Ch1 Cell Review Flashcards
Protoplasm water percent
70-85%
Cell Inorganic material mineral salts examples (2)
- Na - Sodium
- K - potassium
(osmotic pressure)
Cell organic material (4)
- Protein
- Carbohydrate
- Nucleic acid
- Lipids
Nucleic acid function
Direct cellular info and transmit genetic information
Protein
- Made up of
- Examples (3)
- Amino acids
- Insulin, albumin, hemoglobin
Carbohydrates
- Composed of
- Primary source of ___ to the cell
- Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen
- Energy
Lipids
- Store
- Assists in
- Protects body from
- Energy
- Digestive process
- Heat and cold
Two major sections in the cell structure
- Nucleus
- Cytoplasm
What are the main ways to imporve RTT (4)
- Increase standards of dose Rx
- Improve dose distribution
- IGRT techniques
- Exploiting radiobilogical initiatives
Physical phase is
Interactions of particles with the atoms
Chemical phase is
Breaking bonds and formation of free radicals
Biological phase
Consequences of exposure
Cell membrane function
Monitor all exchanges betwen intracellular and extracellular fluid (selectivly permeable)
Ribosomes is the site of
Protein synthesis
Lysomes is the
Breaking down of protein, DNA and some carbohyrates and foreign particles
Golgi complex function
Prepares and stores chemicals then secrets them into the body
DNA
- Shape
- Held together by
- Double helix
- Nitrogenous bases
DNA purines are (2)
- Adenine (A)
- Guanine (G)
DNA Pyrimidnes are (2)
- Cytosine (C)
- Thymine (T)
DNA is contained within
Chromosomes
Chromosomes only appear in ___ cells
Dividing cells
What are the two cell types
- Germ cells
- Somatic cells
Germ cell
- Gametes gender
- Spermatoza male
- Responsible for
- Chromosome is called (2)
- Chromosemes exist
- Female
- Male
- Reproduction
- N or haploid number
- Singly
Somatic cells (all other cells)
- Chromosomes are called (2)
- Chromosemes exist
- 2n or diploid (number of chromosomes in somatic cells)
- Paired
Human chromosomes is
46
Somatic cells only grow during (2)
- Fetal development
- Adolescents
Diploid number for
- Humans
- Dogs
- Gorillas
- 2n=46
- 2n=78
-2n=48
Cell cycle divided into four phases
- Prophase
- Metaphase
- Anaphase
- Telephase
Describe prophase
- Chromosomes shorten and thicken and move closer to center
Decribe metaphase (3)
- Chromosomes line up at center
- Nucler membrane is broken
- Centromere is duplicated
Describe anaphase
Two chromatids repel each other and migrate to opposite poles
Decribe telephase (3)
- Nuclear membrane reconstructs
- Cytoplasm divides equally between daughter cells
- At end each cell contains full set of chromosomes
DNA synthesis happens in which cell phase and how long does it take (Howard and Pelc 1952)
- Interphase
- 15 hours
During DNA synthesis how long do each phases take
- M
- S
- G2
- G1
- 1 Hour
- 15 hours or less
- 1-5 hours
- Varies
Meiosis is the porcess where
Cells divide
Meiosis cells divide ___ while chromosomes divide ___
- Twice
- Once
Meiosis results in
Four gametes each containing a habloid number of chromosomes
Types of tissues (5)
- Epithelial
- Connective
- Nervous
- Blood
- Muscular
Epithelial tissue
- What is it
- Examples (2)
- Cells growing into sheets that cover organs and line cavities
- Skin, digestive linings
Connective tissue
- What is it
- Examples (3)
- Structural units of the body
- Bone, Cartilage and fat
Nervous tissue
- What is it
- Examples (2)
- Nerves that extend all over the body
- Astrocyte, oligodendroglia
Muscular tissue
- Arranged in
- Examples (3)
- Sheets and bundles
- Skeletal, Cardiac, Visceral
Blood cells
- Function
- Examples (3)
- Tansports O2, Immunity and blood clotting
- RBC, WBC, platelets
Proliferation kinetics: Static
- Proliferation
- Examples (2)
- No proliferation or cell renewal
- Neurons, adrenal medulla
Proliferation kinetics: Middle group
- Proliferation
- Examples (3)
- Low level of cell renewal but rapid renewal on demand
- Liver, thyroid, Connective tissue
Proliferation kinetics: Continued proliferation
- Proliferation
- Examples (3)
- Frequent mitosis and cell renewal
- Epidermis, intestines, bone marrow
Epithelial cell cancers are called
Carcinomas
Connective tissue cancer is called
Sarcomas
Malignant blood cells are called
Leukemia
Regression means
Shrinking of tumor
Regrowth means
recurrence
Local control means
cure
Cells responce to radiation depends on (3)
- Cell proliferation
- Cell clonogenic capacity
- Are cells oxygenated or anoxic
