Ch.1 9: Fire Related Emergencies

Question 1

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies

Section: Natural Gas (NC #1)

A large % of the total # of FD responses each year involve incidents in which, while there is a need for emergency assistance, there is either no __, or the ___ is within its normal container:

Answer 1

Fire

Question 2

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Natural Gas (NC #2)

___ are the most common of emergency responses, and they are potentially the most deadly:

Answer 2

Gas leaks

Question 3

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Natural Gas (NC #3)

Natural gas is formed as a result of nature’s action on ___ over millions of years:

Answer 3

Organic matter

Question 4

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Natural Gas (NC #4)

Which states are the largest producers of natural gas?

Answer 4

• Virginia
• Oklahoma
• California
• Louisiana
• Texas

Question 5

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Natural Gas (NC #5)

Once NG is tapped from the ground, it is then distribute to consumers nationwide via:

Answer 5

Pipelines

Question 6

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Natural Gas (NC #6)

• NG is primarily (what):

Answer 6

• More than ___ %:
• Methane
• 90%
• (NG behaves like pure methane)

Question 7

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Natural Gas (NC #7)

NG contains other gases as well, including:

Answer 7

• Ethane (up to 5%)
• Carbon dioxide
• Nitrogen

Question 8

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Natural Gas (NC #8)

The presence of ___ in NG can sometimes be used by FD’s & utility co’s to pinpoint what the source of persistent ‘gas odors’ that have no apparent source:

Answer 8

Ethane

Question 9

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Natural Gas (NC #9)

A sample of the area is collected and analyzed in the lab. If the same contains ethane, it is:

Answer 9

NG

Question 10

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Natural Gas (NC #10)

A sample of the area is collected and analyzed in the lab. If the same contains ethane, it is NG, and utility must look further for the source. If no ethane is present, source isn’t NG, but possibly:

Answer 10

Swamp gas or other hydrocarbon vapors

Question 11

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Natural Gas (NC #11)

NG comes from a well that is ___ & ___, yet everyone has ‘smelled gas’.

Answer 11

Colorless and odorless

Question 12

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Natural Gas (NC #12)

NG comes from a well that is colorless & odorless, yet everyone has ‘smelled gas’. That is bc an odorant is added at a precise rate, so that as little as __ % can be detected:

Answer 12

1%

Question 13

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Natural Gas (NC #13)

(CFPC) The odorant added is generally:

Answer 13

Mercaptan compounded with sulfides

Question 14

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Natural Gas (NC #14)

Odor added generally is mercaptan compounded with sulfides – As little as ___ of odorant can treat up to 1 million cu ft of NG:

Answer 14

¼ pound

Question 15

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Natural Gas (NC #15)

This process of dispersing a liquid in NG can result in unusual circumstances that FD & public should be aware; 1st – the odorant tends to be lost as it travels long distances w/ the gas. (How):

Answer 15

• Some breaks down chemically while some;

* Some condenses inside pipeline.

Question 16

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Natural Gas (NC #16)

CFPC – At various points along the its route, usually where the ___ hooks up to a ___, odorant must be added:

Answer 16

• Local utility hooks up to a;

* Transcontinental pipe.

Question 17

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Natural Gas (NC #17)

At various points along its route, usually where the local utility hooks up to a transcontinental pipeline, odorant must be added. A leak at the odorant is a ___ spill, and a very pungent one:

Answer 17

Flammable liquid

Question 18

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Natural Gas (NC #18)

The vapor density of NG is?

Answer 18

.60 – lighter than air (rises)

Question 19

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies

Section: Common Natural Gas Emergencies (NC #19)

NG gas leaks can be divided into 3 basic categories:

Answer 19

• Inside leaks,
• Outside leaks,
• Leaks resulting from fires

Question 20

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Common Natural Gas Emergencies (NC #20)

From the 3 categories of NG – The greatest danger results from (which one and why):

Answer 20

• Interior gas leaks
• Because of their potential for explosion.
• (Outside leaks, especially under ground leaks are next most dangerous)

Question 21

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Common Natural Gas Emergencies (NC #21)

Outside leaks, especially underground leaks are the next most dangerous. Gas may migrate into & collect in bldgs, manholes or other spaces and possibly cause an explosion. Gas that has ___ is probably the least of FFs problems:

Answer 21

Ignited

may ignite nearby exposures, but potential for explosion is extremely small once gas has ignited

Question 22

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Common Natural Gas Emergencies (NC #22)

Distribution Systems & Device Related Problems – Gas is shipped from wells across the US via ___ pipelines:

Answer 22

Large diameter, high-pressure transmission pipelines.

Question 23

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Common Natural Gas Emergencies (NC #23)

Distribution Systems & Device Related Problems – Gas is shipped from wells across the US via large diameter, high-pressure transmission pipelines. These transmission lines operate at pressures of ___:

Answer 23

350 – 850 psi

Question 24

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Common Natural Gas Emergencies (NC #24)

Distribution Systems & Device Related Problems – Transmission lines operate at pressures of 350 – 850 psi and are remotely ___ & ___ from central locations:

Answer 24

Monitored and controlled

Question 25

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Common Natural Gas Emergencies (NC #25)

Distribution Systems & Device Related Problems – A rapture in a transmission line is a major emergency, resulting in huge fires w/ flames shooting hundreds of feet in the air. By virtue of ___, pipeline operators will be able to detect a leak immediately & isolate damaged section using ___:

Answer 25

• Remote sensors that monitor pressure.

* Remote-control valves.

Question 26

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Common Natural Gas Emergencies (NC #26)

Distribution Systems & Device Related Problems – Bc of the lg diameter of these lines (transmission lines), the length between valves & the high pressure in which they operate, considerable line pack will result in:

Answer 26

Leakage for extended period – even after valves have been shut off.

Question 27

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Common Natural Gas Emergencies (NC #27)

Distribution Systems & Device Related Problems – Leak in a transmission line – FD operations should be directed towards:

Answer 27

• Evacuating the endangered area,
• Protecting exposed buildings, and;
• Examining these bldgs for evidence of gas seeping into them.

Question 28

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Common Natural Gas Emergencies (NC #28)

Distribution Systems & Device Related Problems – Leak in transmission line – FD actions; no attempts should be made to ___ w/ out specific direction of knowledgeable pipeline personnel:

Answer 28

Close any valves

Question 29

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Common Natural Gas Emergencies (NC #29)

F19-2: Large transmission pipelines operate at high pressure. If a leak develops – will take time to isolate valves and for gas trapped in pipe to leak out. Plan to use ___ communications only as such a site:

Answer 29

• Written cmmu only.

* (Noise from high-pressure leak will make verbal cmmu anywhere near the leak impossible).

Question 30

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Common Natural Gas Emergencies (NC #30)

Distribution Systems & Device Related Problems – Gas is received by the local utilities along various places along the pipeline called:

Answer 30

City gate stations

Question 31

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Common Natural Gas Emergencies (NC #31)

Distribution Systems & Device Related Problems – City gate stations reduce the pressure from pipelines down to the utility company’s transmission system pressure of?

Answer 31

60 – 150 psi

Question 32

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Common Natural Gas Emergencies (NC #32)

City gate stations reduce the pressure from pipelines down to the utility company’s transmission system pressure of 60 – 150 psi. These lines continue to ___ stations. Usually in ___, where pressure is further reduced 4 the distribution system.

Answer 32

• District regulator stations
• Usually underground vaults
• (City gate stations → District regulation stations).

Question 33

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Common Natural Gas Emergencies (NC #33)

F19-3: ___ stations – these regulate the pressure within a gas distribution system for large neighborhoods:

Answer 33

District regulator stations

Question 34

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Common Natural Gas Emergencies (NC #34)

Distribution Systems & Device Related Problems – At district regulator stations (underground vault) – pressure is further reduced for which system:

Answer 34

Distribution system

Question 35

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Common Natural Gas Emergencies (NC #35)

Distribution Systems & Device Related Problems – The pressures in distribution systems vary according to:

Answer 35

Type and age

Question 36

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Common Natural Gas Emergencies (NC #36)

Distribution Systems & Device Related Problems – The Older (distribution) systems are known as:

Answer 36

Low-pressure systems

Question 37

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Common Natural Gas Emergencies (NC #37)

Distribution Systems & Device Related Problems – The Older (distribution) systems are known as low-pressure operating systems, operating at ___ psi:

Answer 37

¼ psi

Question 38

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Common Natural Gas Emergencies (NC #38)

Distribution Systems & Device Related Problems – Older distribution systems (known as low-pressure systems, ¼ psi) – The gas mains are all at ___ pressure, and no further reduction of the pressure occurs:

Answer 38

¼ lb

Question 39

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Common Natural Gas Emergencies (NC #39)

Distribution Systems & Device Related Problems – Older distribution systems (low pressure systems) – Gas main are all at ¼-lb pressure. The gas flows through (3) at this same low pressure:

Answer 39

• Distribution mains
• Shutoff meters
• Appliances

Question 40

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Common Natural Gas Emergencies (NC #40)

1. F19-4 (LP): Large transcontinental pipeline or distribution main has pressure of __ of more:
2. District regulator station drops pressure to ___ throughout the system:
3. No regulators required for:

Answer 40

1. 99 psi or more
2. ¼ psi
3. Homes – business is ¼ psi

Question 41

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Common Natural Gas Emergencies (NC #41)

Distribution Systems & Device Related Problems – The pressures in distribution systems vary according to type & age. In newer systems the pressure in the street main is higher, between:

Answer 41

2½ and 60 psi (Old systems ¼ psi)

Question 42

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Common Natural Gas Emergencies (NC #42)

Distribution Systems & Device Related Problems – In newer distribution systems, the pressure in the street main is higher, between 2½ - 60 psi, and is termed:

Answer 42

High-pressure gas

Question 43

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Common Natural Gas Emergencies (NC #43)

(CFPC) – Newer systems (2.5 – 60 psi) Gas appliances cannot use this high pressure, so a ___ must also take place at each building:

Answer 43

Reduction

Question 44

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Common Natural Gas Emergencies (NC #44)

(CFPC) – Newer systems (2.5 – 60 psi) Thus, each gas line going into the premises from the street has its own regulator to reduce pressure to ___:

Answer 44

¼ psi

Question 45

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Common Natural Gas Emergencies (NC #46)

• F19-5 (cont): High (newer) pressure gas system – Each occupancy requires a ___:
• PSI above and below regulator piping is:

Answer 45

• Regulator.
• ¼ psi LP piping above &
60 psi HP piping below regulator

Question 46

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Common Natural Gas Emergencies (NC #47)

Distribution Systems & Device Related Problems – There are 2 kinds of regulators, the newer and older kind. The newer ones are ___ loaded.

Answer 46

Spring (cont on next card)

Question 47

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Common Natural Gas Emergencies (NC #48)

Distribution Systems & Device Related Problems – There are 2 kinds of regulators, the newer and older kind. The newer one are spring loaded – to maintain a steady rate of ___ against a ___:

Answer 47

¼ psi against a diaphragm

Question 48

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Common Natural Gas Emergencies (NC #49)

Distribution Systems & Device Related Problems – There are 2 kinds of regulators, the newer and older kind. The older kind is called a ___ regulator:

Answer 48

Dead weight regulator (cont on next card)

Question 49

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Common Natural Gas Emergencies (NC #50)

There are 2 kinds of regulators, the newer and older kind. The older kind is called a dead weight regulator, and uses ___ to maintain pressure on the diaphragm:

Answer 49

A column of mercury

dead weight regulators – being phased out

Question 50

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Common Natural Gas Emergencies (NC #51)

Regulators – As mechanical devices, both types subject to fail – should this occur, excess pressure (above ¼ psi) will flow through the regulator, w/ most of it flowing out through a:

Answer 50

Vent in the regulator body

Question 51

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Common Natural Gas Emergencies (NC #52)

F19-6: A typical high-pressure gas service consists of what 3 items?

Answer 51

• Service cock or valve
• Regulator (w/ vent)
• Meter

Question 52

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Common Natural Gas Emergencies (NC #53)

Distribution Systems & Device Related Problems – If a failure occurs – regulator should hold the pressure to the appliances between ___:

Answer 52

2 and 4 psi

Question 53

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Common Natural Gas Emergencies (NC #54)

If a failure occurs – regulator should hold the pressure to the appliances between 2 and 4 psi. This is still ___ higher than the normal ___ operating pressure at which gas appliances are designed to work:

Answer 53

8 to 16 times higher than the normal ¼ psi

(excess pressure can make existing flames larger, igniting nearby combustibles).

Question 54

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Common Natural Gas Emergencies (NC #55)

Distribution Systems & Device Related Problems – Excess pressure can make existing burning flames much larger & ignite nearby combustibles. The sudden surge may otherwise blowout:

Answer 54

The pilot & burners – allowing for a build up of unignited gas.

Question 55

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Common Natural Gas Emergencies (NC #56)

Distribution Systems & Device Related Problems – Regulators located inside a bldg have the vent line piped out through the wall to a ___, to ensure that gas from a regulator failure don’t build up indoors:

Answer 55

Peck vent or a fisher vent

Question 56

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Common Natural Gas Emergencies (NC #57)

F19-7: A whooshing noise from the peck vent accompanied by an odor of gas indicates:

Answer 56

• A regulator failure.
• Gas service should be shut down in safest & fastest method available.
• Personnel – examine premises for fire, gas build up and potential victims.

Question 57

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Common Natural Gas Emergencies (NC #58)

Distribution Systems & Device Related Problems – FD units can recognize a regulator failure by (what 2 indications):

Answer 57

• Gas odor -or-

* Hissing or whooshing sound coming from the vent.

Question 58

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Common Natural Gas Emergencies (NC #59)

Distribution Systems & Device Related Problems – In event of regulator failure, actions to be taken are?

Answer 58

• Notify utility,
• Shut off gas asap,
• Search involved premises for fire extension, gas buildup & overcome victims
• Vent areas as needed

Question 59

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Common Natural Gas Emergencies (NC #60)

Distribution Systems & Device Related Problems – NG isn’t toxic, but will displace oxygen, and if the quantity is enough – it can cause:

Answer 59

Asphyxiation

Question 60

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Common Natural Gas Emergencies (NC #61)

In past – some utilities used manufactured gas, which contained:

Answer 60

Carbon monoxide.

(At that time – used to be possible commit suicide by turning on oven jets w/ pilot lights blown out & inhaling the CO-laden manufactured gas. Today – NG doesn’t pose as great a health hazard)

Question 61

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Common Natural Gas Emergencies (NC #62)

1 problem w/ NG utilities that truly brings with it the potential for mass disaster & casualties is the failure of the ___ regulator (cont. on next card):

Answer 61

District regulator

Question 62

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Common Natural Gas Emergencies (NC #63)

1 problem w/ NG utilities that truly brings with it the potential for mass disaster & casualties is the failure of the district regulator, which are found on all types of ___ systems:

Answer 62

Gas distribution systems

Question 63

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Common Natural Gas Emergencies (NC #64)

Distribution Systems & Device Related Problems – When a district regulator fails in the open position, the pressure on the ___ side is increased (cont. on next card):

Answer 63

Downstream

Question 64

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Common Natural Gas Emergencies (NC #65)

Distribution Systems & Device Related Problems – When a district regulator fails in the open position, the pressure on the downstream side is increased, resulting in:

Answer 64

• Overpressure to every gas service in the area.

* (As result – FD may be faced w/ deluge of gas-related fires, leaks & explosions)

Question 65

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Common Natural Gas Emergencies (NC #66)

Distribution Systems & Device Related Problems – District regulator failure – Fire personnel, particularly ___ may be the 1st to recognize what has happened from the sudden pattern of alarms being received:

Answer 65

Dispatchers

Question 66

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Common Natural Gas Emergencies (NC #67)

Distribution Systems & Device Related Problems – District regulator failure → The FD cannot do anything directly other than:

Answer 66

Notify the utility company of the locations of where the incidents are occurring.

Question 67

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Common Natural Gas Emergencies (NC #68)

(CFPC) District regulator failure – Through ___ downstream of the regulator, they (utility company) will most likely know about the failure b4 we do. They may not know how extensive the problem is:.

Answer 67

Remote pressure-monitoring devices that sense pressure changes

Question 68

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Common Natural Gas Emergencies (NC #69)

Tactics at inside leaks – What actions must be taken in event of a NG leak in a structure? In what order, and by whom? Any plan of action should include the following (6 Steps):

Answer 68

1. Dispatch - Notify utility & request ETOA.
2. Determine intensity of leak & when it was 1st noticed.
3. Determine extent of evacuation required
4. Eliminate sources of ignition.
5. Locate the source & stop the flow.
6. Search & ventilate

Question 69

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Common Natural Gas Emergencies (NC #70)

Tactics at inside leaks – The 1st priority on report of a gas leak should be to:

Answer 69

Notify the utility (company).

Question 70

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Common Natural Gas Emergencies (NC #71)

Tactics at inside leaks – The 1st priority on report of a gas leak should be to notify the utility, whose expertise & equipment will prove invaluable. This action should be a predetermined by (whom):

Answer 70

The dispatcher (w/out waiting for FD units to arrive)

Question 71

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Common Natural Gas Emergencies (NC #72)

Tactics at inside leaks – A thoroughly trained dispatcher can also begin steps 2 & 3. While questioning the caller, the dispatcher should ask:

Answer 71

• How strong is the smell of gas?

* When did you first notice the smell?

Question 72

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Common Natural Gas Emergencies (NC #73)

(CFPC) – A ___ smell or one that ___ indicates a potentially serious situation:

Answer 72

Strong smell or 1 that just appeared

in such case – dispatcher should advise caller to leave premises & await the FD at neighbor’s house

Question 73

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Common Natural Gas Emergencies (NC #74)

(CFPC) – The odor won’t be so obvious to the caller at other times, and the determination of ___ & required ___ will have to be decided by officer in command:

Answer 73

Intensity / evacuation

Question 74

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Common Natural Gas Emergencies (NC #75)

Tactics at inside leaks – Expect the worst if meat by a heavy odor of gas. Expose as few as possible as possible – meaning:

Answer 74

Evacuate promptly when necessary.

(A faint whiff or gas, or a leak that has come and gone for past few days may allow more leeway for performing a leak examination).

Question 75

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Common Natural Gas Emergencies (NC #76)

19-8: The only reliable way to determine the dangers of gas leaks is with a ___:

Answer 75

A combustible gas detector

Question 76

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Common Natural Gas Emergencies (NC #77)

A combustible gas detector is an essential tool for any incident involving odors of gas, since the odorant may have been filtered out of some underground leaks and even the best nose can’t tell the difference between ___ in the air:

Answer 76

3% and 4%

Question 77

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Common Natural Gas Emergencies (NC #78)

Tactics at inside leaks – Combustible gas detectors – Most of these devices will indicate ___ of gas in the air (cont. on nc):

Answer 77

Concentration

Question 78

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Common Natural Gas Emergencies (NC #79)

Tactics at inside leaks – Combustible gas detectors – Most of these devices will indicate concentration of gas in the air, expressed as a:

Answer 78

Percentage of the lower explosive limit

Question 79

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Common Natural Gas Emergencies (NC #80)

Tactics at inside leaks – 1 type of gas detector that FDNY uses doesn’t display the concentration of gas at all, but has proven useful in pinpointing the origin of even small leaks. The FIT 8800 device (works how):

Answer 79

• Sounds audible alarm –
• Raises in frequency as concentration of combustible gas increases.
• Thus allowing user to follow the sound to source of the leak.

Question 80

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Common Natural Gas Emergencies (NC #81)

TIF 8800 – Many times an odor of gas is reported in the hallway of an apartment house, with no known source. This detector, when held (where) can locate the correct apartment for entry:

Answer 80

Edge of closed door

Question 81

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Common Natural Gas Emergencies (NC #82)

F19-9: Check for NG at the ___ levels:

Answer 81

Upper levels – its lighter than air

Question 82

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Common Natural Gas Emergencies (NC #83)

Tactics at inside leaks – For faint odors, always check the condition of ___ as a first action:

Answer 82

Pilot lights

Question 83

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Common Natural Gas Emergencies (NC #84)

Tactics at inside leaks – faint odors, always check the condition of pilot lights as a 1st action. If you suspect a leak from a pipe or a fitting, (do what) to try to confirm its presence.

Answer 83

Pour soapy water over suspected area

Question 84

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Common Natural Gas Emergencies (NC #85)

Tactics at inside leaks – When you find a leak, always try to isolate the leak as closely as possible to:

Answer 84

The source

Question 85

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Common Natural Gas Emergencies (NC #86)

Tactics at inside leaks – When you find a leak, always try to isolate the leak as closely as possible to the source. The problem can often stopped by:

Answer 85

• Turning the ¼ turn appliance valve nearby.

* Leaving rest of appliances unaffected.

Question 86

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Common Natural Gas Emergencies (NC #87)

(CFPC) – If (turning the ¼ turn appliance valve) not possible, move back along the supply piping to the next point of control, the:

Answer 86

• Meter wing cock

* Generally - another ¼ turn valve just past the meter.

Question 87

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Common Natural Gas Emergencies (NC #88)

F19-10: Typical residential gas piping can have several points of control from the curb to the appliance. Those are:

Answer 87

• Appliance cocks
• Meter cock
• Curb valve
• (Gas main in street connects to curb valve)

Question 88

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Common Natural Gas Emergencies (NC #89)

Tactics at inside leaks – Common gas service is often present in ___ occupancies. Such as:

Answer 88

Multiple-tenant occupancies

Such as apartment houses and shopping centers.

Question 89

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Common Natural Gas Emergencies (NC #90)

Common gas service is often present at multiple-tenant occupancies. All tenants have their own meters & meter cocks. Additionally, where service enters the bldg, there will be a master valve called:

Answer 89

The service entrance cock

Question 90

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Common Natural Gas Emergencies (NC #91)

(CFPC) The master valve, called the service entrance cock, (does what):

Answer 90

Stops flow for all tenants

Question 91

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Common Natural Gas Emergencies (NC #92)

Service entrance cock – use w/ discretion, since a minor leak at an appliance doesn’t warrant:

Answer 91

Shutting of multiple apartments

Question 92

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Common Natural Gas Emergencies (NC #93)

Tactics at inside leaks – If there is a major leak (w/in multiple-tenant occupancies, i.e. apt houses/shopping centers), and you experience difficulty in determining which meter controls which apt, the ___ provides the fastest means of control:

Answer 92

Service cock

Question 93

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Common Natural Gas Emergencies (NC #94)

F19-11: A large leak in a bldg w/ numerous meters may require shutting down the entire bldg. For most leaks through, isolate the individual apartment by:

Answer 93

Closing its meter cock

Question 94

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Common Natural Gas Emergencies (NC #95)

F19-12: In an emergency, the entire gas supply to all of the occupancies in a bldg can be shut of by:

Answer 94

Turning the service entrance cock.

in picture in book – located just above ground level, below the tee, where piping splits off

Question 95

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Common Natural Gas Emergencies (NC #96)

Tactics at inside leaks – NG has a flammable (explosive range) of ___ in the air – the mixture must be kept out of this range:

Answer 95

4 – 14%

Question 96

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Common Natural Gas Emergencies (NC #97)

(CFPC) – Remember, the odorant permits us to smell as little as ___ gas in the air:

Answer 96

1%

Question 97

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Common Natural Gas Emergencies (NC #98)

NG has a flammable (explosive range) of 4 – 14% in the air – the mixture must be kept out of this range. Remember, the odorant permits us to smell as little as 1% gas in the air. That 1% is still ___ of the LEL:

Answer 97

25%

Question 98

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Common Natural Gas Emergencies (NC #99)

Tactics at inside leaks – Odorant permits us to smell as little as 1% gas in the air. That 1% is still 25% of the LEL. Only ___ more gas is needed to create the danger of explosion:

Answer 98

3%

Question 99

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Common Natural Gas Emergencies (NC #100)

Tactics at inside leaks – All that is required to ignite an explosive gas-air mixture is:

Answer 99

Tiniest of sparks of an open flame

(Something as small as the spark that occurs inside a light switch when its thrown on or off, or the static spark created after walking across a carpet can ignite the air-gas mixture)

Question 100

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Common Natural Gas Emergencies (NC #100)

Tactics at inside leaks – All that is needed to ignite an explosive air/gas mixture is tiny spark or open flame. Things not to do in such general areas?

Answer 100

• Don’t throw switches or
• Don’t ring doorbells in gaseous areas.
• Be aware of your own portable radio – don’t use to call for help w/ in the gas area bc older radios not rated for use in flammable atmospheres.

Question 101

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Common Natural Gas Emergencies (NC #101)

Tactics at inside leaks – Be aware of your own portable radio. Check the side of back for markings indicating that the radios are intrinsically safe for use in ___ atmospheres.

Answer 101

Class 1, Division 1 or 2 atmospheres

Question 102

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Common Natural Gas Emergencies (NC #103)

• Tactics at inside leaks – Most department pagers → safe or not safe:
• Cell phones – most are safe or not safe:

Answer 102

• Pagers – most are safe
• Cell phones – most are NOT safe – turn off or leave on rig when investigating gas leaks & other potentially dangerous atmospheres.

Question 103

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Common Natural Gas Emergencies (NC #104)

Tactics at inside leaks – Anything ___ is a potential source of ignition:

Answer 103

Electrical

Question 104

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Common Natural Gas Emergencies (NC #105)

Anything electrical is a potential source of ignition, even when turning it off. Attempt to disconnect power to the ___ only if it can be done safely:

Answer 104

Building

Question 105

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Common Natural Gas Emergencies (NC #106)

Tactics at inside leaks – Attempt to disconnect power to the bldg only if it can be done safely. This may involve:

Answer 105

• Tripping main breaker (if it’s remote from gas area) -or-

* Cutting the service entrance wires outside of the bldg.

Question 106

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Common Natural Gas Emergencies (NC #107)

Tactics at inside leaks – Most utilities advise FDs as well as their own people, not to:

Answer 106

Pull the meter – since its connected by a pipe to the inside of the bldg where the gas is located.

Question 107

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Common Natural Gas Emergencies (NC #108)

Most utilities advise FD as well as their own people – not to pull the meter since its connected by a pipe to the inside of bldg where gas is located - what may happen?

Answer 107

Gas can drift to the meter pan, which is ignited when the meter is pulled.

Question 108

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Common Natural Gas Emergencies (NC #109)

Tactics at inside leaks – When outside at the meter, always assume:

Answer 108

There is gas in the pan

Question 109

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Common Natural Gas Emergencies (NC #110)

A ___ valve controls the gas service into the building:

This valve is located (where):

Answer 109

Curb valve

Often located near the sidewalk or curb

Question 110

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Common Natural Gas Emergencies (NC #111)

True or false – All buildings have curb valves.

Answer 110

False – not all bldgs have curb valves

Question 111

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Common Natural Gas Emergencies (NC #112)

Tactics at inside leaks – Not all bldgs have curb valves. As a guide which services don’t have them and which services do:

Answer 111

• Don’t have – low pressure services & services with outside meters.
• Do have – high-pressure, inside services.

Question 112

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Common Natural Gas Emergencies (NC #113)

Tactics at inside leaks – Determining where to vent is simple, gas is ___ than air:

So vent the ___ areas:

Answer 112

• Lighter than air.

* Upper areas – don’t forget blind spaces such as attics and cocklofts.

Question 113

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Common Natural Gas Emergencies (NC #114)

Tactics at inside leaks – When venting, ___ is generally sufficient.

Its rarely necessary to:

Answer 113

• Opening windows.

* Break them (windows).

Question 114

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Common Natural Gas Emergencies (NC #115)

Tactics at inside leaks – When venting, don’t use ___, even if they are labeled explosion proof:

Answer 114

Smoke ejectors

Question 115

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Common Natural Gas Emergencies (NC #116)

When venting, don’t use smoke ejectors, even if they are labeled explosion proof. Why:

Answer 115

Motor may be explosion proof – but blades may strike housing or other mishap may occur - which creates spark.

Question 116

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Common Natural Gas Emergencies (NC #117)

Tactics at inside leaks – Venting: ___is a much more effective means of venting the structure (cont. on nc):

Answer 116

PPV using fans outside to blow fresh air in

Question 117

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Common Natural Gas Emergencies (NC #118)

Venting: Positive pressure ventilation using the fans outside is a much more effective means of venting the structure, if:

Answer 117

Exhaust openings are properly sized & located.

Question 118

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Common Natural Gas Emergencies (NC #119)

Tactics at inside leaks – Those who are (searching for what 3 things) can usually vent at the same time. Don’t over-commit personnel. Send only enough people to do the job.

Answer 118

• Occupants,
• Source of leak &
• Shutoff locations.

Question 119

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Common Natural Gas Emergencies (NC #120)

(CFPC) – Everyone else should stand by a safe location, such as:

Why?

Answer 119

• Opposite side of a pumper.

* Will be less exposed if bldg blows.

Question 120

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Common Natural Gas Emergencies (NC #121)

Tactics at inside leaks – When to vent depends on several factors determined in the field. Generally begin to vent as soon as possible, but weigh:

Answer 120

• How large a leak is present,
• The sources of ignition & whether you can control them, and;
• The status of the gas-air mixture (below, within, or above flammable range).

Question 121

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Common Natural Gas Emergencies (NC #122)

Tactics at inside leaks – Of all the decisions to be made, ___ has the most variables:

Answer 121

Where to stop the leak, inside or outside.

(practicality of either must be determined and a curb valve isn’t always present).

Question 122

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Common Natural Gas Emergencies (NC #123)

If curb valves are inaccessible, what is the next location to shut off the gas?

Answer 122

Street shutoffs

Question 123

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Common Natural Gas Emergencies (NC #124)

Tactics at inside leaks – Whether it’s NG, LPG, gasoline vapors or other flammable vapors – unless there is a ___ present, treat the situation as the potential time bomb & expect the worst.

Answer 123

Known life hazard present

Question 124

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Common Natural Gas Emergencies (NC #125)

(CFPC) Again, use minimum # of people to do the job. Make sure that they are properly trained and equipped with:

Answer 124

• SCBA
• F/E tools
• Explosion proof lights & radios
• 18 or 24” pipe wrench – for turning larger valves.

Question 125

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Common Natural Gas Emergencies (NC #126)

Tactics at inside leaks – Gas emergencies usually involve at least ___(#) engine companies:

Answer 125

1 Engine Company

Question 126

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Common Natural Gas Emergencies (NC #127)

(CFPC) – Enough personnel must be available to stretch a hoseline if needed. The line should be long enough to cover:

Answer 126

The entire bldg

Question 127

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Common Natural Gas Emergencies (NC #128)

Tactics at inside leaks – Hoseline shouldn’t be placed where it might be exposed to ___ damage:

Answer 127

Blast

Question 128

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Common Natural Gas Emergencies (NC #129)

Tactics at inside leaks – Hoseline shouldn’t be placed where it might be exposed to blast damage. With this in mind, try to position the apparatus to provide:

Answer 128

The most shielding effect for pump operators and non-essential personnel.

Question 129

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Common Natural Gas Emergencies (NC #130)

Tactics at inside leaks – Water supply should be consistent with:

Answer 129

The expected involvement.

(remember – bldg is filled w/ a flammable gas & heavy fire should be expected, although it may be localized near the source of gas after the blast)

Question 130

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Common Natural Gas Emergencies (NC #131)

Tactics at outside leaks – Leaks at outside structures, although not as common as inside leaks can be just as dangerous, especially if:

Answer 130

The leak occurs underground

Question 131

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Common Natural Gas Emergencies (NC #132)

Leaks at outside structures, although not as common as inside leaks can be just as dangerous, especially if the leak occurs underground. That’s because gas takes:

Answer 131

The path of least resistance as it tries to escape to the atmosphere.

Question 132

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Common Natural Gas Emergencies (NC #133)

(CFPC) - Gas takes the path of least resistance as it tries to escape to the atmosphere. Often that path is along:

Answer 132

• The gas service pipe -or-

* Other underground lines into bldgs or manholes.

Question 133

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Common Natural Gas Emergencies (NC #134)

• F19-14: At underground leaks, be sure to check the ___ of the surrounding exposure:
• Gas can migrate a great distance underground, especially during:

Answer 133

• Cellars.

* Freezing weather.

Question 134

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Common Natural Gas Emergencies (NC #135)

Tactics at outside leaks – The migration is insidious, because as the gas travels through the ground, it tends to be:

Answer 134

Deodorized as the soil filters out the droplets of odorant.

Question 135

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Common Natural Gas Emergencies (NC #136)

Tactics at outside leaks – Underground leaks tend to migrate great distances before they are discovered. This is especially true in areas that are:

Answer 135

Largely paved over

Question 136

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Common Natural Gas Emergencies (NC #137)

• Tactics at outside leaks – Those nose can easily detect ___% of gas in the air if you walk inform clean air.
• But after a short length of time, the nose becomes:

Answer 136

• 1%

* Desensitized - even to dangerous concentrations.

Question 137

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Common Natural Gas Emergencies (NC #138)

(CFPC) – A well maintained ___ is the only way to check suspected areas safely:

Answer 137

Combustible gas indicator (explosimeter)

preferable to use 2 separate meters to check a given area, since a single meter could be unreliable

Question 138

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Common Natural Gas Emergencies (NC #139)

Tactics at outside leaks – (Which season) is practically dangerous in many areas:

Answer 138

Winter

Question 139

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Common Natural Gas Emergencies (NC #140)

Tactics at outside leaks – Once the frost line penetrates more than a few inches, it effectively put a lid on the soil – making ___ migration more likely:

Answer 139

Horizontal

Question 140

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Common Natural Gas Emergencies (NC #141)

Tactics at outside leaks – Gas lines are also subject to greater stress during periods of repeated freeze & thaw and may fail more often. In the event of an underground leak, check ___ of all bldgs in surrounding area:

Answer 140

Basements

Question 141

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Common Natural Gas Emergencies (NC #142)

(CFPC) – Use a reliable gas indicator, and pay particular attention to areas where:

Answer 141

Service lines penetrate the foundation – including gas, water and electric lines.

Question 142

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Common Natural Gas Emergencies (NC #143)

Tactics at outside leaks – When positioning apparatus, make sure that neither the apparatus nor the operator is:

Answer 142

Over a manhole

Question 143

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Common Natural Gas Emergencies (NC #144)

Tactics at outside leaks – Many outside leaks are caused by:

Answer 143

Contractors excavating in the area

Question 144

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Common Natural Gas Emergencies (NC #145)

Tactics at outside leaks – Many outside leaks are caused by contractors excavating in the area. Generally, the safest course of action is to:

Answer 144

1. Notify the utility
2. Approach from upwind
3. Evacuate all exposed personnel
4. Stop the sources of ignition
5. Await the utility personnel

Question 145

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Common Natural Gas Emergencies (NC #146)

F19-15: Gas main leaks are dangerous events, have operators ___, and evacuate the area. Do no enter the trench to stop the leak unless:

Answer 145

• Shut down engines and equipment.

* A life is at stake.

Question 146

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Common Natural Gas Emergencies (NC #147)

Tactics at outside leaks – Leak caused by construction/excavation – Do not touch any ___ located on the street:

Answer 146

Valves

Question 147

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Common Natural Gas Emergencies (NC #148)

Leak caused by construction/excavation – If absolutely necessary, you can stop leaks in ___ lines, by using various plugging and patching devices:

Answer 147

Smaller, low-pressure steel lines

only do this to save a life

Question 148

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Common Natural Gas Emergencies (NC #149)

Tactics at outside leaks – Leak caused by construction/excavation – If allowing anyone to enter a trench for leak-stopping purposes, make sure the worked are protected by:

Answer 148

• Water handlines &

* Dry chemical extinguishers.

Question 149

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Common Natural Gas Emergencies (NC #150)

Tactics at outside leaks – Leak caused by construction/excavation → Under no circumstance should FD personnel attempt stop a leak on ___ pipes:

Answer 149

Plastic

Question 150

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Common Natural Gas Emergencies (NC #165)

Tactics at inside fires → Cellar fires around a gas service – The gas should only be extinguished when control of flow is assured. Preferably, the fire will be extinguished by:

Answer 150

• Turning off the supply.

* But if necessary to save a life – water streams, dry chemical or CO2 may be used.

Question 151

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Common Natural Gas Emergencies (NC #151)

Tactics at outside leaks – Leak caused by construction/excavation → Whenever any fluid travels through piping, it creates a ___ in that pipe:

Answer 151

Static electrical charge

Question 152

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Common Natural Gas Emergencies (NC #152)

(CFPC) – Whenever any fluid travels through piping – it creates a static electrical charge in the pipe. With steel pipe, the current is:

Answer 152

Drawn off & safely dissipated to ground by the pipe itself.

Question 153

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Common Natural Gas Emergencies (NC #153)

Whenever any fluid travels through piping, it creates a static electrical charge in the pipe. With steel pipe, the current is drawn off & safely dissipated to ground by the pipe itself. Plastic pipe is an ___:

Answer 153

Insulator

Question 154

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Common Natural Gas Emergencies (NC #154)

(CFPC) – Plastic pipe is an insulator, and it is probable that the pipe will have a static charge of up to:

Answer 154

30,000 volts.

(A person grabbing plastic pipe to apply a plug will likely discharge this current, creating a spark, thus igniting the gas)

Question 155

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Common Natural Gas Emergencies (NC #155)

Tactics at outside fires → Operations at fires should be similar to indoor and outdoor operations. As always, 1st steps are to:

Answer 155

• Call utility co.
• Control evacuation
• Protect exposures
• Let fire burn until supply of gas is shut off.

Question 156

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Common Natural Gas Emergencies (NC #156)

Tactics at outside fires → Small fires may be extinguished with ___ or ___, if necessary to get to a valve or save a life:

Answer 156

Dry chemical or CO2

Question 157

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Common Natural Gas Emergencies (NC #157)

Tactics at outside fires → Small fires may be extinguished with dry chemical or CO2, if necessary to get to a valve or save a life. For larger fires, ___ may be used to approach the valves:

Answer 157

Fog stream

Question 158

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Common Natural Gas Emergencies (NC #158)

Tactics at outside fires → Use care when placing hose streams where ___ have ruptured the gas line:

Why:

Answer 158

• Excavations.
• Keep unnecessary water out of the trench, since utility crews may have to get in to stop the leak (water can compound their problem.

Question 159

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies

Section: Common Natural Gas Emergencies (NC #159)

Tactics at inside fires → Fires involving ___ or ___ indoors are actually a blessing in disguise:

Answer 159

Gas piping or appliances

Question 160

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Common Natural Gas Emergencies (NC #160)

Tactics at inside fires → Fires involving gas piping or appliances indoors are actually a blessing in disguise. As long as the gas in burning, it cannot:

Answer 160

Build up in the structure and explode.

Question 161

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Common Natural Gas Emergencies (NC #161)

Tactics at inside fires → Fires involving gas piping or appliances – Operations should focus on:

Answer 161

• Cooling exposed piping – especially, meters,
• Extinguishing nearby structural elements & other combustibles, while;
• Allowing the gas to burn.

Question 162

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Common Natural Gas Emergencies (NC #162)

• Tactics at inside fires → Fires involving gas piping or appliances – Use a ___ to cool exposures:
• Avoid directing stream directly at:

Answer 162

• Fog stream.

* The leak – could extinguish the fire & create danger of explosion.

Question 163

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Common Natural Gas Emergencies (NC #163)

Tactics at inside fires → Fires involving gas piping or appliances – Meters can melt, producing sudden intensification of a smaller fire. Be particularly careful when going down into __ fires around a gas service:

Answer 163

Cellar fires

F19-16 - take 2½” for all cellar fires

Question 164

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Common Natural Gas Emergencies (NC #164)

Tactics at inside fires → Cellar fires around a gas service – The gas should only be extinguished when ___ is assured:

Answer 164

Control of flow

Question 165

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Unusual Problems Involving Natural Gas (NC #166)

During extremely cold weather & especially when it’s cold for extended periods of time, demand for gas is at its peak. In parts of the country, pipelines & gas reserves have been insufficient to meet this demand. During such period, some utilities mix in ___ to make up the difference in supply & demand:

Answer 165

LPG

Question 166

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Unusual Problems Involving Natural Gas (NC #167)

(CFPC) – During such times, some utilities mix in liquefied petroleum gas to make up the difference between supply and demand, called:

Answer 166

Peak shaving

Question 167

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Unusual Problems Involving Natural Gas (NC #168)

The vapor density of propane is:

Answer 167

1.52

Question 168

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Unusual Problems Involving Natural Gas (NC #169)

The vapor density for butane is:

Answer 168

2.01

Question 169

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Unusual Problems Involving Natural Gas (NC #170)

Depending on how much of these gases (propane or butane) are added to the natural gas, the ___ of the peak shaving gas will get heavier:

Answer 169

Vapor

alone gas is lighter than air, rises rapidly

Question 170

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Unusual Problems Involving Natural Gas (NC #171)

Depending on how much of these gases (propane or butane) are added to the natural gas, the vapor of the peak shaving gas will get heavier. At times, it may approach:

Answer 170

1.0 – which is the weight of air

Question 171

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Unusual Problems Involving Natural Gas (NC #172)

(CFPC) - This (vapor of peak shaving gas reaching 1.0) may mean that leaking gas won’t rise as quickly as expected and it may require ___ ventilation.

Answer 171

Mechanical ventilation.

Question 172

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Unusual Problems Involving Natural Gas (NC #173)

NG is a safe, clean, efficient fuel when properly contained and used. When it is allowed to accumulate where it doesn’t belong, where ___ & ___ are available, the potential for tragedy exists:

Answer 172

Heat and oxygen

Question 173

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Unusual Problems Involving Natural Gas (NC #174)

When something does go wrong, cooperation between ___ is essential:

Answer 173

FDs and the utility companies

Question 174

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies

Section: Liquefied Petroleum Gas (NC #175)

1 of the 1st things that happen when flame exposes the upper part of a/the cylinder is:

Answer 174

Pressure inside begins to rise

Question 175

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Liquefied Petroleum Gas (NC #176)

1 of the 1st things that happen when flame exposes the upper part of a cylinder is the pressure inside begins to rise. At same time, the aluminum or pot-metal valve handle melts, followed by failure of:

Answer 175

The aluminum regulator

Question 176

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Liquefied Petroleum Gas (NC #177)

“Jet-like” roaring noise made from a cylinder on fire is cause by:

Answer 176

Fire venting from the cylinder’s relief valve.

can shoot flames 6 – 8’ – potentially igniting nearby exposures or combustibles

Question 177

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Liquefied Petroleum Gas (NC #178)

Cylinder fire – 1st priority is to:

Answer 177

Cool the shell of the cylinder – in spite of exposures fires (if present).

Question 178

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Liquefied Petroleum Gas (NC #179)

BLEVE stands for:

Answer 178

Boiling-Liquid Expanding-Vapor Explosion

Question 179

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Liquefied Petroleum Gas (NC #180)

To avoid the casualties (such as BLEVEs), FFs need a working knowledge of (3):

Answer 179

• The properties of LPG,
• Cylinders in which they are shipped,
• Tactics for dealing w/ various scenarios.

Question 180

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Liquefied Petroleum Gas (NC #181)

1. F19-17: LPG is stored in:
2. With the product inside at ___ temp:
3. Thin ___ shell will fail if heated, creating a BLEVE:

Answer 180

1. Single-walled containers.
2. Room temperature.
3. Steel.

Question 181

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Liquefied Petroleum Gas (NC #182)

LPG is a mixture of several of several of the ___ gases:

Answer 181

Hydrocarbon

Question 182

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Liquefied Petroleum Gas (NC #184)

Depending on ___ & ___, the percentages of the various gases in LPG may vary, but the greatest portion of it will consist of propane.

Answer 182

• Region of the country

* Time of year

Question 183

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Liquefied Petroleum Gas (NC #184)

Depending on ___ & ___, the percentages of the various gases in LPG may vary, but the greatest portion of it will consist of propane.

Answer 183

• Region of the country

* Time of year

Question 184

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Liquefied Petroleum Gas (NC #185)

Color and odor of pure propane is:

Answer 184

Pure propane is colorless and odorless

Question 185

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Liquefied Petroleum Gas (NC #186)

Pure propane is colorless and odorless. To make detectable by humans, an odorant is added, as it is to NG. Unlike NG, however, it is:.

Answer 185

Heavier than air and will collect in low points – possibly traveling great distances, hugging the ground as it travels

Question 186

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Liquefied Petroleum Gas (NC #187)

Which has a wider explosive range – Propane or gasoline:

Answer 186

Propane

Question 187

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Liquefied Petroleum Gas (NC #188)

• Propane has a wider explosive range than gasoline. Propane LEL:

Answer 187

• Propane UEL:
• 2.1% = LEL
• 9.5% = UEL

Question 188

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Liquefied Petroleum Gas (NC #189)

LPG → Since propane vaporizes or turns into a gas at ___, it is always ready to ignite if it finds the right conditions:

Answer 188

Minus 44 degrees F

Question 189

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Liquefied Petroleum Gas (NC #190)

LPG → Though propane tends to sink, air movement in a given area may result in explosive concentrations at nearly any point in an enclosed room, under certain conditions. Gas/air mixture may be too lean at ceiling to ignite & too rich at the floor to burn. (continued on back – not a Q&A card)

Answer 189

But at some point in between – there exists an explosive mixture.

All that is needed a source of ignition (spark of static electricity or a pilot light on gas burner, etc)

Question 190

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Liquefied Petroleum Gas (NC #191)

(CFPC) – When this (ignition of propane) happens it is called a:

Answer 190

Vapor air explosion

Question 191

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Liquefied Petroleum Gas (NC #192)

A vapor air explosion is also called a:

Answer 191

Fuel-air explosion

Question 192

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Liquefied Petroleum Gas (NC #193)

Which is more devastating – a BLEVE or fuel-air explosion (aka vapor-fuel explosion):

Answer 192

Fuel-air explosion (aka vapor-fuel explosion)

Question 193

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Liquefied Petroleum Gas (NC #194)

LPG → A fuel-air explosions (aka vapor-air explosions) are more devastating than leaks that immediately ignite or cylinder BLEVEs. This is bc:

Answer 193

• Gas has opportunity to spread out farther & mix with more air –
• Thus enlarging the area that ignites at 1 time & greatly increases the pressure that results.

Question 194

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Liquefied Petroleum Gas (NC #195)

The US military and that of other nations have developed fuel-air explosion bombs to use against:

Answer 194

• Targets such as caves and

* For anti-personnel use.

Question 195

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Liquefied Petroleum Gas (NC #196)

The US military and that of other nations have developed fuel-air explosion bombs to use against targets such as caves & for anti-personnel use. Dubbed the ___, the US bomb was largely a propane fuel-air explosive:

Answer 195

CBU-55

Question 196

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Liquefied Petroleum Gas (NC #197)

Many jurisdictions ban the indoor storage of LPG. In NYC – anything larger than a ___ cylinder requires special permission:

Answer 196

Handheld torch

Question 197

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Liquefied Petroleum Gas (NC #198)

In NYC, anything larger than a handheld torch cylinder requires special permission and will be only allowed under severe restrictions of (3), and other criteria:

Answer 197

• Occupancy
• Location
• Ventilation

Question 198

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Liquefied Petroleum Gas (NC #199)

LPG → Even the small amount in a handheld torch can do considerable damage – because of:

Answer 198

• The nature of the gas and;

* The way it’s shipped.

Question 199

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Liquefied Petroleum Gas (NC #200)

Liquefied propane cylinders contain propane in (which) state:

Answer 199

Liquid and gas states

Question 200

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Liquefied Petroleum Gas (NC #201)

LPG → Propane gas can easily be compressed by putting it under pressure. If compressed enough, the gas turns into a:

Answer 200

Liquid

Question 201

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Liquefied Petroleum Gas (NC #202)

Propane gas can easily be compressed by putting it under pressure. If compressed enough, the gas turns into a liquid. In doing so, it shrinks to ___:

Answer 201

1/270th of its original volume as a gas

this makes it convenient to ship large quantities

Question 202

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Liquefied Petroleum Gas (NC #203)

LPG → Propane gas that is compressed –
When the pressure is released, such as by opening the valve, the liquid begins to:

Answer 202

Boil off as a vapor

Question 203

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Liquefied Petroleum Gas (NC #204)

Propane gas that is compressed – When the pressure is released, such as by opening the valve, the liquid begins to boil of as a vapor. As it does, it expands back to a gas at a rate of:

Answer 203

270 parts for each part of liquid that evaporates.

Question 204

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Liquefied Petroleum Gas (NC #205)

(CFPC) – It is this rapid expansion of liquid into gas that can wreak havoc a (where):

Answer 204

Confined space

Question 205

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Liquefied Petroleum Gas (NC #206)

Consider a leak in a confined space, of only (how much) of liquid propane, which is slightly more than the amount in a hand torch:

Answer 205

1 single quart

Question 206

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Liquefied Petroleum Gas (NC #207)

Consider a leak in a confined space, of only 1 qt of liquid propane, which is slightly more than the amount in a hand torch. That quart will evaporate into:

Answer 206

270 quarts of pure propane vapor

Question 207

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Liquefied Petroleum Gas (NC #208)

Consider a leak in a confined space, of only 1 qt of liquid propane, which is slightly more than the amount in a hand torch. That quart will evaporate into 270 qts of propane vapor. This vapor mixes with air in amounts of:

Answer 207

47:1 (2.1 LEL).

produces 12,857 quarts of explosive gas-air mixture, that only requires a slight spark to detonate

Question 208

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Liquefied Petroleum Gas (NC #209)

LPG → A ___ is a particular threat to FFs, since it occurs after the arrival of the FD:

Answer 208

BLEVE

Question 209

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Liquefied Petroleum Gas (NC #210)

A BLEVE is a particular threat to FFs, since it occurs after the arrival of the FD – Unlike most fuel-air explosions. Most propane leaks don’t become violent fuel-air explosions late in the incident. Usually the gas ignites almost immediately. In which case (1 of 2):

Answer 209

• There is a routine fire and no explosion, -or-

* The occupants have taken steps to stop the leak & prevent ignition.

Question 210

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Liquefied Petroleum Gas (NC #211)

(CFPC) - Almost always the 1st thing that happens after ignition of the gas is:

Answer 210

The fire exposes either the gas cylinder involved or nearby cylinders.

Question 211

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Liquefied Petroleum Gas (NC #212)

LPG cylinders contain propane in both its liquid and gas states – like all liquids, the LPG sits at the bottom of the container while the vapors occupy the top. Liquids, even propane are good:

Answer 211

Coolants

Question 212

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Liquefied Petroleum Gas (NC #213)

(CFPC) – As the shell of the cylinder is heated, the area in contact with the liquid is kept cool by:

Answer 212

The propane inside

Question 213

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Liquefied Petroleum Gas (NC #214)

As the shell of the cylinder is heated, the area in contact with the liquid is kept cool by the propane inside. The heat being absorbed by the liquid propane raises its temp, making it boil faster, thus increasing:

Answer 213

The pressure on the gas at the top of the cylinder.

Question 214

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Liquefied Petroleum Gas (NC #215)

LPG → The pressure inside a propane cylinder is directly related to the temperature of:

Answer 214

The liquid inside of it

Question 215

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Liquefied Petroleum Gas (NC #216)

LPG → The pressure inside a propane cylinder is directly related to the temperature of the liquid inside of it. At 70 degrees F. the pressure in the cylinder is about:

Answer 215

100 psi

Question 216

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Liquefied Petroleum Gas (NC #217)

LPG → If the temperature goes up to 100 degrees F (as on a hot day, or if cylinder heated by sunlight or fire) – the pressure inside the cylinder goes up to what:

Answer 216

190 psi

Question 217

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Liquefied Petroleum Gas (NC #218)

LPG → If the temperature of the liquid were to continue to rise, so too would the pressure, until the cylinder reached its failure point. At this point, a ___ occur:

Answer 217

BLEVE

Question 218

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Liquefied Petroleum Gas (NC #219)

LPG → A BLEVE occurs when:

Answer 218

• A liquid above its boiling point is →
• Released suddenly from its container →
• And the liquid expands rapidly to become a vapor.

Question 219

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Liquefied Petroleum Gas (NC #220)

BLEVE – the resulting energy release is tremendous & may launch parts in any direction. True of False → BLEVEs can occur w/ any liquid in a closed container, including water:

Answer 219

True

Question 220

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Liquefied Petroleum Gas (NC #221)

LPG → When flammable or combustible liquids are involved (in BLEVE), there is the additional damage caused by the:

Answer 220

Fireball

Question 221

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Liquefied Petroleum Gas (NC #222)

LPG → When flammable or combustible liquids are involved (in BLEVE), there is the additional damage caused by the fireball. Even without this, ___ can kill people in its path:

Answer 221

Container shrapnel & scalding liquid

Question 222

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Liquefied Petroleum Gas (NC #223)

(CFPC) This is what happens when a ___ boiler explodes. Boiler explosions are BLEVEs that have killed many people without fire:

Answer 222

Steam

Question 223

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Liquefied Petroleum Gas (NC #224)

LPG → A BLEVE is a result of:

Answer 223

Too much heat being applied to the cylinder in the wrong location.

Question 224

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Liquefied Petroleum Gas (NC #225)

BLEVE results if too much heat is being applied to the cylinder in the wrong location. Although this heat raises the pressure inside the cylinder, it isn’t usually the pressure rise that directly causes a BLEVE. Most often, the cause is:

Answer 224

The loss of strength of the metal cylinder when it is heated

Question 225

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Liquefied Petroleum Gas (NC #226)

LPG → Just as with a steel beam, when the steel reaches ___ F, the steel in the cylinder has lost half its strength.

Answer 225

1500 degrees F

Question 226

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Liquefied Petroleum Gas (NC #227)

BLEVE – The pressure inside pushes through the softened metal (as if it was a thinner piece of material). Therefore, installing a ___ on cylinder won’t always prevent BLEVE from occurring.

Answer 226

Pressure relief valve

Question 227

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Liquefied Petroleum Gas (NC #228)

LPG → Installing a pressure relief valve on the cylinder won’t always prevent a BLEVE from occurring, even though it operates and keeps pressures inside at around:

Answer 227

250 psi

Question 228

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Liquefied Petroleum Gas (NC #229)

LPG → The only way to prevent a BLEVE is to:

Answer 228

Keep the metal shell from overheating

Question 229

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Liquefied Petroleum Gas (NC #230)

F19-19: The only way to prevent a BLEVE is to apply sufficient quantity of cooling water to the exposed to reduce:

Answer 229

Temperature of steel and pressure of the gas inside.

Question 230

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Liquefied Petroleum Gas (NC #231)

F19-19 (cont): Only way to prevent a BLEVE - Apply sufficient quantity of water to the exposed to reduce the temperature of the steel and the pressure inside of the gas inside. For large tanks, this requires ___ gpm at point of __:

Answer 230

At least 500 gpm / flame impingement

Question 231

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Liquefied Petroleum Gas (NC #232)

Propane liquid inside the cylinder keeps metal shell from overheating on the bottom liquid area. But the upper vapor spaces cannot absorb heat from the shell. Unfortunately, ___ is located at the upper vapor space – which create potential leak areas:

Answer 231

• Cylinder control valve
• Relief valve
• Discharge outlet

Question 232

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Liquefied Petroleum Gas (NC #233)

Typical bbq fire scenario → Tactics at LPG incidents should focus on the ___ of the situation:

Answer 232

Unpredictability

Question 233

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Liquefied Petroleum Gas (NC #234)

Typical bbq fire scenario → Tactics at LPG incidents should focus on the unpredictability of situation. Cylinders exposed to direct contact w/ flames – particularly when it occurs in the upper vapor spaces are subject to BLEVE in (time):

Answer 233

As little as 10 min

Question 234

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Liquefied Petroleum Gas (NC #235)

Typical bbq fire scenario → In addition to the BLEVE hazard, there is the probability of sudden operation of the ___, which can shoot a blast of fire at approaching FFs:

Answer 234

Relief valve

Question 235

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Liquefied Petroleum Gas (NC #236)

Typical bbq fire scenario → As with all fires, the strategy must be the same:

Answer 235

1. Protect life.
2. Protect exposures.
3. Then worry about extinguishment

Question 236

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Liquefied Petroleum Gas (NC #237)

Typical bbq fire scenario → Life hazard may be less apparent than normal – civilians in close proximity usually back away on their own. Noise level can be uncomfortable in the immediate area. Clear the area at least __ in all directions:

Answer 236

150’

Question 237

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Liquefied Petroleum Gas (NC #238)

Typical bbq fire scenario → Cleat the area at least 150’ in all directions. No one should be able to see burning cylinder except:

Answer 237

The nozzle operator and officer.

And they should only be peeking from behind shelter long enough to ensure water is actually hitting the container – everyone else; seek shelter behind substantial objects (cars, bldgs, apparatus)

Question 238

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Liquefied Petroleum Gas (NC #239)

Typical bbq fire scenario → The evacuation of directly exposed structures should be done routinely and should include (which homes):

Answer 238

• Homes on either side and

* Those that adjoin the backyard.

Question 239

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Liquefied Petroleum Gas (NC #240)

Typical bbq fire scenario → Evacuation of directly exposed structures - do routinely & include homes on either side and those that adjoin the backyard. Evacuation beyond this point generally isn’t necessary since:

Answer 239

Cylinder fragments are unlikely to penetrate 3 frame walls.

Question 240

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Liquefied Petroleum Gas (NC #241)

Typical bbq fire scenario → Take care when approaching the area. Seek information from the homeowner regarding the state of the cylinder, including:

Answer 240

• How long has it been burning?
• How full was it?
• If it’s not plainly visible from the street, where is it in relation to the house or garage?

Question 241

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Liquefied Petroleum Gas (NC #242)

Typical bbq fire scenario → Particularly at leaking-cylinder incidents, pay attention to:

Answer 241

Open cellar windows – that can let gas enter, possibly to be ignited by a pilot light.

Question 242

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Liquefied Petroleum Gas (NC #243)

Typical bbq fire scenario → The 1st engine should ensure a continuous water supply, preferably a hydrant capable of supplying:

Answer 242

3 or 4 - 1½” or 1¾” handlines (at minimum)

Question 243

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Liquefied Petroleum Gas (NC #244)

(CFPC) – In the event of a serious escalation of the incident, placement of lines will be:

Answer 243

• 1 line required w/ in exposed bldg.
• 1 outside to protect the exposure.
• 1 to control cylinder fire.

Question 244

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Liquefied Petroleum Gas (NC #245)

Typical bbq fire scenario → FFs should approach cylinder as though they were members of a ___ team flushing out a sniper:

Answer 244

SWAT team

don’t approach like marshals of the Old West at high-noon

Question 245

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Liquefied Petroleum Gas (NC #246)

Typical bbq fire scenario → FFs should approach cylinder as though they were members of a SWAT team flushing out a sniper. Hide behind a parked car, the corner of the house or garage or other substantial object until you have been applying water for at least:

Answer 245

2 minutes

Question 246

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Liquefied Petroleum Gas (NC #247)

Typical bbq fire scenario → At 2 min mark – fire should’ve decreased in intensity. If it is working, the ___ should shut itself off as the streams cool the cylinder. The fire will not likely go out by itself.

Answer 246

Spring loaded relief valve

Question 247

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Liquefied Petroleum Gas (NC #248)

Typical bbq fire scenario → Stream choice – Use the reach of the stream to place some distance between yourself & the cylinder, at least initially. For this purpose, a ___ may be useful:

Answer 247

Straight stream or narrow fog

Question 248

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Liquefied Petroleum Gas (NC #249)

Typical bbq fire scenario → Stream choice – As the distance between the nozzle and cylinder decreases, the angle of the fog stream must be:

Answer 248

Widened

Question 249

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Liquefied Petroleum Gas (NC #250)

Typical bbq fire scenario → Stream choice – In serious cases, where the nozzle can’t hit the cylinder until you are 5 – 10’ away bc the cylinder is hidden behind the house or garage, you may have to begin the attack with a:

Answer 249

Full wide fog

Question 250

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Liquefied Petroleum Gas (NC #251)

Typical bbq fire scenario → Stream choice – if nozzle pattern chosen is too tight, there is a real risk that you will:

Answer 250

• Knock over cylinder – liquid propane instead of propane vapor will be discharged. In addition, you may →
• May wind up chasing burning cylinder around yard w/ stream – causing it to ignite other exposures

Question 251

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Liquefied Petroleum Gas (NC #252)

Typical bbq fire scenario → Assuming all goes well, and that the initial application of water succeeds in controlling the fire, resist the temptation to:

Answer 251

Rush the affair by closing the valve manually.

(Chances are – wont be successful anyway; 1 of 1st things to happen after ignition, valve handle melts off – even w/ Vise-grips or wrench, success isn’t assured)

Question 252

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Liquefied Petroleum Gas (NC #253)

Typical bbq fire scenario → Rushing in to close the valve manually – Chances are that you won’t be successful. Even w/ tools – success isn’t assured. There is a ___ inside the valve that almost ensures a leak once its been burned away, no matter how much you tighten the valve:

Answer 252

Rubber O-ring

(there is also the possibility that the relief valve itself may blow out of the cylinder if it is improperly after being highly heated)

Question 253

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Liquefied Petroleum Gas (NC #254)

(CFPC) - The best course of action at this point is simply to:

Answer 253

Slow things down. Take a moment to evaluate your options.

Question 254

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Liquefied Petroleum Gas (NC #255)

Typical bbq fire scenario → (CFPC) – Slow things down, take a moment to evaluate your options. Ask yourself:

Answer 254

• What happens if you put out the fire and the leak continues?
• Where will the gas accumulate?
• Are there any sources for re-ignition?
• How is the fire behaving?
• Is it burning steadily or subsiding slowly?

Question 255

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Liquefied Petroleum Gas (NC #256)

Typical bbq fire scenario → Depending on the circumstances, you may choose to continue to allow a controlled burn or to extinguish the fire. Extinguishing the fire isn’t recommended in (which) areas:

Answer 255

Built-up areas where gas can accumulate and find sources of ignition.

Question 256

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Liquefied Petroleum Gas (NC #257)

(CFPC) – On other hand, if there’s plenty of open space and a good breeze blowing away from the exposures, ___ may be perfectly acceptable:

Answer 256

Extinguishing the fire

Question 257

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Liquefied Petroleum Gas (NC #258)

Typical bbq fire scenario → All members should be aware of the consequences of an uncontrolled leak and know what to do about it, since quite often the fire is inadvertently:

Answer 257

Extinguished by the initial attack

Question 258

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Liquefied Petroleum Gas (NC #259)

Typical bbq fire scenario → Fire inadvertently extinguished by the initial attack – In this event (actions are):

Answer 258

• Continue applying fog stream to divert the gases away from danger spots – such as cellar windows as well as to;
• Dilute the gas concentration.

Question 259

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Liquefied Petroleum Gas (NC #260)

Typical bbq fire scenario → 1 advantage you (FD) has on your side, the ___ of the container:

Answer 259

Size

(Such 20 lb cylinders produce sizable fires, but not eternal flame. They have limited supply of fuel – once its gone, the incident is over)

Question 260

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Liquefied Petroleum Gas (NC #261)

Typical bbq fire scenario → In tests held in Nassau County Fire Academy on Long Island, full 20-lb cylinders exposed to direct flame impingement on the vapor space burned themselves out in:

Answer 260

Less than 20 min

Question 261

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Liquefied Petroleum Gas (NC #262)

Typical bbq fire scenario → Nassau County Fire Academy (fire exposure) tests – the gas escaped through:

Answer 261

• Both the cylinder valve (when rubber O-ring burned away) -and-
• The relief valve.

Question 262

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies

Section: Oil Burners: Their Operation & Hazards (NC #263)

Gases aren’t the only problem FFs encounter. Heating systems account for ___% of all fires.

Answer 262

21%

Question 263

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Oil Burners: Their Operation & Hazards (NC #264)

Grades of fuel oil → Fuel oils come in several different grades, from ___ to ___:

Answer 263

No. 1 to No. 6

Question 264

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Oil Burners: Their Operation & Hazards (NC #265)

Grades of fuel oil → Among the factors that determine the grade is the ___ of the oil:

Answer 264

Flashpoint

Fuel oils have flashpoints that are relatively safe

Question 265

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Oil Burners: Their Operation & Hazards (NC #266)

• Grades of fuel oil → No. 1 oil, the __ of the oils:
• No. 1 oil has a minimum flashpoint of:
• No. 1 is similar to ___:

Answer 265

• Lightest.
• 100 degrees F.
• Kerosene oil.

Question 266

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Oil Burners: Their Operation & Hazards (NC #267)

• Grades of fuel oil → No. 2 oil, is the most common for ___:
• No. 2 oil has a minimum flash point of:
• No. 2 oil has more ___ than No. 1 oil:

Answer 266

• 1 & 2 family houses.
• 100 degrees F
• Impurities.

Question 267

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Oil Burners: Their Operation & Hazards (NC #268)

Grades of fuel oil → No. 3 oil – Formerly an ___ grade. No. 3 oil is no longer commonly found.

Answer 267

Intermediate grade

Question 268

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Oil Burners: Their Operation & Hazards (NC #269)

1. Grades of fuel oil → No. 4 oil may be used for ___ applications:
2. No. 4 oil flashpoint is:
3. Even w/ flashpoint, No. 4 oil doesn’t require:

Answer 268

1. Midsize applications – such as apt bldgs, factories
2. 130 degrees F
3. Preheating.

Question 269

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Oil Burners: Their Operation & Hazards (NC #270)

Grades of fuel oil → No. 5 oil has a flash point of:

No. 5 oil has more impurities than No. __ oil:

Answer 269

• 130 degrees F.
• No. 4 oil
• No. 5 oil may be preheated to get the oil to flow easily.

Question 270

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Oil Burners: Their Operation & Hazards (NC #271)

• Grades of fuel oil → Heaviest oil is:
• No. 6 oil flashpoint is:
• No. 6 oil requires heating to:

Answer 270

• No. 5 & No. 6 oils

* Note – No. 4 used in midsize applications such as apt. bldgs.

Question 271

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Oil Burners: Their Operation & Hazards (NC #272)

Grades of fuel oil → Both No. ___ & ___ oils are primarily industrial oils used in large plants and apartment complexes:

Answer 271

• No. 5 & No. 6 oils
• Note – No. 4 used in midsize applications such as apt. bldgs.
• 5 & 6 used in apt complexes
• No. 2 – 1 & 2 family homes.

Question 272

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Oil Burners: Their Operation & Hazards (NC #273)

Grades of fuel oil → When heavier oils are stored, ___ or ___ is piped to heating coils w/in the oil storage tank. These heating pipes serve to preheat the oil:

Answer 272

Unused steam or hot water from the boiler

Question 273

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Oil Burners: Their Operation & Hazards (NC #274)

Grades of fuel oil → When heavier oils are stored, unused steam or unused water from the boiler is piped to heating coils w/in the oil storage tank. These heating pipes serve to preheat the oil, at time to more than ___ (temp):

Answer 273

212 degrees F

FFs – be cautious when operating around these hi-temp tanks and piping, can cause burns.

Question 274

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Oil Burners: Their Operation & Hazards (NC #275)

(CFPC) – Heavier oils stored – These oils are often above their ___. Any release will result in the travel of flammable vapors looking for a source of ignition:

Answer 274

Flashpoint

Question 275

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies

Section: Oil Burners: Their Operation & Hazards (NC #276)

The oil burner → For oil to burn, there must be (3 items) present in sufficient capacity:

Answer 275

• Heat
• Fuel
• Oxygen

Question 276

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Oil Burners: Their Operation & Hazards (NC #277)

The oil burner → The modern oil burner – Its ___ atomizes the oil into tiny droplets (cont. on nc)

Answer 276

High-pressure oil gun

Question 277

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Oil Burners: Their Operation & Hazards (NC #278)

The oil burner → The modern oil burner – Its high-pressure oil gun atomizes the oil into tiny droplets, w/ a great deal of surface area, eliminating the need to:

Answer 277

Preheat the oil – and the eradicating of the heavy black smoke so common to burning in the air.

Question 278

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Oil Burners: Their Operation & Hazards (NC #279)

Oil burners consists of (2):

Answer 278

A firebox and an oil gun

Question 279

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Oil Burners: Their Operation & Hazards (NC #280)

The oil burner → Oil burners consist of a firebox and an oil gun. Process of burning oil is – 1st the burner receives its supply of oil from the tank & burns oil, then transfers heat to a useful place, generally to:

Answer 279

Make hot water or steam

Question 280

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Oil Burners: Their Operation & Hazards (NC #281)

(CFPC) – Process of burning oil is – 1st the burner receives its supply of oil from the tank & burns oil, then transfers heat to a useful place, generally to make hot water or steam. Any products of combustion are then vented up a:

Answer 280

Smoke pipe to the chimney, and out to the atmosphere.

Question 281

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Oil Burners: Their Operation & Hazards (NC #282)

The oil burner → The process is done automatically and the system shuts itself off as directed by built-in controls. The components of an oil burner are divided into 2 systems:

Answer 281

Oil handling and controls

Question 282

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Oil Burners: Their Operation & Hazards (NC #283)

The oil burner → the oil-handling system: The most common oil-burner is the ___ type:

Answer 282

High-pressure gun type

Question 283

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Oil Burners: Their Operation & Hazards (NC #284)

The most common oil-burner is the high-pressure gun type. Oil is drawn from the tank through a pipeline to the oil pump in the gun. A shut-off valve on the ___ line is found at the tank, and often the burner as well:

Answer 283

Supply

Question 284

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Oil Burners: Their Operation & Hazards (NC #285)

The oil burner → the oil-handling system: High-pressure gun oil burner – oil is drawn in from the tank to through a pipeline to the oil pump at the gun. This pump supplies oil to the nozzle at pressures ranging from ___ psi in homes to ___ psi in large installations:

Answer 284

• 100 psi in homes

* 300 psi in large installations

Question 285

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Oil Burners: Their Operation & Hazards (NC #285)

The oil burner → the oil-handling system: High-pressure gun oil burner – oil is drawn in from the tank to through a pipeline to the oil pump at the gun. This pump supplies oil to the nozzle at pressures ranging from ___ psi in homes to ___ psi in large installations:

Answer 285

• 100 psi in homes

* 300 psi in large installations

Question 286

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Oil Burners: Their Operation & Hazards (NC #286)

F19-20: The oil-handling system brings the oil from the tan to the ___, and in some instances, allows oil to:

Answer 286

• Burner head.

* Circulate back to the tank.

Question 287

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Oil Burners: Their Operation & Hazards (NC #287)

F19-20 (cont): Oil-handling system – In the event of an emergency, be sure to close the valve(s) on the handling system. There is 1 usually located (where), and possibly an additional valve located at the ___:

Answer 287

• Base of the oil tank.

* Burner head.

Question 288

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Oil Burners: Their Operation & Hazards (NC #288)

The oil burner → the oil-handling system: Pump supplies oil to nozzle at pressures of 100 psi (homes) to 300 psi (large installations). The high-pressure discharge acts like a high-pressure booster line, (does what to) the oil into…..

Answer 288

Breaking up or atomizing

Question 289

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Oil Burners: Their Operation & Hazards (NC #289)

(CFPC) The high-pressure discharge acts like a high-pressure booster line, breaking up or atomizing the oil into very fine particles and (this does what to the oil):

Answer 289

Exposing more surface oil to combine w/ oxygen

Question 290

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Oil Burners: Their Operation & Hazards (NC #290)

The oil burner → the oil-handling system: High-pressure gun – also contains an air fan to blow fresh air through the oil spray at the same time. At the end of the gun is a:

Answer 290

Source of ignition

Question 291

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Oil Burners: Their Operation & Hazards (NC #291)

The oil burner → the oil-handling system: High-pressure gun – at the end of the gun is a source of ignition, either a:

Answer 291

• Pilot light -or-

* (More often), 2 high voltage electrodes – that create an electric arc like a spark plug.

Question 292

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Oil Burners: Their Operation & Hazards (NC #292)

High-pressure gun – at the end of the gun is a source of ignition, either a pilot light or more often, 2 high-voltage electrodes that create an electric arc like a spark plug. Voltage of electrodes is:

Answer 292

5,000 or more volts

Question 293

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Oil Burners: Their Operation & Hazards (NC #293)

The oil burner → the oil-handling system: High-pressure gun – With fuel & oxygen present, a signal is needed to light the pilot & begin the chain reaction, producing fire. This fire when it occurs, is meant to take place within the:

Answer 293

Firebox

Question 294

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Oil Burners: Their Operation & Hazards (NC #294)

The oil burner → the oil-handling system: High-pressure gun – the firebox is:

Answer 294

• A chamber lined w/ firebrick to control the fire within.

* (When fire occurs, takes place within)

Question 295

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Oil Burners: Their Operation & Hazards (NC #295)

The oil burner → the oil-handling system: Inside the firebox are ___, around which the heated air flows (cont. on nc):

Answer 295

Coils

Question 296

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Oil Burners: Their Operation & Hazards (NC #296)

The oil burner → the oil-handling system: Inside the firebox are coils, around which the heated air flows. The heat is transferred to the ___ within these coils:

Answer 296

• Water.

* Water then used to warm the premises or perform a work function.

Question 297

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Oil Burners: Their Operation & Hazards (NC #297)

The oil burner → the oil-handling system: High-pressure gun – The unused heat and gases formed in combustion rise out of the burner into the___:

Answer 297

Smoke pipe

Question 298

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Oil Burners: Their Operation & Hazards (NC #298)

The oil burner → the oil-handling system: High-pressure gun – The unused heat and gases formed in combustion rise out of the burner into the smoke pipe, which is:

Answer 298

• A metal duct –

* Connects burner to the chimney

Question 299

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Oil Burners: Their Operation & Hazards (NC #299)

The oil burner → The control system: The main or primary control features a starting circuit and a running circuit that control the operation of the:

Answer 299

• Fuel pump,
• Fan, &
• Igniter.

Question 300

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Oil Burners: Their Operation & Hazards (NC #300)

F19-21: The control system on a typical residential burner has variety of sensors that are designed to the burner functioning smoothly. These include (4). Which is usually painted red? Which is switch FFs should concern themselves with?

Answer 300

• Thermostats,
• Aquastats
• Pressuretrols

• Emergency shut off switch – (RED & only switch FFs should concern selves with)

Question 301

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Oil Burners: Their Operation & Hazards (NC #301)

The oil burner → The control system: The main or primary control features a starting & running circuit that control the operation of the fuel pump, fan & igniter. It also has a safety circuit, which shuts down the fan and pump if:

Answer 301

• The igniter malfunctions -or-

* Fails to light after 90 seconds.

Question 302

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Oil Burners: Their Operation & Hazards (NC #302)

The oil burner → The control system: The ___ is the most common of the limit controls:

Answer 302

Thermostat

Question 303

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Oil Burners: Their Operation & Hazards (NC #303)

The oil burner → The control system: The thermostat is the most common of the limit controls. Its function is to:

Answer 303

Send a signal to the burner that the fire is required.

Question 304

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Oil Burners: Their Operation & Hazards (NC #304)

The oil burner → The control system: When the thermostat senses a ___, it goes in the on position. When the ___ has been satisfied, it goes to the off position:

Answer 304

• Demand for heat

* Heat demand

Question 305

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Oil Burners: Their Operation & Hazards (NC #305)

The oil burner → The control system: There are 2 other limit switches you may encounter; the Pressuretrol & the Aquastat. The Pressuretrol is used to sense:

Answer 305

• Pressure w/in a steam system

* May have max & min setting

Question 306

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Oil Burners: Their Operation & Hazards (NC #306)

Limit switches - The Pressuretrol is used to sense pressure within a steam system, may have a minimum as well as a maximum setting. The max setting, usually only setting used in ___ occupancies, shuts down burner high pressures that could ___:

Answer 306

• Residential occupancies.

* Rupture the piping.

Question 307

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Oil Burners: Their Operation & Hazards (NC #307)

(CFPC) – In some cases, large commercial applications, there may be some processes that require a steady supply of steam at a useful pressure. In this case, the ___ setting (of the Pressuretrol) may keep the burner operating even though there is not need for heating the premises.

Answer 307

Low setting

Question 308

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Oil Burners: Their Operation & Hazards (NC #308)

The oil burner → The control system: There are 2 other limit switches you may encounter; the Pressuretrol & the Aquastat. Aquastats are often found on ___ systems:

Answer 308

Steam & hot-water systems

Question 309

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Oil Burners: Their Operation & Hazards (NC #309)

The oil burner → The control system: Aquastats often found on hot-water and steam systems. They perform roughly the same function as the thermostat and Pressuretrol, which is to:

Answer 309

• Keep the temperature of the water within set limits,

* By turning the burner on and off.

Question 310

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Oil Burners: Their Operation & Hazards (NC #310)

The oil burner → The control system: Limit switches - the Pressuretrol, the Aquastat & the thermostat – all 3 controls send their message through the:

Answer 310

Primary control

Question 311

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Oil Burners: Their Operation & Hazards (NC #311)

The oil burner → The control system: The ___, is extremely important for the FD, for it is the preferred means of interrupting the operation of the burner.

Answer 311

The remote control, or emergency switch.

Question 312

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Oil Burners: Their Operation & Hazards (NC #312)

The oil burner → The control system: The emergency switch cuts all power to (which 3 items):

Answer 312

• Pump
• Fan
• Igniter

Question 313

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Oil Burners: Their Operation & Hazards (NC #313)

The oil burner → The control system: The emergency switch cuts all power to the pump, fan & igniter – usually from a relatively safe area such as:

Answer 313

• The top of the cellar stairs -or-

* Outside the burner room.

Question 314

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Oil Burners: Their Operation & Hazards (NC #314)

The oil burner → The control system: A stack switch is a ___ (what kind of) switch: (cont. on NC 316)

Answer 314

Bimetallic

Question 315

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Oil Burners: Their Operation & Hazards (NC #315)

The oil burner → The control system: What sends a signal to the burner that the fire is required:

Answer 315

The thermostat

Question 316

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Oil Burners: Their Operation & Hazards (NC #316)

The oil burner → The control system: A stack switch is a bimetallic strip that is designed to:

Answer 316

Sense the presence of smoke and heat in the smoke pipe.

Question 317

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Oil Burners: Their Operation & Hazards (NC #317)

The oil burner → The control system: During the initial call for heat, the ___ operates as the starting circuit.

Answer 317

Primary control

Question 318

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Oil Burners: Their Operation & Hazards (NC #318)

During the initial call for heat, the primary control operates as the starting circuit; that is, oil pressure & airflow are built up and the arc or pilot flame is started. If the oil ignites & the heat flows up the stack – the stack senses this and switches the primary control to the:

Answer 318

Running circuit – stopping the pilot flame or arc.

Question 319

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Oil Burners: Their Operation & Hazards (NC #319)

The oil burner → The control system: The main purpose of the stack switch is to:

Answer 319

• Act as a safeguard.

* Keeping the oil & air mixture from building up in the box if no fire is present.

Question 320

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Oil Burners: Their Operation & Hazards (NC #320)

(CFPC) – Main purpose of the stack switch is to act as a safeguard. Keeping the oil & air mixture from building up in the box if no fire is present – it does this by:

Answer 320

Stopping power to the pump and fan.

Question 321

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Oil Burners: Their Operation & Hazards (NC #321)

The oil burner → The control system: On newer burners, the stack switch may be replaced by a ___, serving the same purpose:

Answer 321

Infrared sensor at the burner head

Question 322

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies

Section: Oil Burners: Their Operation & Hazards (NC #322)

Potential burner problems → The 1st & probably easiest problem to handle is the:

Answer 322

Smoking burner

Question 323

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Oil Burners: Their Operation & Hazards (NC #323)

Potential burner problems → To burn cleanly, oil requires (2 things):

Answer 323

• Proper dispersion (atomization) &

* The proper ratio of air to fuel.

Question 324

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Oil Burners: Their Operation & Hazards (NC #324)

Potential burner problems → To burn cleanly, oil requires, proper dispersion (atomization) and the proper ratio of air to fuel. No. 2 oil must be burned with ___ of air to burn efficiently:

Answer 324

• 2,000 cu ft of air

* (If anything interferes with this ratio will likely be soot).

Question 325

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Oil Burners: Their Operation & Hazards (NC #325)

Potential burner problems → Soot can result from (any of 4). The smoke may back up out of the firebox – prompting owner to contact FD.

Answer 325

• Clogged nozzles
• Clogged air supplies
• Worn-out pump
• Fan motors

Question 326

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Oil Burners: Their Operation & Hazards (NC #326)

Potential burner problems → Smoking burner (problem) – Soot may make smoke back up out of firebox, prompting owner to call FD. FD procedures:

Answer 326

• On approach - observe chimney for thick smoke (burners operating properly burn cleanly)
• On arrival – Verify from occupants cause 4 alarm
• Make quick size-up
• Locate & turn off emergency switch
• Turn off oil tank valve/exam to verify cause is minor
• Advise occupant of need for adjustment by qualified serviceman – preferably in writing; keep copy in event owner turns back on w/ out it serviced.

Question 327

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Oil Burners: Their Operation & Hazards (NC #327)

Potential burner problems → The 2nd condition FD is often called out is delayed ignition, aka:

Answer 327

• Kickback.

* 1st problem – smoking burner.

Question 328

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Oil Burners: Their Operation & Hazards (NC #328)

Potential burner problems → Delayed ignition, aka kickback is when:

Answer 328

• Thermostat calls for heat, begins to start cycle.
• Oil & air are discharged into the firebox.
• For some reason – ignition doesn’t occur immediately.

Question 329

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Oil Burners: Their Operation & Hazards (NC #329)

(CFPC) - Delayed ignition (aka kickback) – thermostat calls for heat, oil & air discharged into firebox - but ignition doesn’t occur immediately. Oil vapors fill chamber & travel up the smoke pipe, while the primary control is trying to (at same time) to recycle the start up. If successful & does produce ignition source, then:

Answer 329

• Entire cloud of oil vapor will ignite almost at once.
• This is accompanied by loud thud – similar to explosion.
• Which can knock the smoke pipe loose from chimney or blow open the burner door – either allow smoke to enter the burner room.

Question 330

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Oil Burners: Their Operation & Hazards (NC #330)

Potential burner problems → (CFPC) – Burning oil may also have pooled into the bottom of the firebox or run out onto the floor. If fire has extended to nearby combustibles, handle the incident as a ___ fire, keeping in mind that the burner must be controlled by shutting down __:

Answer 330

• Cellar fire

* Power & fuel

Question 331

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Oil Burners: Their Operation & Hazards (NC #331)

Potential burner problems → Delayed ignition (aka kickback) – More often, the fire is confined to the burner & immediate area. Tenants frequently report an:

Answer 331

Explosion in the cellar

Question 332

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Oil Burners: Their Operation & Hazards (NC #332)

Potential burner problems → Delayed ignition (aka kickback) – Tenants frequently report an explosion in the cellar. After arriving units are met by occupants reporting loud bang & thick black smoke – At such incident FFs should take following steps:

Answer 332

1. Shut off remote control
2. Enter basement to examine area
3. Stretch a line as back up
4. Use portable extinguisher (next card)
5. Vent
6. Shut off oil at the tank
7. Examine area for extension o fire
8. Advise owner in writing – to call technician.

Question 333

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Oil Burners: Their Operation & Hazards (NC #333)

Potential burner problems → Delayed ignition (aka kickback) – CFPC – Step #4 – Use a handline or portable extinguisher – which extinguisher only if ___. Which extinguishers can be used:

Answer 333

• Only if oil is burning outside the burner.

* AFFF, Dry Chemical, CO2

Question 334

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Oil Burners: Their Operation & Hazards (NC #334)

Potential burner problems → Delayed ignition (aka kickback) – If the fire is burning inside the firebox, actions are:

Answer 334

• Allow fire to burn itself out.
• (Using water or dry chemical inside firebox may do unnecessary damage)
• (Firebox is supposed to have fire in it).

Question 335

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Oil Burners: Their Operation & Hazards (NC #335)

Potential burner problems → Delayed ignition (aka kickback) – (CFPC) – Water & foam in particular are dangerous, why:

Answer 335

• Cooling hot cast iron w/ water can of foam can cause the box to crack
• Allowing steam, hot water or both to burn FFs.

Question 336

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Oil Burners: Their Operation & Hazards (NC #336)

The least common oil burner response, is also the most dangerous. In the case of the ___, a truly life-threatening emergency exists for both occupants & FFs:

Answer 336

The white ghost

Question 337

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Oil Burners: Their Operation & Hazards (NC #337)

The white ghost → A white ghost a cloud of:

Answer 337

• Vaporized oil and air, and;
• Heated above its flashpoint & out of its container →
• Looking for a source of ignition.

Question 338

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Oil Burners: Their Operation & Hazards (NC #338)

White ghost cloud is usually produced when:

Answer 338

• Burner that’s been running at peak for long period shuts down →
• And is shortly thereafter called on for more heat.

Question 339

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Oil Burners: Their Operation & Hazards (NC #339)

The white ghost → Fairly common during:

Answer 339

Severe cold spells

Question 340

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Oil Burners: Their Operation & Hazards (NC #340)

White ghost if fairly common during severe cold spells. If there is a delay in ignition, the air/oil mixture in the firebox is vaporized by the highly heated walls of the burner, creating a:

Answer 340

Fog like mist w/ smell of fuel oil

Question 341

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Oil Burners: Their Operation & Hazards (NC #341)

The white ghost → (CFPC) – The vaporization cause the mixture (oil-air) to expand, filling surroundings with a highly flammable combination of heated:

Answer 341

Vapor & air

Question 342

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Oil Burners: Their Operation & Hazards (NC #342)

The white ghost → (CFPC) – The vaporization cause the mixture (oil-air) to expand, filling surroundings with a highly flammable combination of heated vapor & air. If this finds an ignition source, there will be a:

Answer 342

Fuel-air explosion – than can blow down walls and floors.

Question 343

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Oil Burners: Their Operation & Hazards (NC #343)

• The white ghost → Fire units encountering – use ___ nozzle as protection:
• Vent in a low area, using ___ to clear low-lying areas, venting to safe locations.

Answer 343

• Fog nozzle open in a wide pattern.

* Positive pressure fans.

Question 344

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Oil Burners: Their Operation & Hazards (NC #344)

The white ghost → Fire units encountering this situation (white ghost) should immediately take the following steps to prevent ignition and to protect life:

Answer 344

1. Evacuate bldg immediately
2. Don’t enter cloud for any reason
3. Shut down remote control – use SCBA & wide fog for protection
4. Use fog to saturate & cool cloud
5. Vent area – PPV to clear low-lying areas.
6. Secure other ignition sources
7. Shut off fuel.

Question 345

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Oil Burners: Their Operation & Hazards (NC #346)

Oil burner incidents bring numerous responses during the winter season. By in large, they are routine alarms that result in ___ when handled properly:

Answer 345

Minor damage

Question 346

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Oil Burners: Their Operation & Hazards (NC #347)

(CFPC) – If basic, necessary procedures aren’t followed – excessive property damage, injury & death may ensue. Wear ___ & call for a ___ if you have any doubt of the severity of the emergency:

Answer 346

• SCBA

* Handline

Question 347

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Oil Burners: Their Operation & Hazards (NC #348)

Roach bombs → Another increasingly common source of fuel-air explosions are roach bombs. These incidents involve a:

Answer 347

• Container of insecticide,

* Designed to disperse cloud of insect-killing vapor inside home or apartment.

Question 348

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Oil Burners: Their Operation & Hazards (NC #349)

Roach bombs → Vapors are flammable. If conditions are right, explosion can occur that can blow down walls or floors. The containers (of insecticide) contain a written warning to be sure to:

Answer 348

Turn off all sources of ignition before activating the spray cylinder that locks on – this is sometimes overlooked.

Question 349

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Oil Burners: Their Operation & Hazards (NC #350)

Containers (of insecticide) contain a written warning to be sure to turn off all sources of ignition before activating the spray cylinder that locks on – sometimes overlooked. Most often, the ___ is the culprit:

Answer 349

Pilot light on the stove

Question 350

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Oil Burners: Their Operation & Hazards (NC #351)

F19-22: Roach bombs are insecticide-dispersal devices that fill homes or apartments with a flammable ___ mixture. If sources of ignition have not been removed, an explosion is likely:

Answer 350

Vapor-air mixture

Question 351

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Oil Burners: Their Operation & Hazards (NC #352)

Roach bombs → Multiple containers are often dispersed throughout the home, creating a flammable atmosphere. Fortunately, the toxic environment the spray creates means:

Answer 351

• Occupants not likely to be home (when vapors reach source of ignition).
• At least not in original apartment – in apartment houses, occupants of other apts are endangered.

Question 352

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Oil Burners: Their Operation & Hazards (NC #353)

Roach bombs are sometimes encountered together with another insect repellant, (that is):

Answer 352

Sulfur candles

Recipe for disaster – since the open flame of the sulfur candle is a source of ignition for the roach bomb spray.

Question 353

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Oil Burners: Their Operation & Hazards (NC #354)

Roach bombs → FFs often called to the scene where sulfur candles are in use due to:

Answer 353

The pungent smell they give off

Question 354

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Oil Burners: Their Operation & Hazards (NC #355)

Roach bombs → Encountered with sulfur candles (type of insect repellent) – Use caution upon entry. If you hear a hissing sounds, that may mean ___. Actions are:

Answer 354

• Roach bomb may be dispersing & the area may be approaching ignition.
• Leave area & evacuate adjoining apartments immediately (not likely to be anyone in original apt due to fumes).

Question 355

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Oil Burners: Their Operation & Hazards (NC #356)

Roach bombs → Encountered with sulfur candles (type of insect repellent) – Fumes are toxic, so wear mask when entering these areas. Actions are:

Answer 355

• Extinguish candles.

* Vent area thoroughly.

Question 356

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies

Section: Determining The Origins of Odors Or Smoke (NC 357)

2 technological developments have made smoke much less of a problem than it was 42 years ago (those are):

Answer 356

• Masks – allows us to breathe in even heaviest smoke.

* TICs – allow us to see through it.

Question 357

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Determining The Origins of Odors Or Smoke (NC 358)

Smoke can be a problem for FFs – knowledgeable FFs can use smoke to their advantage if they can read its message - smoke can help FFs determine ___ and suggest ___:

Answer 357

• Determine location & intensity of fire,

* Suggest possible strategies.

Question 358

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Determining The Origins of Odors Or Smoke (NC 359)

Often, the 1st indication that FFs have a working fire is:

Answer 358

A rising column of smoke – sometimes visible for blocks.

Question 359

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Determining The Origins of Odors Or Smoke (NC 360)

Black smoke suggest the presence of burning:

Answer 359

Petroleum based products

Question 360

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Determining The Origins Or Odors Of Smoke (NC 361)

Large volumes of dense black smoke at the level of the roof could signal the involvement of:

Answer 360

Roofing materials

Question 361

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Determining The Origins Or Odors Of Smoke (NC 362)

Lighter volumes of black smoke at the roof or basement entrance could be the result of:

Answer 361

A defective oil burner

Question 362

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Determining The Origins Or Odors Of Smoke (NC 363)

Lighter volumes of black smoke at the roof or basement entrance could be the result of a defective oil burner and should prompt FFs to bring a ___ with them:

Answer 362

Class B extinguisher

Question 363

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Determining The Origins Or Odors Of Smoke (NC 364)

Historically, black smoke from the interior of a residential building often meant the presence of:

Answer 363

An accelerant

Question 364

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Determining The Origins Or Odors Of Smoke (NC 365)

Historically, black smoke from the interior of a residential building often meant the presence of an accelerant. But this clue is no longer reliable because of:

Answer 364

The proliferation of plastics

Question 365

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Determining The Origins Or Odors Of Smoke (NC# 366)

F19-24 – Large column of black smoke suggest a Class ___ fire, but it has a lot of gray mixed in.

Answer 365

Class B

Question 366

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Determining The Origins Or Odors Of Smoke (NC# 367)

Common Class A materials produce a ___ (color) smoke when oxygen is present:

Answer 366

Gray to light brown

Question 367

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Determining The Origins Or Odors Of Smoke (NC# 368)

Common Class A materials produce a gray to light brown smoke when oxygen is present. When less than sufficient oxygen is available, large amounts of ___ smoke are produced:

Answer 367

Dark grey or yellow gray

Question 368

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Determining The Origins Or Odors Of Smoke (NC# 369)

Class A materials - With less than sufficient oxygen is available, large amounts of dark gray or yellow gray are produced. This is an indication of ___. Especially if the smoke is:

Answer 368

• Potential backdraft.

* Issuing under pressure & is being drawn back into the bldg.

Question 369

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Determining The Origins Or Odors Of Smoke (NC# 370)

• F19-25: The color of smoke if an indicator of the:
• Grey-brown smoke suggest a Class ___ material:

Answer 369

• The fuel burning.

* Class A = Grey-brown smoke.

Question 370

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Sec: Determining The Origins Or Odors Of Smoke (NC# 371)

Many materials produce smoke of different colors – Compounds containing oxides of nitrogen give off (which hue):

Answer 370

• Reddish brown

* (Unlikely to be found at residential or routine commercial fires)

Question 371

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Sec: Determining The Origins Or Odors Of Smoke (NC# 372)

The movement of smoke can tell a FF about the ___ of the fire:

Answer 371

Intensity of the fire

Question 372

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Sec: Determining The Origins Or Odors Of Smoke (NC# 373)

• Heavy, rolling clouds violently twisting skyward indicate:
• This is frequently followed by:

Answer 372

• Indicate extremely hot smoke from intense fire deep in bldg
• Followed by fire igniting through openings out of which smoke is pouring

Question 373

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Sec: Determining The Origins Or Odors Of Smoke (NC# 374)

Heavy, rolling clouds violently twisting skyward indicate extremely hot smoke from intense fire deep inside the bdlg. Frequently followed by fire igniting through openings out of which smoke is pouring. Andy Fredericks described this condition as:

Answer 373

Black fire

FFs should use extreme caution when entering areas exhibiting this condition to avoid being caught in a flashover.

Question 374

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Sec: Determining The Origins Or Odors Of Smoke (NC# 375)

Wispy smoke, usually light in color, indicates a fire in the ___ state:

Answer 374

• Incipient.
• (Use of an extinguisher should solve the problem before the fire poses a danger – however, be prepared to stretch line to back up extinguisher).

Question 375

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Sec: Determining The Origins Or Odors Of Smoke (NC #376)

Cold smoke is:

Answer 375

Smoke that settles or hangs in low spots

Question 376

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Sec: Determining The Origins Or Odors Of Smoke (NC #377)

Smoke that settles or hangs in low spots is known as cold smoke. Cold smoke is found in (which fires):

Answer 376

• Fires in sprinklered areas -or-

* Where fire has been fully or partially extinguished.

Question 377

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Sec: Determining The Origins Or Odors Of Smoke (NC #378)

Fires that are partially extinguished give off great amounts of ___, an often unrecognized danger to FFs:

Answer 377

CO

Question 378

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Sec: Determining The Origins Or Odors Of Smoke (NC #379)

(CFPC) – The necessity of wearing an SCBA isn’t always obvious in such fires, but essential to protect self from the odorless CO. SCBA should be worn until:

Answer 378

A CO meter indicates the atmosphere no longer poses a threat.

Question 379

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Sec: Determining The Origins Or Odors Of Smoke (NC #380)

___ often masks the seat of the fire, making it difficult to determine the fire area:

Answer 379

Smoke

Question 380

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Sec: Determining The Origins Or Odors Of Smoke (NC #380)

___ often masks the seat of the fire, making it difficult to determine the fire area:

Answer 380

Smoke

Question 381

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Sec: Determining The Origins Or Odors Of Smoke (NC #382)

(CFPC) – Since smoke normally rises, the lowest floor of visible smoke will usually have some fire on it. However, FFs should make a point of checking ___ floor(s) below this level:

Answer 381

At least 1 floor

Question 382

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Sec: Determining The Origins Or Odors Of Smoke (NC #383)

A heavy smoke condition present throughout the bldg with no fire visible frequently indicates a ___ fire

Answer 382

Cellar

Question 383

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Sec: Determining The Origins Or Odors Of Smoke (NC #384)

A heavy smoke condition present throughout the bldg with no fire visible frequently indicates a cellar fire. This is even more apparent if:

Answer 383

• Smoke is issuing from the chimney,

* Especially during non-heating seasons.

Question 384

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Sec: Determining The Origins Or Odors Of Smoke (NC #385)

F19-26: A reliable ___ is the only way to tell when its safe to discontinue the use of SCBA.

Answer 384

CO meter

Question 385

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Sec: Determining The Origins Or Odors Of Smoke (NC #386)

F19-26 (cont): A reliable CO meter should be used routinely when:

Answer 385

• Investigating responses to CO alarms -as well as-
• After knocking down structural fires.
• (The precaution of double checking w/ a 2nd meter is strongly recommended).

Question 386

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Sec: Determining The Origins Or Odors Of Smoke (NC #387)

The ___, while not as sophisticated as that of other animals, is still a marvelous sensory organ:

Answer 386

The human nose

Question 387

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Sec: Determining The Origins Or Odors Of Smoke (NC #388)

(CFPC) Human nose – FFs quickly learn to identify commonly encountered aromas. Often, the fire is detected in such an early state that smoke & flame aren’t visible. Odor is the only clue that a problem exists. This is especially true with in increasing presence of:

Answer 387

Smoke detectors

Question 388

Sec: Determining The Origins Or Odors Of Smoke (NC #389)

• Scenario – Thanksgiving night at 1145 pm.
• Respond to report of smoke on 3rd floor.
• Bldg is 4 story B&WJ apt. bldg.
• Nothing unusual on arrival – few lights on.
• No smoke showing, no indication of fire.
• On 3rd floor – 6 units w/ doors closed. Faint odor of smoke, how proceed? – Most logical step is:

Answer 388

• Request dispatcher contact calling party & pinpoint where smell was 1st noticed.
• Caller can determine – whether getting stronger or dissipating.
• Can possible aid in locating the source.

Question 389

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Sec: Determining The Origins Or Odors Of Smoke (NC #390)

Sometimes the ___ of certain fires will point FFs in the right direction.

Answer 389

Distinct odor

Question 390

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Sec: Determining The Origins Or Odors Of Smoke (NC #391)

It is important to exercise discretion when alerting sleeping families. (Thanksgiving scenario) – Pressing a nose to each door might identify the location. If this is unsuccessful, knock on each door – quick look in each apt is usually sufficient. The offending pot on a stove is usually located in:

Answer 390

An apartment when no one is home or the resident has fallen asleep.

Question 391

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Sec: Determining The Origins Or Odors Of Smoke (NC #392)

A ___ may offer another view of the structure, and it permits forcible entry through windows once the source has been located:

Answer 391

Fire escape

Question 392

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Sec: Determining The Origins Or Odors Of Smoke (NC #393)

(CFPC) - Fire escape minimizes damage & doesn’t generally affect the security of the apartment. Remember – often no one is home – If f/e is required, arrange ___ before leaving the scene:

Answer 392

• Arrange w/ PD, responsible tenant or bldg maintenance –
• For security of the apartment before leaving the scene.
• (Record name of person accepting responsibility).

Question 393

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Sec: Determining The Origins Or Odors Of Smoke (NC #394)

When entering from a fire escape, it is wisely to announce yourself loudly as ___, before you set foot inside, lest you be mistaken for a burglar.

Answer 393

‘the fire department’

Question 394

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Sec: Determining The Origins Or Odors Of Smoke (NC #395)

If you are investigating an odor of smoke and actually do smell smoke, do not leave scene until:

Answer 394

You have located the source.

Question 395

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Sec: Determining The Origins Or Odors Of Smoke (NC #396)

If you are investigating an odor of smoke and actually do smell smoke, do not leave scene until you have located the source. Can take time & effort, but its for your protection as well as that of the occupants. This is particularly true at (where/when):

Answer 395

Residential bldgs - during the evening and night hours.

Question 396

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Sec: Determining The Origins Or Odors Of Smoke (NC #397)

Confusion often occurs in larger bldgs when odors of smoke are reported in several areas. This can happen if:

Answer 396

• Elevator motors overheat.

* Allowing smoke to drift through the shaft as the cars move.

Question 397

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Sec: Determining The Origins Or Odors Of Smoke (NC #398)

Smoke reported on multiple floors → elevator motors overheat, another common occurrence is the an:

Answer 397

Overheated motor of an HVAC system – that dumps smoke throughout ductwork.

Question 398

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Sec: Determining The Origins Or Odors Of Smoke (NC #399)

Smoke reported on multiple floors → Can be overheated elevator motors or overheated motor of an HVAC system – In either case, send someone w/ a radio to locate the ___ as quickly as possible:

Answer 398

• Machinery spaces.

* (Fires usually occur where equipment is found – they don’t normally begin in the middle of the shafts or ducts)

Question 399

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Sec: Determining The Origins Or Odors Of Smoke (NC #400)

Other fires that often result in reports of smoke on several floors (besides overheated elevator or HVAC motors) involve 2 other kinds of shafts:

Answer 399

• Incinerator shafts – shaft becomes blocked by rubbush.

* Fires in trash compactor chutes.

Question 400

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Sec: Determining The Origins Or Odors Of Smoke (NC #401)

___ shafts are common in many older, multistory buildings:

Answer 400

Incinerator

Question 401

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Sec: Determining The Origins Or Odors Of Smoke (NC #402)

Incinerator shafts are common in many older, multistory bldgs. They allow rubbish to be dropped through a ___ door, into a ___:

Answer 401

• Fire-resistant door.

* Chimney to be burned at the base of the shaft.

Question 402

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Sec: Determining The Origins Or Odors Of Smoke (NC #403)

The doors to the shafts (incinerator shafts) are located (where):

Answer 402

• On each floor –

* Usually in or just off of the common hallway.

Question 403

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Sec: Determining The Origins Or Odors Of Smoke (NC #404)

F19-27: Compactors & incinerators connect to connect to vertical shafts that open onto ___ of many apt houses & bldgs such as hospitals:

Answer 403

• Public hallways.

* Doors are supposed to be self-closing, to prevent fire & smoke from filling hallways – not always the case.

Question 404

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Sec: Determining The Origins Or Odors Of Smoke (NC #405)

Fires in an incinerator (is or isn’t) necessarily an emergency:

Answer 404

Isn’t

Question 405

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Sec: Determining The Origins Or Odors Of Smoke (NC #406)

A fire in an incinerator isn’t necessarily a big deal. In fact, many incinerators have ___, to make the rubbish burn hotter, and therefore, cleaner:

Answer 405

Auxiliary burners – usually NG or propane

Question 406

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Sec: Determining The Origins Or Odors Of Smoke (NC #407)

Incinerator problems develop when:

Answer 406

• An oversized piece of rubbish is forced into the shaft –

* Blocking the escape of smoke & gases up the chimney.

Question 407

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Sec: Determining The Origins Or Odors Of Smoke (NC #408)

Incinerator problems develop when an oversized piece of rubbish is forced into the shaft – blocking the escape of smoke & gases up the chimney. The gases start to:

Answer 407

Bank down & push their way out of the chute through paths of least resistance.

Question 408

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Sec: Determining The Origins Or Odors Of Smoke (NC #409)

Incinerator problems develop when an oversized piece of rubbish is forced in the shaft – blocking the escape of smoke & gases up the chimney. The gases start to Bank down & push their way out of the chute through paths of least resistance, usually:

Answer 408

The hopper doors on each floor

Question 409

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Sec: Determining The Origins Or Odors Of Smoke (NC #410)

(CFPC) – Solution is to locate the blockage & remove it. Examine each floor where smoke is reported. The halls in these areas must be checked to make sure:

Answer 409

• Smoke isn’t coming from an apartment fire, as well as –

* To search for life hazards & fire extension.

Question 410

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Sec: Determining The Origins Or Odors Of Smoke (NC #411)

(CFPC) – The amount & toxicity of rubbish generated in even a small to medium size apartment bldg or hospitals is staggering. Large quantities of ___ are present:

Answer 410

Plastics, as well as aerosol cans & containers of flammable liquids.

Question 411

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Sec: Determining The Origins Or Odors Of Smoke (NC #412)

The use of ___ in incinerator & compactor fires should be mandatory:

Answer 411

SCBA

Question 412

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Sec: Determining The Origins Or Odors Of Smoke (NC #413)

Incinerator & compactor fires – While searching these areas, a quick examination of the ___ will reveal whether FFs are above or below the fire:

Answer 412

• Chute door
• Below fire if – smoke comes out when door is opened.
• Proceed until you reach a floor where no smoke comes out when you open the door (then – either above blockage or blockage has freed itself).

Question 413

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Sec: Determining The Origins Or Odors Of Smoke (NC #414)

(CFPC) – To free the rubbish, use ___ or ___ to try to push it down:

Answer 413

• Hook -or-

* Several cast iron sash weights tied on a retrievable chain to try to push it down.

Question 414

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Sec: Determining The Origins Or Odors Of Smoke (NC #415)

Pushing down blockage in an incinerator shaft → Prevent any part of your body from getting into the shaft, because:

Answer 414

Residents above may unknowingly drop more debris.

Question 415

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Sec: Determining The Origins Or Odors Of Smoke (NC #416)

If attempts to push down the blockage (in an incinerator shaft), it may be possible to:

Answer 415

• Burn it out.
• Go to floor above blockage –
• Ignite a newspaper, and –
• Drop it onto the pile.
• (Should all else fail – put out the fire and have maintenance personnel clear the blockage)

Question 416

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Sec: Determining The Origins Or Odors Of Smoke (NC #417)

Remember, that most incinerators have an ___ that must be down before extinguishing the fire.

Answer 416

Auxiliary burner (often gas-fired)

Question 417

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Sec: Determining The Origins Or Odors Of Smoke (NC #418)

Remember, that most incinerators have an auxiliary burner that must be down before extinguishing the fire. Otherwise, (what can happen):

Answer 417

Gas will fill the shaft and could explode

Question 418

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Sec: Determining The Origins Or Odors Of Smoke (NC #419)

Compactors resemble incinerators, consisting of shafts with ___ at each floor to convey rubbish to the basement for removal:

Answer 418

Hopper doors

Question 419

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Sec: Determining The Origins Or Odors Of Smoke (NC #420)

Compactors differ from incinerators, because they:

Answer 419

Aren’t designed to hold fire at any time

Question 420

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Sec: Determining The Origins Or Odors Of Smoke (NC #421)

Smoke coming from a (compactor or incinerator shaft) indicates that immediate action in needed:

Answer 420

Compactor

Question 421

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Sec: Determining The Origins Or Odors Of Smoke (NC #422)

Smoke coming from a compactor indicates that immediate action in needed, since (because):

Answer 421

Fire could spread throughout bldg

Question 422

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Sec: Determining The Origins Or Odors Of Smoke (NC #423)

Smoke from compactor indicates immediate action is needed since fire can spread throughout bldg. Tactics are:

Answer 422

• Stretch a charged line to1st floor above fire & operate it into shaft – if needed to prevent extension.
• At same time, FFs should go to basement and work on extinguishment.

Question 423

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Sec: Determining The Origins Or Odors Of Smoke (NC #424)

(Use extreme caution when operating in these rooms) Compactor rooms pose the following hazards to FFs:

Answer 423

• High-voltage electrical equipment,
• High-pressure hydraulic hoses,
• Moving rams that can shear arm if caught in the compactor.
• Falling debris,
• Exploding bottles & cans.

Question 424

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Sec: Determining The Origins Or Odors Of Smoke (NC #425)

Many jurisdictions require ___ in compactor chutes:

Answer 424

Auto sprinklers

Question 425

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Sec: Determining The Origins Or Odors Of Smoke (NC #426)

Many jurisdictions require automatic sprinklers in compactor chutes, but they are often turned off due to (2):

Answer 425

• Frequency of such fires &

* The difficulty of replacing a fused head in the shaft.

Question 426

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Sec: Determining The Origins Or Odors Of Smoke (NC #427)

The ___ is another shaft (besides incinerators, trash chutes, elevators, HVAC) that often travels the height of the bldg & frequently causes reports of smoke:

Answer 426

Chimney

Question 427

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Sec: Determining The Origins Or Odors Of Smoke (NC #428)

Chimney – shaft that often travels height of bldg & frequently causes reports of smoke. ___ units are clean burning and usually have no problem of fire extension:

Answer 427

Gas-fired

Question 428

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Sec: Determining The Origins Or Odors Of Smoke (NC #429)

Gas fired units – clean burning and usually have no problem of fire extension. They are, however, subject to:

Answer 428

Gas leaks & backup of fumes from a clogged or defective chimney –

Question 429

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Sec: Determining The Origins Or Odors Of Smoke (NC #430)

Gas fired units – clean burning and usually have no problem of fire extension. They are, however, subject to gas leaks & backup of fumes from a clogged or defective chimney. Fumes in this case are less odorous than those from an oil burner & difficult to recognize without a:

Answer 429

CO detector

Question 430

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Responding To Carbon Monoxide Alarms (NC #431)

In recent years, another non-fire emergency has emerged causing numerous FD responses; the CO detector. This device has been available in some for or another for more than ___ years:

Answer 430

60

Question 431

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Responding To Carbon Monoxide Alarms (NC #432)

CO detector – device has been available in some form or another for more than 60 years, beginning with:

Answer 431

Colorimetric tubes

Question 432

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Responding To Carbon Monoxide Alarms (NC #433)

CO detector – Colorimetric tubes required:

Answer 432

• Ends of glass tube to be broken off.

* And a sample of suspected atmosphere be drawn in through mechanical pump

Question 433

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Responding To Carbon Monoxide Alarms (NC #434)

In early 1990’s, ___ detectors, similar to smoke detectors became commercially available at reasonable costs:

Answer 433

Self-contained battery powered

Question 434

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Responding To Carbon Monoxide Alarms (NC #435)

Following the well-publicized (which event), the demand for CO detectors skyrocketed.

Answer 434

Death of tennis star Vitas Gerulaitis from CO poisoning.

Question 435

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Responding To Carbon Monoxide Alarms (NC #436)

Fire Officers responding to such an alarm (activated CO detectors), must have (4):

Answer 435

• Plan of action.
• Proper tools to conduct an investigation.
• Understanding of how such devices operate.
• Knowledge of symptoms of CO poisoning.

Question 436

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Responding To Carbon Monoxide Alarms (NC #437)

The most common CO detectors are:

Answer 436

Self-contained battery operated units – that look just like smoke detectors.

Question 437

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Responding To Carbon Monoxide Alarms (NC #438)

Next time you respond to a (CO activation) alarm – don’t tell occupants that their smoke detector must be broken bc there is no smoke present. CO is colorless, odorless and tasteless. Only way to detect it (CO) is with a:

Answer 437

Calibrated carbon monoxide meter

Question 438

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Responding To Carbon Monoxide Alarms (NC #439)

F19-29: CO detectors should be a standard part of every fire unit’s tool complement. They are useful at CO detector investigation as well as at structure fires, to indicate that CO levels have dropped enough to allow ___ to be removed:

Answer 438

The SCBA

Question 439

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Responding To Carbon Monoxide Alarms (NC #440)

If you respond and find an activated CO detector, you should 1st ask the occupants:

Answer 439

• Whether they feel ill.
• (Actually, dispatcher should take this step on receipt of alarm & if anyone reported flu like symptoms – An EMS unit should be also be dispatched)

Question 440

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Responding To Carbon Monoxide Alarms (NC #441)

CO exposure, often produces the following flu-like symptoms:

Answer 440

• Fatigue
• Headache
• Nausea
• Dizziness
• Mental confusion

Question 441

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Responding To Carbon Monoxide Alarms (NC #442)

If anybody is reporting (such flu-like) symptoms, actions should be:

Answer 441

• Building should be evacuated –
• Until it can be checked for CO w/ proper meters.
• There’s no alternative to testing w/ meters; if don’t have → call for them – other units, depts, local gas utility.

Question 442

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Responding To Carbon Monoxide Alarms (NC #443)

(CFPC) If you let occupants back in w/ out doing thorough examination w/ proper detection equipment & subsequently some die, ___ may be held criminally liable:

Answer 442

• 15 parts of CO per million parts of air → Over either an –
• 8-hr time frame or 30 day – (depending on when detector was made)

Question 443

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Responding To Carbon Monoxide Alarms (NC #444)

Most battery-powered units will activate either for low levels of CO over long times – those low levels/times are?

Answer 443

• 15 parts of CO per million parts of air → Over either an –
• 8-hr time frame or 30 day – (depending on when detector was made)

Question 444

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Responding To Carbon Monoxide Alarms (NC #445)

High doses in shorter time frames of battery powered units are:

Answer 444

100 ppm in 90 min to 400 ppm in 15 min

Question 445

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Responding To Carbon Monoxide Alarms (NC #446)

Unlike 120v detectors, they won’t reset quickly. Battery-powered CO detectors are designed to function like the ___, which absorbs & holds on to CO for long periods of time, releasing it slowly:

Answer 445

Human body

Question 446

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Responding To Carbon Monoxide Alarms (NC #447)

Battery powered CO detectors – The sensor that is in these battery powered units is a ___ that absorbs CO:

Answer 446

Gel

Question 447

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Responding To Carbon Monoxide Alarms (NC #449)

• Battery operated CO detectors – Have limited life spans, typically:
• Will ___ (do what) when approaching the end of their service life & require replacement:

Answer 447

• 5 – 7 years.

* Make chirping noise signaling that they are approaching the end of their service life.

Question 448

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Responding To Carbon Monoxide Alarms (NC #450)

Once you have determined there’s a potential life hazard and have removed it – you need to take steps to locate the source of the CO. Ask occupants (2):

Answer 448

• What fuel appliances were in use before & during the time the detector was activated.
• Whether they ventilated any areas.

Question 449

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Responding To Carbon Monoxide Alarms (NC #451)

(CFPC) – Start your meter reading (where) and proceed to ___:

Answer 449

• At the front door.
• Proceed to location of CO detector.

• (With minimum of 2 mask-equipped members, preferably 2 CO meters, & at least 1 portable radio.)

Question 450

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Responding To Carbon Monoxide Alarms (NC #452)

(CFPC) – Check around each ___ appliance.

Answer 450

Fuel burning

Such as stoves, oil burners, water heaters, & chimneys.

Question 451

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Responding To Carbon Monoxide Alarms (NC #453)

If you find a defective or leaking appliance or flue, (actions are):

Answer 451

Shut it down immediately and continue your meter readings.

there could be other sources of CO

Question 452

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Responding To Carbon Monoxide Alarms (NC #454)

After readings have been completed – you should begin:

Answer 452

Venting the area

Question 453

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Responding To Carbon Monoxide Alarms (NC #455)

After readings have been completed – you should begin venting the area. Inform the owner (preferably in writing, w/ your unit keeping 1 copy) of:

Answer 453

• The location & description of the source of CO,

* Need to keep it shut down until it has been repaired.

Question 454

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Responding To Carbon Monoxide Alarms (NC #456)

After CO readings have dropped to acceptable levels; the bldg may be turned back over to the occupants. Acceptable levels for residential & commercial occupancies are:

Answer 454

• 9 ppm → Residences.

* 35 ppm → Commercial occupancies where no one sleeps.

Question 455

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies

Section: Wood-Burning Stoves (NC #457)

Wood-burning stoves involved in ___ fires are also possible sources of fire extension:

Answer 455

Creosote

Question 456

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Wood-Burning Stoves (NC #458)

A severe creosote fire rapidly reaches blowtorch proportions and can damage a chimney to the point of allowing fire to the outside. (Actions are):

Answer 456

• Shut off air intake to the stove &

* Check for extension along the length of the chimney.

Question 457

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Wood-Burning Stoves (NC #459)

Creosote fire – If air intake cannot be shut off, or if a severe fire exists in the chimney – FD will have to extinguish to prevent from extension to combustible surroundings. Commercially available ___ can be placed in the fire box and ignited, suffocating the chimney:

Answer 457

• Chimney fire extinguishers.
• ABC-type dry chemical extinguishers can be used through firebox opening, directed up the chimney – but can create excessive mess in area.

Question 458

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Wood-Burning Stoves (NC #460)

Alternate to extinguish creosote fire – if the top of the chimney is accessible:

Answer 458

• Drop plastic sandwich bags full of ABC dry-chemical powder into top of chimney.
• As the bag falls – plastic melts, releases powder – extinguishing fire.

Question 459

Ch. 19: Norman – Fire-Related Emergencies
Section: Wood-Burning Stoves (NC #461)

At times, a special low-volume, water mist-producing chimney nozzle may be required. Avoid introducing streams from a ___ nozzle into a chimney fire. Why:

Answer 459

• Standard nozzle.
• The large drop in temperature produced by standard nozzles will crack the red-hot chimney flue – next time flue is used, fire will have easy path out of chimney.