Ch.1-Intro To A+P

Question 1

Define anatomy and physiology.

Answer 1

Anatomy is defined as the study of body parts, forms and structures.
Physiology is defined as the study of body functions.

Question 2

Describe the major body cavities.

Answer 2

Cranial cavity(housing the brain)
Thoracic cavity(inside the chest)
Abdominopelvic cavity(inside abdomen and pelvis)

Question 3

List the systems of the body.

Answer 3

Integumentary
Skeletal
Muscular
Nervous
Endocrine
Cardiovascular
Lymphatic
Digestive
Respiratory
Urinary
Reproductive

Question 4

List organs of integumentary system

Answer 4

Skin
Hair
Nail
Sebaceous(oil) glands
Sweat glands

Question 5

List organs of skeletal system

Answer 5

Bones
Ligaments
Cartilages

Question 6

List organs of muscular system

Answer 6

Muscles

Tendons

Question 7

List organs of nervous system

Answer 7

Brain
Spinal cord
Nerves
Sensory organs

Question 8

List organs of endocrine system

Answer 8

Hypothalamus
Pituitary, thyroid and parathyroid glands
Pancreas
Pineal gland
Adrenal glands
Thymus

Question 9

List organs of cardiovascular system

Answer 9

Heart
Blood
Arteries
Veins
Capillaries

Question 10

List organs of lymphatic system

Answer 10

Lymphatic vessels
Lymph nodes
Thymus
Spleen
Lymph fluid

Question 11

List organs of digestive system

Answer 11

Mouth
Teeth
Salivary glands
Tongue
Pharynx
Oesophagus
Stomach
Liver
Gallbladder
Pancreas
Small intestine
Large intestine
Rectum
Anus

Question 12

List organs of respiratory system

Answer 12

Nose
Nasal cavity
Pharynx
Larynx
Trachea
Bronchi
Lungs

Question 13

List organs of urinary system

Answer 13

Kidneys
Ureters
Urinary bladder
Urethra
Penis

Question 14

List organs of reproductive system

Answer 14

Male - Scrotum, Testes, Epididymides, Ductus deferentia, Seminal vesicles, Prostate gland, bulbourethral glands, Penis, Urethra

Female - Ovaries, Uterine tubes, Uterus, Vagina, Clitoris, Vulva

Question 15

Describe directions of the body

Answer 15

Inferior-below
Superior-above
Anterior(ventral)-toward the front
Posterior(dorsal)-toward the back
Lateral-toward the side
Bilateral-refers to paired structures
Contralateral-structures on opposite sides
Ipsilateral-structures on the same side
Medial-imaginary body midline
Distal-farther from attachment point to trunk
Proximal-closer to attachment point to trunk
Deep-more internal
Superficial-more external

Question 16

Describe planes of the body

Answer 16

Coronal(frontal)-divides body into anterior and posterior.
Sagittal-divides body lengthwise into left and right portions.
Transverse(horizontal)-divides body into superior and inferior portions.

Question 17

Discuss the membranes near the heart.

Answer 17

The heart is surrounded by a double-walled sac known as the pericardium, this has a superficial, loose fitting section known as the fibrous pericardium. This protects the heart whilst connecting it to the surrounding structures, and prevents it from overfilling with blood. Below the fibrous pericardium is the serous pericardium which is a thin, double layered membrane forming a closed sac around the heart. The parietal layer lines the internal surface of the fibrous pericardium, and the visceral layer(epicardium) continues to cover the surface of the heart.

Question 18

Discuss the membranes near the lungs.

Answer 18

The lungs are covered by the visceral pleura which is continuous with the parietal pleura, which forms the second/outer layer. There is no actual space between these pleural membranes, the region between them is referred to as the pleural cavity.

Question 19

Discuss the membranes near the abdominal cavity.

Answer 19

The abdominal cavity is lined with peritoneal membranes, including the parietal peritoneum lining the walls of the abdomen and the visceral peritoneum covering each organ. Between these membranes the potential space is called the peritoneal cavity. Organs in the abdominal cavity are located either inside the peritoneum(intraperitoneal) or behind the peritoneum(retroperitoneal).

Question 20

List the 9 abdominal regions.

Answer 20

R hypochondriac
R lumbar
R iliac

Central
epigastric
umbilical
hypogastric

L hypochondriac
L lumbar
L iliac