Ch 5 Female Anatomy Flashcards
Organs of the female reproductive system
Ovaries
Uterine (Fallopian) tubes
Uterus
Vagina
External organs
-Vulva (Pudendum)
Paired organs that produce secondary oocytes and hormones
Ovaries
What hormones do the ovaries produce?
Progesterone
Estrogen
Inhibin
Relaxin
Cells that develop into mature ova, or eggs, following fertilization
Secondary Oocytes
The ovaries arise from the same embryonic tissue as the:
Testes
Ovaries are the size and shape of:
Unshelled almonds
Layer of simple epithelium that covers the surface of the ovary
Germinal epithelium
Deep to the germinal epithelium
Dense connective tissue that contains ovarian follicles
Ovarian cortex
Folliculus little bag
Ovarian follicle
The ovarian follicle consists of:
Oocyte
Variable number of surrounding cells that nourish
Secrete estrogens as the follicle grows larger
The follicle enlarges until it is a:
Mature (graafian) follicle
A large, fluid-filled follicle that is preparing to rupture and expel a secondary oocyte
Mature (graafian) follicle
The remnants of the ovulated follicle develops into a:
Corpus luteum
The yellow body
Corpus luteum
Corpus luteum produces:
Progesterone
Estrogens
Relaxin
Inhibin
Corpus luteum degenerates and turns into:
Corpus Albicans (White Body)
The white body
Corpus albicans
Region deep to the ovarian cortex
Consists of loose connective tissue and contains blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerves
Ovarian medulla
The open, funnel shaped end of each tube
Lies close to the ovary, but is open to the pelvic cavity
Infundibulum
Fringe of fingerlike projections
Fimbraie
Uterine tubes
The oocyte is moved by:
Cilia in the mucous lining
Peristaltic contractions
The usual site for fertilization of a secondary oocyte by a sperm cell is:
Uterine tube
Fertilization may occur any time up to about ___ hours after ovulation
24 hours
Zygote
Fertilization ovum
Fertilized ovum (Zygote) descends into the uterus within ___ days
7 days
What happens to unfertilized secondary oocytes?
Disintegrate
Womb
Uterus
Serves as part of the pathway for sperm deposited in the vagina to reach the uterine tubes
Uterus
Source of menstrual flow
Uterus (endometrium)
Uterus is situated between the:
Urinary bladder and rectum
Uterus has a shape of an:
Inverted pear
Dome shaped portion superior to the uterine tubes
Fundus
Tapering central portion of the uterus
Body
Narrow portion opening into the vagina called the:
Cervix
Interior of the body of the uterus
Uterine cavity
Middle muscular layer of the uterus
Bulk of the uterine wall
Myometrium
Contractions from where help expel the fetus
Myometrium
Innermost part of the uterine wall
Nourishes a growing fetus
Endometrium
Layer of the uterus that is shed during menstruation
Endometrium
Glands whose secretions nourish sperm and the zygote
Endometrial glands
Tubular canal that extends from the exterior of the body to the uterine cervix
Vagina
The vagina is situated between the:
Urinary bladder and the rectum
A recess, surrounds the cervix
Fornix
Contraceptive diaphragm rests on the
Fornix
The mucosa of the vagina contains large stores of:
Glycogen
Vagina
The decomposition produces organic acids
Glycogen
Acidic environment retards microbial growth
Harmful for sperm
Vagina
Neutralize the acidity of the vagina and increase viability of sperm
Alkaline components mainly from the seminal vesicles
Has the muscular layer which is composed of smooth muscle that can stretch to receive the penis during intercourse and allow for childbirth
Vagina
Thin fold of mucous membrane
Partially covers the vaginal orifice
Hymen
Diamond-shaped area between the thighs and buttocks that contains the external genitals and anus
Perineum
External genitals of the female
Vulva (Pudendum)
Elevation of adipose tissue covered by coarse pubic hair
Cushions the pubic symphysis
Mons Pubis
Two longitudinal folds of the skin
Labia majora
Singular for labia major
Labium majus
The labia major develop from the same embryonic tissue as the _____ in males
Scrotum
Labia majora contains:
Adipose tissue
Sebaceous oil glands
Sudoriferous glands
Hair
Medial to the labia majora
Labia minora
Labia minor do not contain:
Pubic hair or fat
Small, cylindrical mass of erectile tissue and nerves
Clitoris
The clitoris is located at the:
Anterior junction of the labia minora
Covers the body of the clitoris
Prepuce
Region between the labia minora
Vestibule
What is inside the vestibule?
Hymen
Vaginal Orifice
-Greater vestibular glands (Bartholin)
External urethral orifice
-Paraurethral glands (Skene)
Modified sudoriferous (sweat) glands that produce milk
Mammary glands
What muscles do the breasts lie over?
Pectoralis major
Serratus anterior
Nipple has ____ spaced openings of ducts where milk emerges
closely
Circular pigmented area of skin surrounding the nipple is:
Areola
Areola appears rough because it contains:
Modified sebaceous (oil) glands
Each mammary gland consists of ___ lobes arranged radially
15-20
Support the breast
Suspensory ligaments (Cooper’s Ligaments)
Milk secreting glands
Alveoli
When milk is being produced, how does it pass?
Alveoli into a series of tubules that drain toward the nipple
Female breasts develop from:
Puberty under the influence of estrogens and progesterone
What increases breast size during puberty?
Fat being deposited
Functions of the mammary glands, also known as lactation
Synthesis
Secretion
Ejection
Milk production is stimulated by:
Prolactin from the anterior pituitary
Contributed from progesterone and estrogen
Ejection of milk is stimulated by:
Oxytocin (Posterior pituitary)
During reproductive years, non-pregnant females normally exhibit ______ changes in the ovaries and uterus
Cyclical
Formation and development of gametes in females
Oogensis
Hormones secreted by what areas control oogensis?
Hypothalamus
Anterior pituitary
Ovaries
Released by the ovaries and control the uterine (menstrual) cycle
Steroid hormones
A concurrent series of changes in the endometrium of the uterus to prepare it for the arrival of a fertilized ovum and will develop there until birth
Uterine (Menstrual) cycle
If fertilization does not occur, the levels of ovarian hormones _________
Decrease
Secreted by the hypothalamus, controls the ovarian and uterine cycles
GnRH
GnRH stimulates the release of:
FSH and LH (Anterior Pituitary)
Initiates follicular growth and the secretion of estrogens by the growing follicles
FSH
Stimulates the FURTHER DEVELOPMENT of ovarian follicles and their FULL SECRETION of estrogens
LH
At mid-cycle, what hormone triggers ovulation and then promotes formation of the corpus luteum
LH
Stimulated by what hormone, the corpus luteum produces and secretes estrogens, progesterone, relaxin, and inhibin
LH
What hormone promotes the development and maintenance of:
Female reproductive structures
Feminine secondary sex characteristics
Mammary glands
Estrogen
Distribution of adipose tissue in the breasts, abdomen, mons pubis, and hips
A broad pelvis
Pattern of hair growth on the head and body
Secondary sex characteristics
Estrogens stimulate protein synthesis by acting together with:
Insulin-like growth factors
Insulin
Thyroid hormones
What lowers Blood cholesterol level?
Estrogen
Secreted mainly by cells of the corpus luteum, acts together with estrogens to prepare and then maintain the endometrium for implantation of a fertilized ovum and to prepare the mammary glands for milk secretion
Progesterone
Produced by the corpus luteum during each monthly cycle, relaxes the uterus by inhibiting contractions of the myometrium
Relaxin
Implantation of a fertilized ovum occurs more readily in a “______” uterus
Quiet
During pregnancy the placenta produces more _______ and continues to relax uterine smooth muscle
Relaxin
Increases the flexibility of the pubic symphysis and helps dilate the uterine cervix, both of which ease delivery of the baby
Relaxin
Secreted by growing follicles and by the corpus luteum after ovulation
Inhibin
Inhibin inhibits secretion of ____
FSH
The duration of the female reproductive cycle
24-36 days
Four phases of the female reproductive system
Menstrual
Pre-ovulatory
Ovulation
Post-ovulatory
First five days of the cycle
Menstrual phase
What happens to the ovarian follicles during the menstrual phase?
Grow and enlarge
Amount of blood and tissue in the menstrual flow
50-150mL
Menstrual discharge occurs because the declining level of:
Ovarian hormones, which causes uterine arteries to constrict
The menstrual flow passes from the uterine cavity to the:
Cervix and through the vagina to the exterior
The cycle accounts for most of the variation in cycle length
Pre-ovulatory phase
Cycle that lasts between 6 to 13 days
Pre-ovulatory cycle
Under the influence of what hormone causes several follicles to continue to grow and begin to secrete estrogens and inhibin
FSH
Day __, a single follicle in one of the two ovaries has outgrown all the others to become the dominant follicle
Day 6
What hormones secreted by the dominant follicle decrease the secretion of FSH?
Estrogens
Inhibin
The one dominant follicle becomes the:
Mature (Graafian) follicle
The mature follicle grows and forms a _______ on the surface of the ovary
Blister like bulge
During maturation, the follicle continues to increase its production of estrogens under the influence of an increasing level of _____
LH
The menstrual and pre-ovulatory phase together are termed the:
Follicular phase
Phases when the ovarian follicles are growing and developing
Menstrual phase and pre-ovulatory phase (Follicular phase)
Hormones liberated into the blood by growing ovarian follicles stimulate the repair of the endometrium
Estrogen
What occurs when the endometrium thickens?
Short, straight endometrial glands develop
Arterioles coil and lengthen
What cycle causes the rupture of the mature follicle?
Ovulation
Ovulation usually occurs on day ___
14
High levels of estrogens during the last part of the pre-ovulatory phase exert a _______ feedback effect on both LH and GnRH
Positive
High levels of ______ stimulates the hypothalamus to release more GnRH and the anterior pituitary
Estrogens
Brings about rupture of the mature (graafian) follicle and expulsion of a secondary oocyte
LH Surge
Time between ovulation and onset of the next menstruation
Postovulatory phase
Cycle that lasts for 14 days
Day 15 to 28
Postovulatory phase
After ovulation, the mature follicle collapses. Stimulated by LH, the remaining follicular cells enlarge and form the:
Corpus luteum (yellow body)
Mature follicle collapses.
The remaining follicular cells enlarge and form the corpus luteum
What is this phase called?
Luteal phase
If the oocyte is not fertilized, the corpus luteum lasts for only ___ weeks
2 weeks
As levels of progesterone, estrogen, and inhibin decrease, release of GnRH, FSH, and LH rises due to loss of _______ feedback
Negative
If the secondary oocyte is fertilized and begins to divide, the corpus luteum persists for how long?
Past its normal two week lifespan
What hormone rescues the secondary oocyte from degeneration?
HCG
HCG is produced by the embryo at ____ days after fertilization
8 days
Stimulates the secretory activity of corpus luteum
HCG
What promotes growth of the Endometrial glands?
Progesterone and estrogens produced by the corpus luteum
Secretes glycogen and vascularization and thickening of the endometrium
Endometrial glands
Endometrial gland secretions peak about how long after ovulation?
One week
