Ch. 6: Sprinklers And Standpipe Systems Part II Flashcards by Chris Dillon

Ch. 6: Norman – Sprinkler Systems & Standpipe Operations
Section: Size Up At Sprinklered Buildings (NC #136)

Exit travel distances for bldgs without sprinkler systems – 100’ may be distance for a school or office. If bldg built with automatic wet sprinkler system, many codes allow the exit travel distance to:

Double

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Ch. 6: Norman – Sprinkler Systems & Standpipe Operations
Section: Size Up At Sprinklered Buildings (NC #137)

Tactics inside bldg where sprinklers not working →

Stretch handlines for manual attack
Make effort to get sprinklers operational
Immediately supply FDC & monitor effect
Alert interior forces that you will be turning on water to system
Effect on FF’s of sudden sprinkler operation – large steam or smoke cloud & red-hot water will descend on FF’s.

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Ch. 6: Norman – Sprinkler Systems & Standpipe Operations
Section: Size Up At Sprinklered Buildings (NC #138)

In case of large bldgs w/ several zones or separate systems – the FDC will join the system (where):

Below the main OS&Y (outside stem and yoke) control valve – if this is closed, pumping water into FDC will not feed water into that system or zone.

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Ch. 6: Norman – Sprinkler Systems & Standpipe Operations
Section: Size Up At Sprinklered Buildings (NC #139)

Fig. 6-18: On systems with multiple risers, the fire dept connection feeds the system below:

The main control valves – if an OS&Y is closed, you will not be able to pump into that section.

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Ch. 6: Norman – Sprinkler Systems & Standpipe Operations
Section: Size Up At Sprinklered Buildings (NC #140)

P/O’s supplying FDC should note if discharge & intake pressures fluctuate when the gate valve feeding the line is closed – If no fluctuation in pressures as valve is closed, meaning no water flowing in system, culprit may be:

Closed sprinkler valve

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Ch. 6: Norman – Sprinkler Systems & Standpipe Operations
Section: Size Up At Sprinklered Buildings (NC #141)

ASAP – send recon team equipped with FE tools including bolt cutters, and portable radios to sprinkler control valve location. If sprinklers not operating, chances are:

Valve is closed.

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Ch. 6: Norman – Sprinkler Systems & Standpipe Operations
Section: Size Up At Sprinklered Buildings (NC #142)

Recon team may be able to open valve and restore protection. Warn all interior units of this impending action, and should be directed to report ___ to the IC. And should also report any situation where:

The effects of sprinkler operation.
Water does not flow from heads in fire area (other valves may be closed or could be a break in the piping remote from the area)

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Ch. 6: Norman – Sprinkler Systems & Standpipe Operations
Section: Size Up At Sprinklered Buildings (NC #143)

If large break in piping, shut down control valve and save water for either:

Manual attack or exposure protection.

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Ch. 6: Norman – Sprinkler Systems & Standpipe Operations
Section: Size Up At Sprinklered Buildings (NC #144)

Keep lines supplying FDC charged if there’s possibility that other portions of the system are operational – this may assist in confining the fire to section of bldg already involved. Remind recon crew part of their job is to verify actual position of control valve, since a ___ may be an indication of arson

Closed control valve

* (May have to testify in court as to position of valves when they arrived and any attempts made to open)

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Ch. 6: Norman – Sprinkler Systems & Standpipe Operations
Section: Size Up At Sprinklered Buildings (NC #145)

If valves located and opened, the crew (recon crew) should:

Standby at valves, awaiting orders to close them – will close if cause severe operating problems or if large breaks in piping are discovered that render system inoperable.

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Ch. 6: Norman – Sprinkler Systems & Standpipe Operations
Section: Size Up At Sprinklered Buildings (NC #146)

If bldg not occupied & no signs of fire detected →

FD actions will depend on ___.
First, will look for:

Actions depend on size up

- Look for obvious signs of water flow

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Ch. 6: Norman – Sprinkler Systems & Standpipe Operations
Section: Size Up At Sprinklered Buildings (NC #147)

Obvious signs of water flow are:

Ringing water motor alarm
Steady flow of water from drain pipes near control valves
Running water out from under doors or down stairwells

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Ch. 6: Norman – Sprinkler Systems & Standpipe Operations
Section: Size Up At Sprinklered Buildings (NC #148)

A wet-pipe system, which is subject to pressure surges – will sound an alarm and then reset when:

Pressure stabilizes

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Ch. 6: Norman – Sprinkler Systems & Standpipe Operations
Section: Size Up At Sprinklered Buildings (NC #149)

Checking for water flow at the Siamese connection is done by:

Feeling the pipe for vibrations & putting your ear to it to listen for sound of flowing water

THIS WAS A TEST QUESTION

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Ch. 6: Norman – Sprinkler Systems & Standpipe Operations
Section: Size Up At Sprinklered Buildings (NC #150)

Words of caution when entering buildings to check alarms →

At times may be able to enter through elevated area such as roof or window
Min. of 2 members enter to open main door
Be alert for hidden hazards – open shafts, automatic starting machinery.
Be alert for watch dogs, night watch personnel
Make noise before set for inside
Advise owner (in writing) of any damage incurred

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Ch. 6: Norman – Sprinkler Systems & Standpipe Operations
Section: Size Up At Sprinklered Buildings (NC #151)

In some cases, our failure to act (not entering bldgs in which called to investigate an alarm) may allow an insignificant fire to intensify. This happens primarily in systems that have limited:

Water supply and depend on FD’s support of the siamese to ensure total extinguishment

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Ch. 6: Norman – Sprinkler Systems & Standpipe Operations
Section: Size Up At Sprinklered Buildings (NC #152)

Such systems, with limited water supply – rather than having a large connection to a public water main, these constant pressure systems are fed from either:

A gravity tank or a pressure tank

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Ch. 6: Norman – Sprinkler Systems & Standpipe Operations
Section: Size Up At Sprinklered Buildings (NC #153)

Fig. 6-19: A ___ offers very limited pressure to the top floor sprinklers

Gravity tank
(Gravity & pressure tanks are limited-duration supplies, must be augmented immediately through the FD’s siamese connection)

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Ch. 6: Norman – Sprinkler Systems & Standpipe Operations
Section: Size Up At Sprinklered Buildings (NC #154)

Fig. 6-20: A ___ tank offers the advantage of increased pressure for the top floor:

Pressure tank – resembles a giant pressurized water extinguisher

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Ch. 6: Norman – Sprinkler Systems & Standpipe Operations
Section: Size Up At Sprinklered Buildings (NC #155)

Fig. 6-20 (cont): On a pressure tank, the sight glass shows the water level, which should be ___ water and ___ compressed air:

2/3 water

* 1/3 compressed air

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Ch. 6: Norman – Sprinkler Systems & Standpipe Operations
Section: Size Up At Sprinklered Buildings (NC #156)

Depending on the hazard, the capacity of these tanks (pressure and gravity) varies from:

2000 – 5000 gallons or more

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Ch. 6: Norman – Sprinkler Systems & Standpipe Operations
Section: Size Up At Sprinklered Buildings (NC #157)

Gravity tanks & pressure tanks are designed to provide at least ___ minutes of supply:

30 min.

* (if supply runs out, FD must supply siamese)

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Ch. 6: Norman – Sprinkler Systems & Standpipe Operations
Section: Size Up At Sprinklered Buildings (NC #158)

At some arson fires, water flow is shut off after heads activated. This typically means:

As arsonist fled scene – realized sprinklers darkened their work, so shut off outside OS&Y valve on way out.

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Ch. 6: Norman – Sprinkler Systems & Standpipe Operations
Section: Size Up At Sprinklered Buildings (NC #159)

Reasons to not delay investigations on water flow responses:

Equipment may be exposed to damage.

* (Even if water not flowing, pump may be damaged)

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Ch. 6: Norman – Sprinkler Systems & Standpipe Operations Section: Locating And Operating Controls (NC #160) As soon as its determined sprinkler system is present and operating, should locate system controls & station a 2-FF team there. Control valves generally located (not always the case)?

Near the outside signs of the sprinkler system (water motor gong, siamese or drains)

Ch. 6: Norman – Sprinkler Systems & Standpipe Operations Section: Locating And Operating Controls (NC #161) Some bldgs have several zones, with valves located at the ceiling, ___ above the floor and accessible only by ladder:

15’ – 25’

Ch. 6: Norman – Sprinkler Systems & Standpipe Operations Section: Locating And Operating Controls (NC #162) Best policy to locate controls – get help from bldg personnel. If not avail – fall back on prefire plan or knowledge from past visits. In past, if 2 methods didn’t work – could look at sprinkler piping & trace it back to its supply. Design of the system was known as?

* Tree system * Farthest branches were smallest - * As pipe diameter increased, reached the trunk, and finally to the root of system where control valves located. * (hydraulic design of systems has changed)

Ch. 6: Norman – Sprinkler Systems & Standpipe Operations Section: Locating And Operating Controls (NC #163) Sprinkler systems now often designed as:

* Loops with equal diameter supply mains surrounding bldg - | * Cross-connected to form a grid.

Ch. 6: Norman – Sprinkler Systems & Standpipe Operations Section: Locating And Operating Controls (NC #164) Fig. 6-21: Ceiling mounted valves – All members should note ___ of such sectional valves as they pass by, which is more difficult to tell on modern valves than with older OS&Y valves:

The position (open or closed)

Ch. 6: Norman – Sprinkler Systems & Standpipe Operations Section: Locating And Operating Controls (NC #165) The most common type of sprinkler system control is the:

The OS&Y valve

Ch. 6: Norman – Sprinkler Systems & Standpipe Operations Section: Locating And Operating Controls (NC #166) The OS&Y (___ to close) is usually found (where):

* Clockwise to close | * At the base of the sprinkler riser near the front of the bldg.

Ch. 6: Norman – Sprinkler Systems & Standpipe Operations Section: Locating And Operating Controls (NC #167) OS&Y is an indicating type of valve – can see it’s position by looking at it. Which direction is the spoked handwheel turned to open?

* Counterclockwise – center stem screw rises and sticks out beyond valve * (turn clockwise to close – stem recedes in to the valve)

Ch. 6: Norman – Sprinkler Systems & Standpipe Operations Section: Locating And Operating Controls (NC #168) OS&Y – We can tell if valve is open/closed by the amount of the stem protruding. Closed if how much of stem is protruding?

¼” or less

Ch. 6: Norman – Sprinkler Systems & Standpipe Operations Section: Locating And Operating Controls (NC #169) OS&Y – A fully open valve should have about as much as the stem showing as the thickness of:

The pipe above or below it (ex – 6” alarm valve should have about 6” of brass protruding below it)

Ch. 6: Norman – Sprinkler Systems & Standpipe Operations Section: Locating And Operating Controls (NC #170) Large, older valves may not have been operated in decades – can be difficult to close. A ___ can be placed on the handwheel & used as leverage to assist in operating the valve:

18” pipe wrench

Ch. 6: Norman – Sprinkler Systems & Standpipe Operations Section: Locating And Operating Controls (NC #171) Which 2 devices, greatly resemble each other and serve the same purpose – to control the flow of water:

* Post indicator Valve (PIV) & | * Wall indicator valve (WIV)

Ch. 6: Norman – Sprinkler Systems & Standpipe Operations Section: Locating And Operating Controls (NC #172) At times, single valve may control all bldg or separate PIV/WIV’s may be in different zones. Both valves show whether they are open or shut by means of:

A sign within the stem of the valve reading open or shut.

Ch. 6: Norman – Sprinkler Systems & Standpipe Operations Section: Locating And Operating Controls (NC #173) PIV – normally found w/ its operating handle secured by a padlock in __ position over the operating unit:

* Open position – to close: * Remove padlock * Place handle over operating nut – same manner as if hydrant * Turn clockwise to close

Ch. 6: Norman – Sprinkler Systems & Standpipe Operations Section: Locating And Operating Controls (NC #174) WIV also has sign on stem, but instead of having a separate handle, it is most often fitted with a ___ to operate it:

Spoked handwheel

Ch. 6: Norman – Sprinkler Systems & Standpipe Operations Section: Locating And Operating Controls (NC #175) WIV – the handwheel doesn’t raise or lower a stem. Only indication of the valve position is:

Signs window

Ch. 6: Norman – Sprinkler Systems & Standpipe Operations Section: Locating And Operating Controls (NC #176) WIV - Usually chained/locked to prevent unauthorized closings. Closing WIV:

* Remove chain and turn clockwise | * (use of pipe wrench helpful)

Ch. 6: Norman – Sprinkler Systems & Standpipe Operations Section: Locating And Operating Controls (NC #177) FF’s should be able to recognize/operate the 2” main drain valve. Often it is labeled ___, and its physical features distinguish it from other valves:

Main drain

Ch. 6: Norman – Sprinkler Systems & Standpipe Operations Section: Locating And Operating Controls (NC #178) The main drain is usually a 2” pipe, the 2nd largest pipe besides:

The large supply main

Ch. 6: Norman – Sprinkler Systems & Standpipe Operations Section: Locating And Operating Controls (NC #179) Fig. 6-25: All members should be able to locate the main drain on an alarm valve. Its usually a ___ valve:

Angle

Ch. 6: Norman – Sprinkler Systems & Standpipe Operations Section: Locating And Operating Controls (NC #180) Fig. 6-25 (cont): Main drain → open this valve after ___ to speed drainage and reduce water damage:

Shutting down the OS&Y

Ch. 6: Norman – Sprinkler Systems & Standpipe Operations Section: Locating And Operating Controls (NC #181) The main drain valve is of unusual design, it is often an angle valve – with the ___ & ___ at a 90 degrees to each other:

The feed and the discharge

Ch. 6: Norman – Sprinkler Systems & Standpipe Operations Section: Locating And Operating Controls (NC #182) Use main drain valve because:

* After shut off control valve, water remains in system → * Will continue to pour out any open sprinkler heads. * FF’s can speed up process of salvage & overhaul by draining water out through drainpipe

Ch. 6: Norman – Sprinkler Systems & Standpipe Operations Section: Restoration of Protection (NC #183) Some fd’s prefer to chock flowing sprinklers & not touch any other valves or fittings. Advantageous in protection bc rest of bldg not compromised. But unsatisfactory bc:

* Different sprinkler styles * High ceilings * Low visibility * Other factors

Ch. 6: Norman – Sprinkler Systems & Standpipe Operations Section: Restoration of Protection (NC #184) Figure 6-26: Every sprinklered bldg should be equipped with a supply of ___.

* Spare heads & wrench to change them | * (Notify bldg owner when you replace a head)

Ch. 6: Norman – Sprinkler Systems & Standpipe Operations Section: Restoration of Protection (NC #185) ___% involve only 1 or 2 heads:

90%

Ch. 6: Norman – Sprinkler Systems & Standpipe Operations Section: Restoration of Protection (NC #186) Possibly installing wrong type of head – for the most part, the worst that could happen is install the wrong:

* Temperature and style. * (this should be temporary measure until contractor arrives & corrects – even an incorrect head will fuse and apply water to fire)

Ch. 6: Norman – Sprinkler Systems & Standpipe Operations Section: Restoration of Protection (NC #187) All sprinkler heads are marked for:

Temperature

Ch. 6: Norman – Sprinkler Systems & Standpipe Operations Section: Restoration of Protection (NC #188) Sprinkler heads marked for temperature. They are also color-coded to indicate the temperature, unless they are:

Chrome plated

Ch. 6: Norman – Sprinkler Systems & Standpipe Operations Section: Restoration of Protection (NC #189) All sprinkler heads are also marked as to their intended placement as follows:

* Upright * Pendant or * Sidewall

Ch. 6: Norman – Sprinkler Systems & Standpipe Operations Section: Restoration of Protection (NC #190) * If replace sprinkler head, mark location of replaced head with? * Also mark:

* Piece of bright cloth or fire line tape on the pipe. | * Also mark OS&Y valve with similar tape & leave note to check head.

Ch. 6: Norman – Sprinkler Systems & Standpipe Operations Section: Restoration of Protection (NC #191) Last step, as in all cases, direct the owner (in writing), to:

Have system examined and heads inspected by qualified sprinkler contractor.

Ch. 6: Norman – Sprinkler Systems & Standpipe Operations Section: Standpipe Systems (NC #192) Standpipe systems are sometimes confused with ___, usually by inexperienced FF’s who haven’t seen each type of system in action:

Sprinkler systems

Ch. 6: Norman – Sprinkler Systems & Standpipe Operations Section: Standpipe Systems (NC #193) Standpipe systems and sprinkler systems both usually have an FDC that looks similar, and other similarities such as ___ (2), but the purposes of the 2 are distinctly different:simplify FD operations)

Style of control valves and water sources (Note: some jurisdictions color-code each to

Ch. 6: Norman – Sprinkler Systems & Standpipe Operations Section: Standpipe Systems (NC #194) A sprinkler system sounds the alarm and actively attacks the fire – but a standpipe is a very ___ device.

Passive device – some cases being no more than a vertical pipe requiring FD pumpers to supply water to it.

Ch. 6: Norman – Sprinkler Systems & Standpipe Operations Section: Standpipe Systems (NC #195) As with sprinklers, the type of (standpipe) system relates to the:

Water supply

Ch. 6: Norman – Sprinkler Systems & Standpipe Operations Section: Standpipe Systems (NC #196) As w/ sprinklers, the type of system relates to the water supply. Which NFPA standard describes the 5 classes of standpipe systems:

NFPA 14

Ch. 6: Norman – Sprinkler Systems & Standpipe Operations Section: Standpipe Systems (NC #197) NFPA 14 is the Standard for:

Installation of Standpipe & Hose Systems

Ch. 6: Norman – Sprinkler Systems & Standpipe Operations Section: Standpipe Systems (NC #198) NFPA 14 was first adopted in ___, and remained largely unchanged regarding fire department operations from standpipes until ___:

1912 (adopted) 1993 (changed)

Ch. 6: Norman – Sprinkler Systems & Standpipe Operations Section: Standpipe Systems (NC #199) The 5 types of standpipe systems as described by NFPA 14:

* Automatic wet * Automatic dry * Semiautomatic dry * Manual wet * Manual dry

Ch. 6: Norman – Sprinkler Systems & Standpipe Operations Section: Standpipe Systems (NC #200) Standpipe Systems: NFPA 14 was extensively revised after which catastrophic fire? At this fire, standpipe failed due to ___

• One Meridian Plaza Fire, Philadelphia – 1991. * Standpipe failed due to improperly adjusted pressure regulating devices. * (3 ff’s died)

Ch. 6: Norman – Sprinkler Systems & Standpipe Operations Section: Standpipe Systems (NC #201) NFPA 14 – written reflecting tactics that were common in 1912, using 2½” hose & solid tip nozzles. When departments decide to use 1½, 1¾ or 2” hose & fog nozzles, they violate?

Hydraulic design of standpipe systems

Ch. 6: Norman – Sprinkler Systems & Standpipe Operations Section: Standpipe Systems (NC #202) Vast majority of standpipe equipped buildings were built under ___ (which) standards:

Pre-1993 standards

Ch. 6: Norman – Sprinkler Systems & Standpipe Operations Section: Standpipe Systems (NC #203) A basic standpipe system is as simple as:

A vertical pipe w/ valved outlets on each floor to connect hose.

Ch. 6: Norman – Sprinkler Systems & Standpipe Operations Section: Standpipe Systems (NC #204) A manual-dry standpipe is a system in which water is only in the system when:

When FD pumps into it.

Ch. 6: Norman – Sprinkler Systems & Standpipe Operations Section: Standpipe Systems (NC #205) Possible locations for manual-dry standpipe systems:

* Adjoining to front fire escape balcony rather than inside – old and considered unusable * Bldgs under const – where no heat is provided (common)

Ch. 6: Norman – Sprinkler Systems & Standpipe Operations Section: Standpipe Systems (NC #206) Problems w/ manual dry standpipe systems (since there is normally no water in the system):

* Piping may not be able to withstand working pressure due to corrosion * If system does handle pressure – expect delays in developing sufficient pressure. * Subject to vandalism/theft – if brass outlet valve stole – system OOS.

Ch. 6: Norman – Sprinkler Systems & Standpipe Operations Section: Standpipe Systems (NC #207) Valved outlets (in manual dry systems) are often located in ___ areas:

* Public areas within bldgs | * (valves left open, either unintentionally or intentionally)

Ch. 6: Norman – Sprinkler Systems & Standpipe Operations Section: Standpipe Systems (NC #208) Manual dry standpipes are often found in ___, where they are subject to vandalism.

* Parking garages | * (fig. 6-29: MDP’s subject to corrosion, damage & vandalism)

Ch. 6: Norman – Sprinkler Systems & Standpipe Operations Section: Standpipe Systems (NC #209) Manual dry standpipes – since there in not water in the system, it is easy for thieves to steal the ___, rendering the entire system OOS:

Brass outlet valves

Ch. 6: Norman – Sprinkler Systems & Standpipe Operations Section: Standpipe Systems (NC #210) Problems w/ manual dry standpipes often identified during an emergency. Discouraged to install. The ___ system is a slight improvement over the manual dry-pipe.

Wet-standpipe system

Ch. 6: Norman – Sprinkler Systems & Standpipe Operations Section: Standpipe Systems (NC #211) Wet standpipe system has a small water supply, which reduces the problems of corrosion and open valves, but it is too small to:

* Supply an adequate stream – | * (FF’s must know about this in advance & supply siamese with a pumper before hose stream is put into operation)

Ch. 6: Norman – Sprinkler Systems & Standpipe Operations Section: Standpipe Systems (NC #212) The preferred type of standpipe is the ___ system:

The automatic wet system

Ch. 6: Norman – Sprinkler Systems & Standpipe Operations Section: Standpipe Systems (NC #213) Wet standpipes - just like wet sprinkler systems have source of water under pressure right up to:

Each hose outlet – prevents problems mentioned & speeds up process.

Ch. 6: Norman – Sprinkler Systems & Standpipe Operations Section: Standpipe Systems (NC #214) Where freezing weather makes the installation of wet standpipes impractical, a better alternative to the normal dry standpipe is the ___ system:

The semiautomatic dry-system

Ch. 6: Norman – Sprinkler Systems & Standpipe Operations Section: Standpipe Systems (NC #215) Semiautomatic dry system has deluge-type of valve connected to ___ at each hose station.

A set of manual pull boxes at each station.

Ch. 6: Norman – Sprinkler Systems & Standpipe Operations Section: Standpipe Systems (NC #216) Fig. 6-30: Semiautomatic dry standpipes may be found in areas subject to freezing (parking garages). To activate the system, you must first:

Activate the switch to the left of the pipe

Ch. 6: Norman – Sprinkler Systems & Standpipe Operations Section: Standpipe Systems (NC #217) Fig. 6-30 (cont): Semiautomatic dry standpipes – the quarter turn valve just outside the hose cabinet should be used to:

* Vent the air from the system before opening the hose valve | * (so nozzle team not faced with bleeding off compressed air before water reaches nozzle)

Ch. 6: Norman – Sprinkler Systems & Standpipe Operations Section: Standpipe Systems (NC #218) Semiautomatic dry system – to charge the system from the domestic supply, user pulls the box, which sounds the alarm and trips the ___ valve:

Deluge valve.

Ch. 6: Norman – Sprinkler Systems & Standpipe Operations Section: Standpipe Systems (NC #219) Although (the semiautomatic system) isn’t as desirable as the ___ system, it is superior to the manual dry:

Manual dry

Ch. 6: Norman – Sprinkler Systems & Standpipe Operations Section: Standpipe Systems (NC #220) The 5th type of standpipe is the automatic dry standpipe, which is nearly identical to a __ sprinkler system:

Dry automatic sprinkler system

Ch. 6: Norman – Sprinkler Systems & Standpipe Operations Section: Standpipe Systems (NC #221) The 5th type of standpipe is the automatic dry standpipe, which is nearly identical to a dry automatic sprinkler system in that the piping is:.

Piping is filled with compressed air and is connected to a dry pipe valve

Ch. 6: Norman – Sprinkler Systems & Standpipe Operations Section: Standpipe Systems (NC #222) Automatic dry standpipe – opening hose outlet valve allows air pressure to drop & water to fill pipe & eventually the hose.

BLANK

Ch. 6: Norman – Sprinkler Systems & Standpipe Operations Section: Standpipe Systems (NC #223) Automatic dry standpipe systems not common due to maintenance problems & they are not desirable from a FD point of view because:

Of the need to bleed the pressurized air through the nozzle

Ch. 6: Norman – Sprinkler Systems & Standpipe Operations Section: Standpipe Systems (NC #224) Sources of Supply: Sources of water, which are similar to those in automatic sprinkler systems:

* Direct connection to city main (both with & without booster pumps) * Gravity tanks * Pressure tanks

Ch. 6: Norman – Sprinkler Systems & Standpipe Operations Section: Standpipe Systems (NC #225) Sources of Supply: Important to know source of water both in:

Volume of water available and pressure

Ch. 6: Norman – Sprinkler Systems & Standpipe Operations Section: Standpipe Systems (NC #226) Sources of Supply: Where the supply is from either a gravity or pressure tank, FF has only a limited time to put fire out or get pumper to augment supply. In case of a 5000 gal reserve, a single 2½” will exhaust the tank in less than:

20 minutes

Ch. 6: Norman – Sprinkler Systems & Standpipe Operations Section: Standpipe Systems (NC #227) Sources of Supply: At least initially, (tank supply), which is more critical of the water:

Initially, pressure at which water flows is more critical than quantity available.

Ch. 6: Norman – Sprinkler Systems & Standpipe Operations Section: Standpipe Systems (NC #228) Sources of Supply: The pressure in a gravity tank-fed system is directly related to:

How far below the top of the water level the hoseline is to be operated.

Ch. 6: Norman – Sprinkler Systems & Standpipe Operations Section: Standpipe Systems (NC #229) Sources of Supply: If gravity tank is located 20’ above the roof of a 100’ bldg, there will be about ___ psi will be available at the 1st floor outlet. The pressure results from:

* About 50 psi | * Pressure results from height of the water above)

Ch. 6: Norman – Sprinkler Systems & Standpipe Operations Section: Standpipe Systems (NC #230) Sources of Supply: Gravity tank - every foot of water height exerts how much pressure at the bottom of the pipe, which is the reason the tank must be raised above the roof:

.434 psi

Ch. 6: Norman – Sprinkler Systems & Standpipe Operations Section: Standpipe Systems (NC #231) Fig. 6-31: A gravity tank as the only automatic supply for a standpipe system is undesirable, since:

The low pressures at the upper floors prevents placing a hose stream in operation until the FD siamese connection is properly supplied.

Ch. 6: Norman – Sprinkler Systems & Standpipe Operations Section: Standpipe Systems (NC #232) Sources of Supply: Reason why gravity tanks must be raised above the roof is to ensure:

To ensure at least a minimum pressure on the top floor outlet.

Ch. 6: Norman – Sprinkler Systems & Standpipe Operations Section: Standpipe Systems (NC #233) Sources of Supply: Gravity tank – raised above roof to ensure min. pressure on the top floor outlet. For every 10’ above the roof that the tank is raised, the top floor pressure goes up?

* 4.34 psi | * (for speed of estimating elevation pressures – can use 5 psi per floor for every 10’ instead of 4.34)

Ch. 6: Norman – Sprinkler Systems & Standpipe Operations Section: Standpipe Systems (NC #234) Sources of Supply: Many bldg codes specify a minimum pressure to be maintained at the top-floor outlet – very few require ___ psi or more, which is what it takes to supply:

* 125 psi or more * To supply 150 gpm flow through 150’ of 1¾” with average fog nozzle * (some codes allow as little as 15 or 20 psi at the top floor)

Ch. 6: Norman – Sprinkler Systems & Standpipe Operations Section: Standpipe Systems (NC #235) Fig. 6-32: A 6-story bldg with 100 psi street main pressure (static), may have only ___ psi at the 6th floor before water starts flowing. Situation will worsen as additional lines stretched.

70 psi (figure 6-32, p. 148)

Ch. 6: Norman – Sprinkler Systems & Standpipe Operations Section: Standpipe Systems (NC #236) Sources of Supply: ___ pumps are supposed to be solution (to overcoming insufficient pressure at higher floors)

* Booster pumps | * (many governed to supply designed flow at a pressure that FD considers low, if fire is on upper floors)

Ch. 6: Norman – Sprinkler Systems & Standpipe Operations Section: Standpipe Systems (NC #237) Sources of Supply: Relief valves or other pressure control devices are required to ensure that the maximum pressure at the top-floor outlets is no more than ___ psi, ___ psi after 1993, where 1½” occupant hose is provided:

* 65 psi | * 100 psi after 1993

Ch. 6: Norman – Sprinkler Systems & Standpipe Operations Section: Standpipe Systems (NC #238) Fig. 6-33: Standpipe booster pumps are required to have means of preventing:

* Too much pressure from reaching occupant use outlets. | * (may have relief valve that recirculates any pressure over a set psi at the top most outlet)

Ch. 6: Norman – Sprinkler Systems & Standpipe Operations Section: Standpipe Systems (NC #239) Sources of Supply: Flow pressures in your area’s standpipe system – only way to find out about them, short of flow testing each one, is to analyze:

The water supply

Ch. 6: Norman – Sprinkler Systems & Standpipe Operations Section: Standpipe Systems (NC #240) Sources of Supply: Analyzing water supply – with a cap gauge (and bucket for spillage), measure and record:

* Outlet pressures on highest and lowest outlets | * (then you can realistically determine course of action)

Ch. 6: Norman – Sprinkler Systems & Standpipe Operations Section: Standpipe Systems (NC #241) Sources of Supply: Unfortunately, in many locales, all that is required is a single FDC with 2-2½” inlets, regardless of size of structure. After 1993, NFPA 14 requires 2 remote siameses in high-rise buildings, unless:

FD permits more

Ch. 6: Norman – Sprinkler Systems & Standpipe Operations Section: Standpipe Systems (NC #242) Sources of Supply: If a serous fire in a high-rise bldg demands the use of the standpipe system – a good practice to follow is have supply lines stretched to pump into the 1st (or 2nd) floor hose outlets of each riser, bc?

* Potentially defective Siamese * Broken piping * To augment supplies * (part of Fig. 6-34, pg. 149)

Ch. 6: Norman – Sprinkler Systems & Standpipe Operations Section: Classes of Systems (NC #243) The primary distinction between (standpipe) classes is?

The intended user of the standpipe

Ch. 6: Norman – Sprinkler Systems & Standpipe Operations Section: Classes of Systems (NC #244) Class I standpipe – primary use by __ and outlets on Class I standpipe:

* Primary use by FD personnel or others trained in handling heavy streams. * Outlets have 2½” threads – mainly used to allow FD personnel to use their own hose and nozzles.

Ch. 6: Norman – Sprinkler Systems & Standpipe Operations Section: Classes of Systems (NC #245) Class I standpipe – Bldg occupants aren’t expected to be able to handle such flow, so most of the time, hose not provided for occupant use. Occasionally, ___ occupancies where its reasonable to expect a fire brigade to operate, it may be equipped with 2 ½” hose for occupant use.

High-hazard

Ch. 6: Norman – Sprinkler Systems & Standpipe Operations Section: Classes of Systems (NC #246) Fig. 6-36: Picture illustrates a riser control valve at the 14th floor ceiling. Such valves are required every ___ of height in many codes:

150’

Ch. 6: Norman – Sprinkler Systems & Standpipe Operations Section: Classes of Systems (NC #247) Class II standpipe systems are designed for use by:

Building occupants – to control minor fires until FD arrives.

Ch. 6: Norman – Sprinkler Systems & Standpipe Operations Section: Classes of Systems (NC #248) - Class II standpipe systems are provided with ___ hose. - The usual design flow for a C2 standpipe is:

* 1½” hose with open tip or fog nozzle. * 100 gpm * (shouldn’t be relied upon by FD personnel for serious interior fires – in fact FD shouldn’t rely on any bldg hose for their attack lines – never tested, inspected, often damaged or missing)

Ch. 6: Norman – Sprinkler Systems & Standpipe Operations Section: Classes of Systems (NC #249) Many jurisdictions permit Class II standpipe systems in ___ occupancies:

- Bldgs that are fully sprinklered, or - In residential and other low-hazard occupancies. - (low hazard as in terms of fire load, not life hazard or frequency of fires)

Ch. 6: Norman – Sprinkler Systems & Standpipe Operations Section: Classes of Systems (NC #250) Fig, 6-37: Class II standpipe systems are designed for used by ___. - They are equipped with (size of hose) ___ hose, - are typically fed by a ___ (size) pipe, - and flow a max of ___ gpm.

* Untrained bldg occupants, * 1½” hose, * 1½” pipe (provided limited flow and pressure) * 100 gpm – max flow.

Ch. 6: Norman – Sprinkler Systems & Standpipe Operations Section: Classes of Systems (NC #251) Fig. 6-37 (cont): Fire departments should avoid the use of Class II standpipe systems for anything except:

Overhauling

Ch. 6: Norman – Sprinkler Systems & Standpipe Operations Section: Classes of Systems (NC #252) Class III standpipe systems designed to allow FD to use heavy streams as well as provide first aid hose for occupant use prior to FD arrival – valves for C3 standpipe are either:

- Separate valves for 1½” & 2½” or | - Placing a 2½” x 1½” reducer on the 2½” outlet valve (more common)

Ch. 6: Norman – Sprinkler Systems & Standpipe Operations Section: Classes of Systems (NC #253) Class 3 standpipe system - NFPA recommends hose for occupant use be placed outside of stairwell on fire floor – this is to prevent:

Charged line may keep door open – thus filling stairway w/ smoke while it is being used for evacuation (more likely to happen when untrained people operating than FD operating)

Ch. 6: Norman – Sprinkler Systems & Standpipe Operations Section: Classes of Systems (NC #254) FD should evaluate what effect opening a stairway door will have on the stairwell. If opening door will endanger occupants of the stairwell, then (options are):

* Delay attack until stairwell is cleared of occupants -or- | * Another point of attack must be found

Ch. 6: Norman – Sprinkler Systems & Standpipe Operations Section: Classes of Systems (NC #255) Untrained bldg occupants are unable to make that kind of critical judgment (effects of opening stairway door); their immediate thought is to ___. When faced by heat and smoke, occupants should be expected to:

* Put out the fire, | * Abandon hose and flee.

Ch. 6: Norman – Sprinkler Systems & Standpipe Operations Section: Classes of Systems (NC #256) Another problem with the use of the 2½” outlet to provide a C3 1½” hose connection is the requirement that automatically protects the untrained operator from:

Excessive pressure

Ch. 6: Norman – Sprinkler Systems & Standpipe Operations Section: Classes of Systems (NC #257) Systems that have more than ___ psi at any hose outlet could be dangerous to the untrained user:

100 psi

Ch. 6: Norman – Sprinkler Systems & Standpipe Operations Section: Classes of Systems (NC #258) On 1½” outlets, some type of device (RPV) is required that will → * Restrict pressure to a maximum of: * After 1993:

* 80 psi * 100 after 1993 * (Fine for untrained civilian with ½” tip on a 1½” first aid hose – but problem when FD wants to hook up with 1¾” or 2 ½” hose with fogs & wants 125 – 160 psi to supply it)

Ch. 6: Norman – Sprinkler Systems & Standpipe Operations Section: Classes of Systems (NC #259) After 1993, NFPA 14 permits pressures up to ___ psi at 2½” outlets but still allows ___ psi as the minimum pressure:

* 175 psi | * 100 psi as the min. pressure – plan on getting the minimum

Ch. 6: Norman – Sprinkler Systems & Standpipe Operations Section: Classes of Systems (NC #260) PRVs – 1st type is simple orifice plate installed between the:

Reducer & 2½” outlet

Ch. 6: Norman – Sprinkler Systems & Standpipe Operations Section: Classes of Systems (NC #261) PRVs – 1st type is simple orifice plate installed between the reducer & the 2½” outlet. A hole is drilled through a 2½” circular brass plate. Based on ___ & ___, it is possible to determine how large of hole is needed to allow only desired flow through the gate.

* Static pressure at the valve & | * Knowing the size nozzle at then end of the hose.

Ch. 6: Norman – Sprinkler Systems & Standpipe Operations Section: Classes of Systems (NC #262) PRV → Orifice plate – The plate creates FL to create pressure on the ___ side:

Downstream

Ch. 6: Norman – Sprinkler Systems & Standpipe Operations Section: Classes of Systems (NC #263) Its important to note that pressure restricting devices don’t function to limit ___ pressure:

* Static pressure | * (When nozzle is shut, substantially higher pressures build up w/ in hoseline)

Ch. 6: Norman – Sprinkler Systems & Standpipe Operations Section: Classes of Systems (NC #264) These are best used only on ___ nozzles, also known as suicide pipes:

Open tip nozzles with no built-in shut off (note: “these” not defined in text – PRV or orifice plate???)

Ch. 6: Norman – Sprinkler Systems & Standpipe Operations Section: Classes of Systems (NC #265) Vane-type PRV – description is:

Has 2 sets of overlapping holes on a moveable plate

Ch. 6: Norman – Sprinkler Systems & Standpipe Operations Section: Classes of Systems (NC #266) Vane-type PRV – has 2 sets of overlapping holes on a moveable plate. An adjusting stem turned & holes are turned to non-aligned (closed) to aligned (open). Even w/ holes wide open, there’s severe restrictions in stream, amounting to more than:

More than half of the outlet area

Ch. 6: Norman – Sprinkler Systems & Standpipe Operations Section: Classes of Systems (NC #267) As a precaution, before connecting to hose to standpipe outlet – probe inside threads w/ spanner or other small tool to ensure there’s no obstructions. Usually, if there is anything with ___ of the thread, it will be some type of restrictor that should be removed.

Within 3”

Ch. 6: Norman – Sprinkler Systems & Standpipe Operations Section: Classes of Systems (NC #268) A member who manually controls the outlet valve should maintain FD control over outlet pressure – This M, is in radio cmmu w// nozzle team to coordinate flowing pressures. In effect this places the ___ at the fire floor:

Pump operator

Ch. 6: Norman – Sprinkler Systems & Standpipe Operations Section: Classes of Systems (NC #269) 3rd type of reducing device – entirely different design & becoming common: they are combination outlet control & pressure-reducing valves called?

Pressure-reducing devices

Ch. 6: Norman – Sprinkler Systems & Standpipe Operations Section: Classes of Systems (NC #270) Pressure-reducing devices are designed to allow:

Only a set maximum pressure through the valve, regardless of the flow.

Ch. 6: Norman – Sprinkler Systems & Standpipe Operations Section: Classes of Systems (NC #271) Pressure reducing valves are designed to only a set maximum pressure through the valve, regardless of the flow. From 0 flow to the maximum designed flow which is usually:

100 gpm

Ch. 6: Norman – Sprinkler Systems & Standpipe Operations Section: Classes of Systems (NC #272) - Pressure reducing devices – must be bypassed for FD use. This can involve removing a pin similar to that of a: - After removing pin, valve operates as a:

* Fire extinguisher. * A normal gate valve. * (Another style uses a metal tab that catches behind a projection on the valve stem to prevent valve from being opened all of the way; P.153, Fig. 43)

Ch. 6: Norman – Sprinkler Systems & Standpipe Operations Section: Classes of Systems (NC #273) Metal tab must be ___ to allow FD to use these valves for larger streams. All M’s must be aware how to operate each style of valve encountered, or may not be possible to:

- Bent out of the way. | - To establish needed fire flow.

Ch. 6: Norman – Sprinkler Systems & Standpipe Operations Section: Classes of Systems (NC #274) Fig. 6-43: Many pressure reducing devices only open part way, unless:

Bypassed for fire department use.

Ch. 6: Norman – Sprinkler Systems & Standpipe Operations Section: Classes of Systems (NC #275) During disastrous fire at One Meridian Plaza in Philadelphia, PRVs were of a type that couldn’t be ___ and required special tools to adjust:

- Adjusted - (had been set at too low of setting to provide an effective stream through the 1¾” hose & fog nozzles that were used)

Ch. 6: Norman – Sprinkler Systems & Standpipe Operations Section: Classes of Systems (NC #276) Another problem with PRVs, as opposed to simple pressure restricting devices - they incorporate moving parts that can fail. Survey by a major metropolitan city, more than ___ % of the PRVs failed to provide satisfactory stream?

More than 75%

Ch. 6: Norman – Sprinkler Systems & Standpipe Operations Section: Classes of Systems (NC #277) PRVs require periodic maintenance & flow testing. Which should be done at least every ___ years, preferably every ___ year(s).

- At least every 3 years. | - Preferably every year.

Ch. 6: Norman – Sprinkler Systems & Standpipe Operations Section: Classes of Systems (NC #278) PRVs – their use is discouraged in favor of the more reliable removable ___ or adequately pressure zones:

Pressure restrictors

Ch. 6: Norman – Sprinkler Systems & Standpipe Operations Section: Classes of Systems (NC #279) Member controlling standpipe outlet needs: • Method of knowing when valve has been opened far enough to supply pressure needed. • Means of cmmu with officer at nozzle & p/o. • A ___ is an important component of the standpipe kit.

A durable, compact, lightweight pressure gauge

Ch. 6: Norman – Sprinkler Systems & Standpipe Operations Section: Classes of Systems (NC #280) Fig. 6-46: Spring-operated PRV’s are dual chambered. Increasing pressure at the inlet flows through the center stem to the upper chamber, which in turn pushes the valve further closed, reducing outlet pressure. The diaphragm pushes the valve closed if:

Inlet pressure rises

Ch. 6: Norman – Sprinkler Systems & Standpipe Operations Section: Classes of Systems (NC #281) Before a member connects a hoseline to any standpipe system. The valve discharge opening should be inspected visually or inspected by ___ to clear the outlets of any items that are stashed inside:

Cracking the valve open

Ch. 6: Norman – Sprinkler Systems & Standpipe Operations Section: Classes of Systems (NC #282) In many areas, outlet valves have become favorite hiding places for:

* Drug dealers | * (Standpipe located in staircase provides storage place out of view from general public where transaction can be made)

Ch. 6: Norman – Sprinkler Systems & Standpipe Operations Section: Classes of Systems (NC #283) Once hoseline is connected & charged, any items in the valve will be forced through hoseline up the nozzle. In the case of a fog nozzle, this could be disastrous as debris clogs up behind:

* The center baffle | * (Similar results can occur from rust and scale being flushed from standpipe piping)

Ch. 6: Norman – Sprinkler Systems & Standpipe Operations Section: Operations (NC #284) Fires at standpipe equipped bldgs tend to become major events for a number of reasons, the first of which is:

The sheer size of a structure

Ch. 6: Norman – Sprinkler Systems & Standpipe Operations Section: Operations (NC #285) Bldg code usually specifies the requirements for standpipes based on?

* The size of the structure | * (Such as 75’ in height or more than 2 stories & 20k sq ft per floor)

Ch. 6: Norman – Sprinkler Systems & Standpipe Operations Section: Operations (NC #286) Bldgs w/ standpipes - There’s a difficulty of locating fire as well as venting a bldg that may be out of reach of ladders, or an area that is so far from windows that horizontal ventilation is useless. There is also the time factor, which is often called?

The reflex time

Ch. 6: Norman – Sprinkler Systems & Standpipe Operations Section: Operations (NC #287) Reflex time is:

Time it takes to respond to bldg and set up for operations

Ch. 6: Norman – Sprinkler Systems & Standpipe Operations Section: Operations (NC #288) Standpipe equipped bldgs → The fire has some obvious advantages. FFs need weapons to help cut down these advantages. 1st item needed is a:

Plan

Ch. 6: Norman – Sprinkler Systems & Standpipe Operations Section: Operations (NC #289) Standpipe equipped bldgs → Standpipe operations differ from routine operations (in which hose stretched from hosebed directly to site of operations, therefore the 1st item in the plan is to determine?

Which bldgs are equipped with standpipes and which are not.

Ch. 6: Norman – Sprinkler Systems & Standpipe Operations Section: Operations (NC #290) The first item in the plan is to determine which bldgs are equipped with standpipes and which are not. In most cases, this should be done as part of:

Prefire planning

Ch. 6: Norman – Sprinkler Systems & Standpipe Operations Section: Operations (NC #291) Standpipe equipped bldgs → High-rise fire w/ standpipe – 2nd thing to consider in plan is ___. Review: 1st consideration is ___:

• Location of the fire / Plan * (Will standpipe be used at all?) * (Because bldg has standpipe doesn’t mean hose must be stretched from it)

Ch. 6: Norman – Sprinkler Systems & Standpipe Operations Section: Operations (NC #292) Standpipe equipped bldgs → In many cases, notably fires on ___ (where), it may be better to stretch the 1st hoseline off of the apparatus than the standpipe:

First floor. (Normally, routine handline stretch will be faster, especially if preconnected lines are used as opposed to standpipe lines)

Ch. 6: Norman – Sprinkler Systems & Standpipe Operations Section: Operations (NC #293) Standpipe equipped bldgs → Questions to consider when evaluating the location of the fire in relation to the access (3):

* Will preconnect reach seat of fire? * Will using standpipe mean that attack team must go past fire to use standpipe? * Are stairs inline with the entrance or at opposite ends of the hallway?

Ch. 6: Norman – Sprinkler Systems & Standpipe Operations Section: Operations (NC #294) Standpipe equipped bldgs → Fires on 1st floor, it may be preferable to stretch line off engine rather than use standpipe. Above 2nd floor, standpipe is preferred due to (3):

* Time saved * Lessened FL * Amount of hose required

Ch. 6: Norman – Sprinkler Systems & Standpipe Operations Section: Operations (NC #295) Standpipe equipped bldgs → Once decision made to use standpipe – advance with needed equipment to the point from which the attack will begin, usually:

The staircase nearest the fire

Ch. 6: Norman – Sprinkler Systems & Standpipe Operations Section: Operations (NC #296) Standpipe equipped bldgs → Before committing a hoseline to the attack, first you must verify ___ and ensure ___:

* Verify the location of the fire * Ensure the length of hose from standpipe is sufficient to reach the seat of the fire (can be accomplished by quick survey by truck crew or officer in charge of hoseline)

Ch. 6: Norman – Sprinkler Systems & Standpipe Operations Section: Operations (NC #297) Standpipe equipped bldgs → Crucial for a # of reasons that attack crew locates & selects the closest to the seat of the fire. The most important reason is to ensure:

That the line will reach the fire

Ch. 6: Norman – Sprinkler Systems & Standpipe Operations Section: Operations (NC #298) Standpipe equipped bldgs → In multi-riser bldgs, systems are laid out so that each point on the floor is no more than a certain distance from the nearest standpipe. Until 1993, NFPA said this distance was:

Within reach of 30’ stream from nozzle of a 100’ line | Theoretically, only 2 lengths of hose would have been required to reach any fire on the floor from any outlet

Ch. 6: Norman – Sprinkler Systems & Standpipe Operations Section: Operations (NC #299) Standpipe equipped bldgs → In NYC – code (on previous card) has been modified to allow a point within the reach of?

* 25’ stream from hoseline 125’ long | * (By reducing length of stream, code recognizes the low operating pressures commonly encountered at 1st)

Ch. 6: Norman – Sprinkler Systems & Standpipe Operations Section: Operations (NC #300) Standpipe equipped bldgs → Now NFPA requires that each point within a floor to be within ___ for unsprinklered bldgs:

150’ plus the height of the staircase to the outlet on the stair landing below

Ch. 6: Norman – Sprinkler Systems & Standpipe Operations Section: Operations (NC #301) Standpipe equipped bldgs → Now NFPA requires that each point within a floor to be within 150’ plus the height of the staircase to the outlet on the stair landing below for unsprinklered bldgs – since outlets are being encouraged to be located (where):

At the half landing between floors - rather than at the floor landing directly adjacent to the exit door. (In other words, at least 4-50’ lengths of hose will be required in unsprinklered bldgs)

Ch. 6: Norman – Sprinkler Systems & Standpipe Operations Section: Operations (NC #302) In a spriklered bldgs, (NFPA requires that each point within a floor be):

* Outside the protection offered by stairways – out in the public hall * (This saves builder cost of putting in another stairway, but FFs carry more equipment to hook up in public hall & stretch up staircase - don’t hook up on fire floor!)

Ch. 6: Norman – Sprinkler Systems & Standpipe Operations Section: Operations (NC #303) Standpipe equipped bldgs → A serious problem w/ many codes, including those used in federally subsidized bldg programs – a provision which allows the maximum distance limitations to be met by placing standpipe outlets (where):

Ch. 6: Norman – Sprinkler Systems & Standpipe Operations Section: Selecting The Attack Stair (NC #304) When attempting to locate the seat of the fire and select the nearest standpipe, the attack team on the fire floor may be operating in zero visibility. ___ in a clear area will pay great dividends:

Intelligence gathering

Ch. 6: Norman – Sprinkler Systems & Standpipe Operations Section: Selecting The Attack Stair (NC #305) The answer is to recognize patterns in bldg design & construction, particularly in ___ buildings:

Multistory buildings

Ch. 6: Norman – Sprinkler Systems & Standpipe Operations Section: Selecting The Attack Stair (NC #306) For reasons of economy, floor plans in ___ bldgs are usually very similar from floor to floor, above the ground floor.

Multistory residential buildings

Ch. 6: Norman – Sprinkler Systems & Standpipe Operations Section: Selecting The Attack Stair (NC #307) Multistory residential bldgs → each floor requires many of the same utilities (water, sewer, gas, HVAC). Cheaper to run a common riser to serve each floor than to run separate services. Therefore, features tend to be:

Stacked, one directly on top of the other

Ch. 6: Norman – Sprinkler Systems & Standpipe Operations Section: Selecting The Attack Stair (NC #308) Survey of floor below can be carried out by the officer of attack team while crew assembles necessary equipment (if possible, survey room beneath fire room). This pattern won’t work in officer bldgs or comm. occupancies other than locations of:

* Elevator lobbies * Stairs (usually) * Toilets

Ch. 6: Norman – Sprinkler Systems & Standpipe Operations Section: Selecting The Attack Stair (NC #309) Fig. 6-48: When more than 1 standpipe riser is available, its critical to select the most appropriate one. Normally, that means the closest, as long as:

Fire will not be drawn toward the attack crew | Presence of life hazard may also influence the choice of standpipes

Ch. 6: Norman – Sprinkler Systems & Standpipe Operations Section: Selecting The Attack Stair (NC #310) Remember, that once the hoseline has been advanced through a stairway door, that door becomes blocked open, turning that stairway into a ___. In a serious fire, that stairway will be eliminated as a ___:

* Chimney | * Evacuation route

Ch. 6: Norman – Sprinkler Systems & Standpipe Operations Section: Selecting The Attack Stair (NC #311) Its usually better to use staircases ___ (where) to bring down civilians.

Remote from the fire

Ch. 6: Norman – Sprinkler Systems & Standpipe Operations Section: Selecting The Attack Stair (NC #312) Chimney effect (not to be confused with stack-effect) has direct bearing on the operations & layout of the attack crew. Since:

Smoke, heat and fire may be drawn towards open stairway door Ensure stairway isn’t’ rendered untenable as to interfere with vital operations such as advancing hose or operating the standpipe outlet control valve

Ch. 6: Norman – Sprinkler Systems & Standpipe Operations Section: Selecting The Attack Stair (NC #313) High heat or fire entering stairway at fire floor could prevent a M from standing up to operate outlet valve, which is usually at head height. For this reason, its recommended that the hoseline actually be connected (where):

To the standpipe outlet on the floor below the fire (In addition, this places spare hose down low & out of danger of being burned).

Ch. 6: Norman – Sprinkler Systems & Standpipe Operations Section: Selecting The Attack Stair (NC #314) In ___ bldgs, spare hose should always be flaked out on the floor below, if there are any indications of a serious fire.

Fire resistant buildings (Allows crew to make connections in good visibility – usually with out requiring SCBA. And if need to retreat to staircase, backing hose down staircase will be simpler.)

Ch. 6: Norman – Sprinkler Systems & Standpipe Operations Section: Selecting The Attack Stair (NC #315) Connecting hose to floor below does have drawbacks. The advantages of speed and safety outweigh the drawbacks of connection hose below fire flow. Such drawbacks are:

* Additional length of hose required | * Extra effort required to advance

Ch. 6: Norman – Sprinkler Systems & Standpipe Operations Section: Selecting The Attack Stair (NC #316) Fig. 6-51: A standpipe kit with folded hose should be readily available for areas that have bldgs with standpipe systems. It should include (hose & nozzle)

* At least 3 lengths of 2½” hose & | * Low-pressure nozzles.

Ch. 6: Norman – Sprinkler Systems & Standpipe Operations Section: Selecting The Attack Stair (NC #317) NFPA was originally developed when departments typically used which hose and nozzles?

* 2½” hose and solid tip nozzles | * (use 2½” hose in bldgs with standpipes)

Ch. 6: Norman – Sprinkler Systems & Standpipe Operations Section: Selecting The Attack Stair (NC #318) The pre-1993 systems were designed to supply a maximum of ___ psi at the top floor hose outlet:

* 65 psi * (Sufficient to supply 100’ of 2½” w/ 1 1/8 tip flowing 250 according to book – dfd flows 266) * (Doomed if stretch 3-4 lines of 1½” or 1¾” w/ fog) – due to NP & FL required, approx. 175 psi at the outlet)

Ch. 6: Norman – Sprinkler Systems & Standpipe Operations Section: Selecting The Attack Stair (NC #319) After 1993 – NFPA recognized the weakness & boosted the maximum allowable pressure at a 2½” outlet to be?

175 psi

Ch. 6: Norman – Sprinkler Systems & Standpipe Operations Section: Selecting The Attack Stair (NC #320) Bad news – Even in the 2010 edition of NFPA 14, the minimum pressure required at 2½” outlets increased from __ to __.

* 65 psi to 100 psi | * (Always plan on having minimum, not max)

Ch. 6: Norman – Sprinkler Systems & Standpipe Operations Section: Selecting The Attack Stair (NC #321) Its interesting to note that even under new standards, the 100-psi min. pressure is barely enough to supply a solid-tip nozzle through 2½” hose, since the length of hose required to reach all areas has increased from ___ to ___:

100’ to either 200 or 250’ depending whether bldg is spriklered or not

Ch. 6: Norman – Sprinkler Systems & Standpipe Operations Section: Selecting The Attack Stair (NC #322) 4 lengths of 2½” hose flowing 250 gpm requires ___ psi at the outlet valve:

75 psi

Ch. 6: Norman – Sprinkler Systems & Standpipe Operations Section: Selecting The Attack Stair (NC #323) 5 lengths of 2½” hose flowing 250 requires ___ psi at the outlet valve:

90 psi

Ch. 6: Norman – Sprinkler Systems & Standpipe Operations Section: Selecting The Attack Stair (NC #324) Any nozzle that requires more pressure than ___ psi is likely to have a serious pressure problem, even in the newest buildings:

50 psi

Ch. 6: Norman – Sprinkler Systems & Standpipe Operations Section: Selecting The Attack Stair (NC #325) Norman is partial to the solid tip for standpipe operations. They operate at as low as ___:

40 psi

Ch. 6: Norman – Sprinkler Systems & Standpipe Operations Section: Selecting The Attack Stair (NC #326) Norman is partial to the solid tip for standpipe operations. They operate at as low as 40 psi, and they offer another important advantage:

They readily allow rust & scale that often flow from a standpipe to pass though (such foreign objects can clog a fog).

Ch. 6: Norman – Sprinkler Systems & Standpipe Operations Section: Selecting The Attack Stair (NC #327) All nozzles used in standpipe operations should be of ___ design:

Break-apart design

Ch. 6: Norman – Sprinkler Systems & Standpipe Operations Section: Selecting The Attack Stair (NC #328) All nozzles used in standpipe operations should be of break-apart design, with 1½” threads located:

Just beyond the shutoff – so that the fog tip or a length of 1¾” hose can be placed in operation from the 2½” hose when required.

Ch. 6: Norman – Sprinkler Systems & Standpipe Operations Section: Selecting The Attack Stair (NC #329) The use of 1¾” line should only be permitted when (in bldgs with standpipes):

After the main body of fire is definitely knocked down, for overhaul purposes.

Ch. 6: Norman – Sprinkler Systems & Standpipe Operations Section: Selecting The Attack Stair (NC #330) Other necessities in the standpipe kit include – spanner wrench, hose thread adapters (some standpipes have iron pipe or other threads that require adaptors), as well as a pipe wrench. Size of pipe wrench:

14 or 18”

Ch. 6: Norman – Sprinkler Systems & Standpipe Operations Section: Selecting The Attack Stair (NC #331) Reasons for carrying pipe wrench in bag:

* Operating wheel of outlet has been removed, * Helps open stuck valve or a valve in a tight location, * Leverage provided helps remove struck cap, reducer or prv

Ch. 6: Norman – Sprinkler Systems & Standpipe Operations Section: Selecting The Attack Stair (NC #332) The 18-oz pipe wrench weighs a little more, but companies that do a lot of standpipe work prefer it, since it is:

The smallest wrench that has a jaw opening large enough to fit around a 2½” coupling.

Ch. 6: Norman – Sprinkler Systems & Standpipe Operations Section: Selecting The Attack Stair (NC #333) Standpipe kit – useful addition is a number of wooden door chocks. Normally the line will have to be advanced through at least ___ (how many) doors:

* 1 door * (Keeping 3 or 4 light wooden chocks in kit ensures they’ll be there when you need them – preventing problem of line binding under the door)

Ch. 6: Norman – Sprinkler Systems & Standpipe Operations Section: Selecting The Attack Stair (NC #334) At most fires in standpipe equipped buildings, search will be a major part of the operation. ___ must be avoided in order speed up the search for life:

Duplication of effort

Ch. 6: Norman – Sprinkler Systems & Standpipe Operations Section: Selecting The Attack Stair (NC #335) Members who enter potentially hazardous area should be certain that:

The door behind them won’t latch closed behind them.

Ch. 6: Norman – Sprinkler Systems & Standpipe Operations Section: Selecting The Attack Stair (NC #336) With a common spring-loaded, self-latching door, any obstruction between the ___ & ___ the will prevent the door from latching:

Latch and the keeper

Ch. 6: Norman – Sprinkler Systems & Standpipe Operations Section: Selecting The Attack Stair (NC #337) The door-latch search marker serves a dual function. The latch strap is designed to:

Slip over the doorknob on both sides of the door – thus covering the locking mechanism and preventing locking.

Ch. 6: Norman – Sprinkler Systems & Standpipe Operations Section: Selecting The Attack Stair (NC #338) The dual function of the (door latch search marker) is → When a M puts strap on door, means:

Search is underway in that area. Next arriving unit on scene would know to check with people inside that area & proceed to next area to begin their search.

Ch. 6: Norman – Sprinkler Systems & Standpipe Operations Section: Selecting The Attack Stair (NC #339) After search, strap would be released from occupancy side of door, and left hanging from the hallway or public side, thus indicating:

The primary search has been completed in that area and that units should proceed to next are to be searched.

Ch. 6: Norman – Sprinkler Systems & Standpipe Operations Section: Selecting The Attack Stair (NC #340) Fig. 6-55: A door-latch marker in place only on the ___ side tells members that the area has already been searched:

Hallway or public side

Ch. 6: Norman – Sprinkler Systems & Standpipe Operations Section: Selecting The Attack Stair (NC #341) Additional items needed on the fire floor before the start of operations include forcible entry tools & preferably hydraulic f/e tool, handlight, portable radio (2-way), 2½ gallon extinguisher for mattress or stuffed furniture fires. Min f/e tools are?

* Flathead axe * Halligan * K-tool

Ch. 6: Norman – Sprinkler Systems & Standpipe Operations Section: Selecting The Attack Stair (NC #342) Water extinguisher can may even eliminate need for hoseline if used in early stages. 1 FF may bring extinguisher and ___ for venting windows:

6’ pike pole

Ch. 6: Norman – Sprinkler Systems & Standpipe Operations Section: Selecting The Attack Stair (NC #343) The minimum number allowed by (OSHA) standards is: This allows:

* 4 person team * 2 members to begin attack while 2 others act as the safety or rapid intervention team supporting them from the stairway

Ch. 6: Norman – Sprinkler Systems & Standpipe Operations Section: Selecting The Attack Stair (NC #344) Attack team shall proceed by the most appropriate means to the floor below the fire. If fire is on (which floor), the members should climb stairs instead of taking the elevator.

- 7th floor or lower → stairs - Fire above 7th floor, M’s may want to take the elevator note: this is different than DFD SOGs

Ch. 6: Norman – Sprinkler Systems & Standpipe Operations Section: Selecting The Attack Stair (NC #345) Once on floor below, 2 M’s with F/E tools, TIC & water extinguisher can proceed to fire floor and evaluate conditions, then locate:

The fire and the best route to it

Ch. 6: Norman – Sprinkler Systems & Standpipe Operations Section: Selecting The Attack Stair (NC #346) The majority of the bldgs that are equipped with standpipes are of ___ construction (which class & name of the class):

Class 1 – fireproof

Ch. 6: Norman – Sprinkler Systems & Standpipe Operations Section: Selecting The Attack Stair (NC #347) The majority of the bldgs that are equipped with standpipes are Class 1 (fireproof), the threat of interior fire spread and the danger to life is greatest in (where):

The immediate fire area.

Ch. 6: Norman – Sprinkler Systems & Standpipe Operations Section: Selecting The Attack Stair (NC #348) All members should be aware of the importance of getting the 1st line in operation and of the lengthy delays likely to occur in getting this line operating. If ___ begins operation as quickly as possible, then remaining tasks such as search & vent will be simplified.

The 1st line

Ch. 6: Norman – Sprinkler Systems & Standpipe Operations Section: Selecting The Attack Stair (NC #349) Searches will also be required of all the stairways that serve the fire floor, from that level al the way to __. Since ___:

The roof – since these vertical shafts become flues for fire gases & people trying to descend are overcome.

Ch. 6: Norman – Sprinkler Systems & Standpipe Operations Section: Selecting The Attack Stair (NC #350) Search of stairways – especially true (previous card) of the ___ stair. Since the hoseline will block open the door on the fire floor. ___ must also be accounted for:

Attack stair / Elevators

Ch. 6: Norman – Sprinkler Systems & Standpipe Operations Section: Selecting The Attack Stair (NC #351) Rule of thumb – have a separate pumper feed each siamese if more than 1 is found. This is common in bldgs with:

* Bldgs w/ separate sprinkler & standpipe systems. | * And larger bldgs where several siameses may be found for each system.

Ch. 6: Norman – Sprinkler Systems & Standpipe Operations Section: Selecting The Attack Stair (NC #352) Engine supplying siamese – use largest hose available. Cause FDC fitted with 2-2½” females don’t mean 2½” is hose to use. Idea is to deliver maximum volume in system - On other side of wall – pipe likely to increase to ___ in diameter:

* 5 or 6” in diameter | * (2 - 2½” lines aren’t the same as one 5” line)

Ch. 6: Norman – Sprinkler Systems & Standpipe Operations Section: Selecting The Attack Stair (NC #353) In unusual circumstances (standpipe frozen, damaged, etc or where check valves in structure are stuck or riser control is shut down) – may need to bypass siamese connection entirely. In such sense, standpipe has advantage of having:

Auxiliary inlets to the system at the lower-floor hose outlet valves.

Ch. 6: Norman – Sprinkler Systems & Standpipe Operations Section: Selecting The Attack Stair (NC #354) In event of obvious damage to siamese or system is not receiving adequate pressure through initial lines, secondary supply lines should be stretched to:

The hose outlets on the 1st or 2nd floors

Ch. 6: Norman – Sprinkler Systems & Standpipe Operations Section: Selecting The Attack Stair (NC #355) Connecting a 2½” clappered siamese to the outlet w/ 2½” double female simplifies task of adding additional lines. This tactic won’t work if lower floor valves are outfitted with ___:

Sense & react to pressure increased pressure on the normally downstream side of the valve by shutting down.

Ch. 6: Norman – Sprinkler Systems & Standpipe Operations Section: Selecting The Attack Stair (NC #356) Connecting a 2½” clappered siamese to the outlet w/ 2½” double female simplifies task of adding additional lines - tactic won’t work if lower floor valves are outfitted with PRVs, since they:

Sense & react to pressure increased pressure on the normally downstream side of the valve by shutting down.

Ch. 6: Norman – Sprinkler Systems & Standpipe Operations Section: Selecting The Attack Stair (NC #357) Fig. 6-56: Consider nearby ___ as a possible source of water to feed an engine in the event a hydrant that you have already committed to is defective.

Building standpipes

Ch. 6: Norman – Sprinkler Systems & Standpipe Operations Section: Selecting The Attack Stair (NC #358) Indications that Siamese isn’t doing its job – not always obvious. Pump operator who notices that the pump suction housing is becoming warm or hot when touched, this indicates:

Pump is churning water w/ little or no flow

Ch. 6: Norman – Sprinkler Systems & Standpipe Operations Section: Selecting The Attack Stair (NC #359) An alert pump operator can detect such condition before heating takes place by keeping an eye on?

Intake and discharge gauges

Ch. 6: Norman – Sprinkler Systems & Standpipe Operations Section: Selecting The Attack Stair (NC #360) Cont. from previous 2 cards – by noting hydrants static pressure before opening gates to discharge & comparing to intake pressure when water flowing – engineer has idea of volume being supplied. Large decrease in intake pressure indicates? No change indicates?

* Significant flow | * Little or no flow

Ch. 6: Norman – Sprinkler Systems & Standpipe Operations Section: Selecting The Attack Stair (NC #361) (Cont from previous 2 cards) – Can also verify by observing the effect that closing the discharge gate has on the discharge pressure. With significant flow, closing discharge gate should increase what?

Pressure reading on the discharge’s gate.

Ch. 6: Norman – Sprinkler Systems & Standpipe Operations Section: Selecting The Attack Stair (NC #362) Good starting discharge pressure for standpipe system operations is:

100 psi plus 5 psi for each story above grade (means – don’t count 1st floor)

Ch. 6: Norman – Sprinkler Systems & Standpipe Operations Section: Selecting The Attack Stair (NC #363) If hoseline is to be equipped with a fog nozzle, good starting discharge pressure for standpipe system operations is:

150 psi + 5 psi for each floor above grade

Ch. 6: Norman – Sprinkler Systems & Standpipe Operations Section: Selecting The Attack Stair (NC #364) Good starting discharge pressure for standpipe system operations is 100 or 150 psi plus 5 for each story above grade allows for suitable nozzle pressure through which arrangement?

* 3 sections of 2½” * The standpipe * 100’ of 3” supplying from Engine to Siamese

Ch. 6: Norman – Sprinkler Systems & Standpipe Operations Section: Selecting The Attack Stair (NC #365) Use if smaller diameter hose (1½” 1¾” or 2”) requires an increase in the starting pressure, since they have higher FL than 2½” for their design flows – examples 1¾” at 180 gpm is ___ psi/100 feet & 2½” at 250 gpm is:

* 1¾ at 180 gpm = 20 psi/100’ | * 2½ at 250 gpm = 12.5 psi/100’

Ch. 6: Norman – Sprinkler Systems & Standpipe Operations Section: Selecting The Attack Stair (NC #366) Table 6:1 NFPA 14 requirements → * Maximum psi on top floor – pre-1993: * Post-1993, 2½” & 1½” outlets:

• Pre – 65 psi * Post – 175 psi – 2½” outlets * Post – 100 psi – 1½” outlets

Ch. 6: Norman – Sprinkler Systems & Standpipe Operations Section: Selecting The Attack Stair (NC #367) Table 6:1 NFPA 14 requirements → * Minimum psi on top floor – pre-1993: * Post-1993, 2½” & 1½” outlets:

• Pre – 65 psi * Post – 100 psi – 2½” outlets * Post – 65 psi – 1½” outlets

Ch. 6: Norman – Sprinkler Systems & Standpipe Operations Section: Selecting The Attack Stair (NC #368) Table 6:1 NFPA 14 requirements → Minimum flow, top floor – pre-1993: * 1 riser: * 2 risers:

* Pre 93 – 1 riser – 600 gpm | * Pre 93 – 2 risers – 750 gpm

Ch. 6: Norman – Sprinkler Systems & Standpipe Operations Section: Selecting The Attack Stair (NC #369) Table 6:1 NFPA 14 requirements → Minimum flow, top floor – post-1993: * 1 riser: * 2 risers:

Same as pre-1993 (which is?)

Ch. 6: Norman – Sprinkler Systems & Standpipe Operations Section: Selecting The Attack Stair (NC #370) Table 6:1 NFPA 14 requirements → Max flow required at top floor, depending on floor area of bldg - pre and post 1993:

* Pre 93 – 2500 gpm for standpipe only | * Post 93 – 1250 gpm for both standpipe and sprinkler

Ch. 6: Norman – Sprinkler Systems & Standpipe Operations Section: Selecting The Attack Stair (NC #371) Table 6-2 → Chart of initial pump pressures for high-rises: Floors 1 – 10, Solid Tip Nozzle ___, Fog ___:

* Solid Tip – 150 psi | * Fog – 200 psi

Ch. 6: Norman – Sprinkler Systems & Standpipe Operations Section: Selecting The Attack Stair (NC #372) Table 6-2 → Chart of initial pump pressures for high-rises: Floors 11 – 20, Solid Tip Nozzle ___, Fog ___:

* Solid Tip – 200 psi | * Fog – 250 psi

Ch. 6: Norman – Sprinkler Systems & Standpipe Operations Section: Selecting The Attack Stair (NC #373) Table 6-2 → Chart of initial pump pressures for high-rises: Floors 21 – 30, Solid Tip Nozzle ___, Fog ___:

* Solid Tip – 250 psi | * Fog – 300 psi

Ch. 6: Norman – Sprinkler Systems & Standpipe Operations Section: Selecting The Attack Stair (NC #374) Table 6-2 → Chart of initial pump pressures for high-rises: Floors 31 – 40, Solid Tip Nozzle ___, Fog ___:

* Solid Tip – 300 psi | * Fog – 350 psi

Ch. 6: Norman – Sprinkler Systems & Standpipe Operations Section: Selecting The Attack Stair (NC #375) Table 6-2 → Chart of initial pump pressures for high-rises: Floors 41 – 50, Solid Tip Nozzle ___, Fog ___: Add 50 psi for each additional ___ stories:

* Solid Tip – 350 psi * Fog – 400 psi • 10 stories