A

Dihydrogen phosphate H2PO(4)-

Mono-Hydrogen phosphate HPO4(2)-

191
Q

Concentration of phosphates is highest in:

A

Intracellular fluid

192
Q

An increase in CO2 results in:

A

Increase in H+

Decrease in pH

193
Q

Decrease in CO2 results in:

A

Decrease in H+

Increase in pH

194
Q

Increased ventilation results in:

A

More CO2 exhaled

H+ falls

pH rises

195
Q

Low ventilation rate results in:

A

Increase in CO2

Increase in H+

Decrease in pH

196
Q

What stimulates the inspiratory area of the medulla oblongata when blood acidity increases?

A

Chemoreceptors in the medulla oblongata and in the aortic and carotid bodies

197
Q

Slowest mechanism to remove acids

A

Urination

198
Q

Acidosis is a condition in which arterial blood pH is below:

A

7.35

199
Q

Principal physiological effect of acidosis is:

A

Depression of the CNS

200
Q

Depression of the nervous system is so severe that the individual becomes disoriented, comatose, and may die

A

pH below 7

201
Q

Alkalosis is a condition when blood pH reaches higher than:

A

7.45

202
Q

Over-excitability in both the CNS and peripheral nerves can be caused from:

A

Alkalosis

203
Q

The physiological response to an acid-base imbalance that acts to normalize arterial blood pH

A

Compensation

204
Q

Respiratory compensation may begin in minutes and reaches maximum effectiveness within:

A

Hours

205
Q

Renal compensation begins in minutes and takes _____ to reach maximum effectiveness

A

Days

GU (8 decks)

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