Ch. 16: Store Fires - Taxpayers & Strip Malls Flashcards
1
Q
Ch. 16: Norman – Store Fires – Taxpayers & Strip Malls
(NC #1)
Stores & similar commercial structures pose many of the same problems that ___ do:
A
Non-fireproof MDs
2
Q
Ch. 16: Norman – Store Fires – Taxpayers & Strip Malls
(NC #2)
Stores & similar commercial structures pose many of the same problems that non-fireproof MDs do, such as:
A
- Large areas
- Common cocklofts
- C-3 ordinary construction
3
Q
Ch. 16: Norman – Store Fires – Taxpayers & Strip Malls
(NC #3)
___ are much higher in commercial structures than they are in residences.
A
Fire loads
4
Q
Ch. 16: Norman – Store Fires – Taxpayers & Strip Malls
(NC #4)
Fire loads are much higher in commercial structures than they are in residences, which demands a significant increase in:
A
The fire flow rate
5
Q
Ch. 16: Norman – Store Fires – Taxpayers & Strip Malls
(NC #5)
Fire loads are much higher in commercial structures than they are in residences. The ___ is lower in stores than residential blgs:
A
Civilian life hazard
6
Q
Ch. 16: Norman – Store Fires – Taxpayers & Strip Malls
(NC #6)
Civilian life hazard is lower in stores than residential bldgs – due to:
A
- Hours of operation –
* Occupants are normally awake & able to escape if possible.
7
Q
Ch. 16: Norman – Store Fires – Taxpayers & Strip Malls
(NC #7)
While occupants in ___ areas might become trapped if they aren’t warned early enough, these areas are most often used for storage, so chances that there would be people trapped in there is extremely low:
A
Cellars
8
Q
Ch. 16: Norman – Store Fires – Taxpayers & Strip Malls
(NC #8)
Through search of the cellar is mandatory, but since this area is often below ___, there is more time to do so. Difference is that searches in CBs should not be conducted in the same aggressive manner required for (which occupancies/why):
A
- Main body of fire.
* Residential occupancies – since civilian life hazard is so low
9
Q
Ch. 16: Norman – Store Fires – Taxpayers & Strip Malls
(NC #9)
NFPA Data → Fires in commercial occupancies, with an extremely low civilian life hazard kill ___ times as many FFs per incident than do fires in occupied residential bldgs:
A
4x
(residential bldgs – where the high civilian life hazard justifies FFs taking calculated risks to reach trapped occupants)
10
Q
Ch. 16: Norman – Store Fires – Taxpayers & Strip Malls
(NC #10)
There is no justification for FF deaths in commercial bldgs when there is no:
A
Life hazard
11
Q
Ch. 16: Norman – Store Fires – Taxpayers & Strip Malls
(NC #11)
16-1: FF Deaths per 100,000 fires; 2004 – 08 (NFPA) → Vacant structures:
A
8.8
12
Q
Ch. 16: Norman – Store Fires – Taxpayers & Strip Malls
(NC #12)
16-1: FF Deaths per 100,000 fires; 2004 – 08 (NFPA) → Stores:
A
16.6
vacant = 8.8
13
Q
Ch. 16: Norman – Store Fires – Taxpayers & Strip Malls
(NC #13)
16-1: FF Deaths per 100,000 fires; 2004 – 08 (NFPA) → Public Assembly:
A
11.7
```
vacant = 8.8
(stores = 16.6)
~~~
14
Q
Ch. 16: Norman – Store Fires – Taxpayers & Strip Malls
(NC #14)
16-1: FF Deaths per 100,000 fires; 2004 – 08 (NFPA) → Residential structures:
A
.8
vacant = 8.8
(stores = 16.6)
(public assembly = 11.7)
15
Q
Ch. 16: Norman – Store Fires – Taxpayers & Strip Malls
(NC #15)
16-1: Fires in ___ bldgs are 4x more deadly to FFs than residential fires.
A
Commercial (16.6 vs. 3.8)
16
Q
Ch. 16: Norman – Store Fires – Taxpayers & Strip Malls
(NC #16)
Taxpayer is a term to describe:
A
A row of stores & other occupancies housed under a single roof.
17
Q
Ch. 16: Norman – Store Fires – Taxpayers & Strip Malls
(NC #17)
Taxpayer – Although not recognized by any bldg code, this description has come to be accepted by the fire service as any:
A
Multi-store commercial structure that is built of Class 3 ordinary construction.
18
Q
Ch. 16: Norman – Store Fires – Taxpayers & Strip Malls
(NC #18)
- 16-2: Older taxpayers often had as many as ___ (how many) stores under 1 roof.
- All were connected with a common __:
- Were built with ___ for storage:
A
- 20
- Cockloft
- Cellars
19
Q
Ch. 16: Norman – Store Fires – Taxpayers & Strip Malls
(NC #19)
C3 Taxpayers – usually 1 or 2 stories high. Beginning in the 1950s, the abundance of ___ resulted in the creation of shopping centers:
A
Automobile traveling
20
Q
Ch. 16: Norman – Store Fires – Taxpayers & Strip Malls
(NC #20)
C3 Taxpayers – Depending on the date & region of construction, there may have been either a (which type of roof):
A
Traditional wood roof or metal deck roof
21
Q
Ch. 16: Norman – Store Fires – Taxpayers & Strip Malls
(NC #21)
Newer style taxpayers differ from the traditional description in 2 ways:
A
- Newer use C2 noncombustible construction.
2. Typically built with out cellars or basements
22
Q
Ch. 16: Norman – Store Fires – Taxpayers & Strip Malls
(NC #22)
The newer style taxpayers are often called:
A
Strip malls
23
Q
Ch. 16: Norman – Store Fires – Taxpayers & Strip Malls
(NC #23)
16-4: Shopping centers are taxpayers with a parking lot in front. The age of the bldg can indicate:
A
The type of construction used
24
Q
Ch. 16: Norman – Store Fires – Taxpayers & Strip Malls
(NC #24)
- 16-5: New strip malls are usually built without cellars, which means stores themselves are:
- Cockloft is still present, though the roof deck may be ___ or ___:
A
- Larger to accommodate storage.
* Metal or lightweight construction.
25
Ch. 16: Norman – Store Fires – Taxpayers & Strip Malls
(NC #25)
The term taxpayer derives from the practice of:
* Landlords who owned a piece of vacant land & constructed a fast, cheaply built -
* Structure on land to rent out.
* Thereby, generating income, to -
* Pay the realty taxes while anticipating a future increase in value.
26
Ch. 16: Norman – Store Fires – Taxpayers & Strip Malls
(NC #26)
Taxpayers were considered expendable & temporary buildings, and so weren’t designed with ___ in mind:
Fire safety
27
Ch. 16: Norman – Store Fires – Taxpayers & Strip Malls
(NC #27)
Taxpayer definition (NC 25) may no longer be true, owning to stricter bldg codes, a taxpayer has become a general terms for:
All 1 and 2 story multi-tenant commercial bldgs.
28
Ch. 16: Norman – Store Fires – Taxpayers & Strip Malls
Section: Styles of Taxpayers (NC #28)
Taxpayers must be broken down into which 2 general classes:
New style & old style
29
Ch. 16: Norman – Store Fires – Taxpayers & Strip Malls
Section: Styles of Taxpayers (NC #29)
Old style of taxpayers have a tremendous amount of ___ material in its construction:
Combustible
30
Ch. 16: Norman – Store Fires – Taxpayers & Strip Malls
Section: Styles of Taxpayers (NC #30)
Old style of taxpayers have a tremendous amount of combustible material in its construction. Construction characteristics:
* Floors, walls, ceilings, roofs – wood
| * Exterior walls – typically brick or cinder block
31
Ch. 16: Norman – Store Fires – Taxpayers & Strip Malls
Section: Styles of Taxpayers (NC #31)
Older style Taxpayer – cockloft is open throughout structure. The partition walls are often made of ___, and usually extend how high:
* Wood lath & plaster on 2x4 studs
| * Extend to only ceiling – leaves area above open for utility connections (and fire extension)
32
Ch. 16: Norman – Store Fires – Taxpayers & Strip Malls
Section: Styles of Taxpayers (NC #32)
The roof construction on the typical taxpayer is 1 of 4 styles:
* Standard flat roof
* Inverted roof
* Metal deck on bar joist
* Bowstring truss
33
Ch. 16: Norman – Store Fires – Taxpayers & Strip Malls
Section: Styles of Taxpayers (NC #33)
Bowstring truss roofs are usually located of which occupancies:
Larger, single tenant occupancies which may appear to be part of a row of adjoining stores
34
Ch. 16: Norman – Store Fires – Taxpayers & Strip Malls
Section: Styles of Taxpayers (NC #34)
If there is evidence of heavy fire within the bowstring truss, plan of action:
* Evacuate entire bldg,
* Establish collapse zones around perimeter immediately.
* Bldg will collapse!!!!
35
Ch. 16: Norman – Store Fires – Taxpayers & Strip Malls
Section: Styles of Taxpayers (NC #35)
Venting operations on either the standard flat roof or the inverted roof should proceed as:
* 8x8-ft vent hole over main body of fire – will greatly slow horizontal extension into cockloft.
* If further relief is necessary, continue additional vent holes.
36
Ch. 16: Norman – Store Fires – Taxpayers & Strip Malls
Section: Styles of Taxpayers (NC #36)
Cutting a ___ cut on a taxpayer roof isn’t usually practical and shouldn’t be undertaken:
Trench cut
37
Ch. 16: Norman – Store Fires – Taxpayers & Strip Malls
Section: Styles of Taxpayers (NC #37)
For trench to be effective it must be cut how?
* Cut from outside wall to outside wall (or to firewall).
* Should be subdivided every 4’ – so that it can be pulled.
* (75’ deep taxpayer = 210’ + of cutting)
38
Ch. 16: Norman – Store Fires – Taxpayers & Strip Malls
Section: Styles of Taxpayers (NC #38)
On a taxpayer that is only 75’ deep – Trench cut (if was cut – not practical), would require more than ___ feet of cutting:
More than 225’
(Remember – trench cut is a defensive tactic. Would have to drop back a tremendous distance, giving up everything on fire’s side of trench to complete the task b4 fire passes it)
39
Ch. 16: Norman – Store Fires – Taxpayers & Strip Malls
Section: Styles of Taxpayers (NC #39)
Review of old style taxpayers:
* Floors, walls, ceilings, roof – wood.
* Exterior walls – brick or cinder block.
* Open cockloft throughout structure.
* Partition walls extend only to ceiling.
40
Ch. 16: Norman – Store Fires – Taxpayers & Strip Malls
Section: Styles of Taxpayers (NC #40)
Newer style taxpayers are often ___ bldgs, since there is very little to burn in their basic materials:
These fall into category of ___ construction:
* Noncombustible
| * Class 2 construction.
41
Ch. 16: Norman – Store Fires – Taxpayers & Strip Malls
Section: Styles of Taxpayers (NC #41)
Many new style taxpayers are built w/out:
1st floor construction is:
* Cellars or basements.
| * Slab construction – 1st floor poured directly over the earth.
42
Ch. 16: Norman – Store Fires – Taxpayers & Strip Malls
Section: Styles of Taxpayers (NC #42)
Newer taxpayer – w/ out basements or cellars; benefit to FD; no chimney to climb down for fire. The trade off for not having a cellar, is increased size of:
1st floor of store itself – results in potentially larger fire area.
(storage separated from sales area by flimsy partitions)
43
Ch. 16: Norman – Store Fires – Taxpayers & Strip Malls
Section: Styles of Taxpayers (NC #43)
The roof is constructed of ___ on C2/newer taxpayers:
* Corrugated metal decking laid over,
| * Unprotected steel bar joists
44
Ch. 16: Norman – Store Fires – Taxpayers & Strip Malls
Section: Styles of Taxpayers (NC #44)
Newer style taxpayers (C2) – The interior partitions are most often of:
Exterior walls are:
• Plasterboard on metal studs.
* Cement block.
* (Very little fire loading when bldg completed)
45
Ch. 16: Norman – Store Fires – Taxpayers & Strip Malls
Section: Styles of Taxpayers (NC #45)
Newer style taxpayer (C2): Unusual to get a severe fire going – don’t overlook the possibility of a ___ fire.
Metal deck roof fire
Occurs in what is just the shell of the bldg – roof, walls & floors.
46
Ch. 16: Norman – Store Fires – Taxpayers & Strip Malls
Section: Styles of Taxpayers (NC #46)
Newer style taxpayer (C2) – Little fire load when bldg is completed. Don’t overlook metal deck roof fire (can happen in shell of bldg; roof, walls, floor). Once bldg is fully occupied, the major part of the fire load comes from:
The materials stored within & the large open-floor area.
47
Ch. 16: Norman – Store Fires – Taxpayers & Strip Malls
Section: Styles of Taxpayers (NC #47)
Newer style TPs face same dangers of cockloft fire spread as older ones. In addition, there’s the problem of ___ of the unprotected steel roof.
Early collapse
48
Ch. 16: Norman – Store Fires – Taxpayers & Strip Malls
Section: Styles of Taxpayers (NC #48)
FFs think of steel as being noncombustible, which is, but they fail to realize that it is a thermoplastic metal, meaning:
* It changes shape fairly easily when it encounters fire
| * (especially true of the thin pieces of steel that make up the bar joists & corrugated roof decks)
49
Ch. 16: Norman – Store Fires – Taxpayers & Strip Malls
Section: Styles of Taxpayers (NC #49)
When exposed to fires – roofs on newer-style taxpayers can fail in as little as:
5 min
| several sources recommend conducting a strictly exterior operation on bar-joist roofs due to this danger
50
Ch. 16: Norman – Store Fires – Taxpayers & Strip Malls
Section: Styles of Taxpayers (NC #50)
FDNY modified its tactics to not cut metal deck roofs due to dangers they pose – Norman doesn’t necessarily agree with as he has cut & operated hoselines beneath them. He believes the key to success (on such roofs) is:
A coordinated attack involving ventilation & hose streams to cut the spread of fire.
51
Ch. 16: Norman – Store Fires – Taxpayers & Strip Malls
Section: Styles of Taxpayers (NC #51)
When steel bar joist roofs are exposed to fire, the heated steel tends to:
This provides warning of:
* Sag
| * Impending failure.
52
Ch. 16: Norman – Store Fires – Taxpayers & Strip Malls
Section: Styles of Taxpayers (NC #52)
When steel bar joist roofs are exposed to fire, the heated steel tends to sag. This provides warning of impending failure. Which is something wood trusses (do or don’t do):
* Don’t do.
| * Wood trusses snap suddenly
53
Ch. 16: Norman – Store Fires – Taxpayers & Strip Malls
Section: Styles of Taxpayers (NC #53)
* Steel bar joists are generally spaced closely together, ___ apart:
* Wooden bowstring trusses are spaced how far apart?
* Steel joists: 2 – 6’ apart
| * Wooded trusses: 20’ apart
54
Ch. 16: Norman – Store Fires – Taxpayers & Strip Malls
Section: Styles of Taxpayers (NC #54)
Bar joists come in lengths of ___ feet. (And from the roof – can’t tell which direction they run, front to rear, or side to side)
Up to 60’
55
Ch. 16: Norman – Store Fires – Taxpayers & Strip Malls
Section: Styles of Taxpayers (NC #55)
* The failure of 2 or 3 bar joists will cause an area how big to fail?
* The failure of a single bowstring truss will cause a gap how big?
* 10 or 15’ x up to 60’
| * 40’ x 100’ (or more)
56
Ch. 16: Norman – Store Fires – Taxpayers & Strip Malls
Section: Styles of Taxpayers (NC #56)
The key factor that allows us to operate w/in a strip mall w/ a bar-joist roof is that:
The steel can be protected against failure by applying a hose stream.
57
Ch. 16: Norman – Store Fires – Taxpayers & Strip Malls
Section: Styles of Taxpayers (NC #57)
FFs finding heavy fire in strip mall should begin a coordinated attack from safe positions. A 2½” should begin the attack on the fire store. The 2½” line offers a reach of ___. Allowing you to ___:
* 75 – 80’
* Cool steel that is ahead of current your location.
* (16-9: vent front show windows after 1st line has water on fire)
58
Ch. 16: Norman – Store Fires – Taxpayers & Strip Malls
Section: Styles of Taxpayers (NC #58)
(CFPC) – Use reach & impact of the straight stream to:
If flow from handline isn’t enough, use:
* Blow through ceilings & cool cockloft.
| * Deck gun or portable monitor.
59
Ch. 16: Norman – Store Fires – Taxpayers & Strip Malls
Section: Styles of Taxpayers (NC #59)
• (CFPC) – In mean time, stretch handlines, generally 1¾” into exposed stores on either side and begin:
* The objective of this is to:
* Begin sweeping the cockloft overhead.
* Prevent weakening of the bar joists by heat – therefore, must cool steel.
60
Ch. 16: Norman – Store Fires – Taxpayers & Strip Malls
Section: Styles of Taxpayers (NC #60)
Fire in strip mall w/ steel bar joist roof – To allow members to remain in the exposed stores, these areas must be ventilated, but this is a difficult task since the only ventilation likely to be readily available is:
* Removal of show windows in the front
* (Rear & sides of taxpayers are usually well sealed.
* (Means – roof ventilation may be required)
61
Ch. 16: Norman – Store Fires – Taxpayers & Strip Malls
Section: Styles of Taxpayers (NC #61)
Fire in strip mall w/ steel bar joist roof – Roof venting may be required. On a ___ roof, or other unprotected steel roof, you cannot cut directly over the fire as we do on most ordinary roofs:
Bar-joist roof
62
Ch. 16: Norman – Store Fires – Taxpayers & Strip Malls
Section: Styles of Taxpayers (NC #62)
On steel bar joist or other unprotected steel roof – CANNOT cut directly over fire like an ordinary roof. However, you can be (where) and cut there:
* Back away 60’ -or-
| * The width of 3 avg stores from the sagging joists to an area where the hose stream are cooling the steel.
63
Ch. 16: Norman – Store Fires – Taxpayers & Strip Malls
Section: Styles of Taxpayers (NC #63)
Strip mall fire – the key is ___, since hoselines must cool steel to accomplish their task of preventing extension or ___:
* Coordination.
| * Collapse.
64
Ch. 16: Norman – Store Fires – Taxpayers & Strip Malls
Section: Styles of Taxpayers (NC #64)
(CFPC) – If hose streams are operating & cooling steel, roof team can do their do their job providing ventilation so that the ___ can remain in position.
Hose crew
(Neither team can function for long w/out support of the other – no need to give up every strip mall fire bc is has a steel-bar-joist roof)
65
Ch. 16: Norman – Store Fires – Taxpayers & Strip Malls
Section: Styles of Taxpayers (NC #65)
A type of construction being used in the newest taxpayers involves lightweight wood trusses as the:
Roof and/or floor supports
66
Ch. 16: Norman – Store Fires – Taxpayers & Strip Malls
Section: Styles of Taxpayers (NC #66)
16-10: Lightweight wood trusses are increasingly common in all types of occupancies. In commercial occupancies, with no civilian life hazard, there should be no question about tactics – which are:
* Stay outside,
* Knock fire down with large streams from a distance,
* Ventilate without going in or on it,
* Light it up so you can see,
* Then – evaluate risk carefully b4 proceeding.
67
Ch. 16: Norman – Store Fires – Taxpayers & Strip Malls
Section: Styles of Taxpayers (NC #67)
Wood-truss roofs behave differently than metal roofs, even though both can fail in matter of minutes. The difference is in the ___ & ___ of the collapse:
Size & speed
68
Ch. 16: Norman – Store Fires – Taxpayers & Strip Malls
Section: Styles of Taxpayers (NC #68)
You should evacuate wood-truss bldgs completely if heavy fire is in possession of the:
Wood truss or cockloft
(have failed/collapsed within 9 min after FD arrival – OC, Florida)
Ch. 16: Norman – Store Fires – Taxpayers & Strip Malls
Section: Styles of Taxpayers (NC #69)
Newest taxpayers - Lightweight truss-roof systems and (their cousin the plywood I-beam) are killers, just like bowstring trusses. Tactics used in older taxpayers cannot be used in these bldgs. The only suitable tactic involves:
* Complete evacuation -and-
| * Use of master stream from outside at ground level to blast ceiling away & extinguish fire simultaneously
69
Ch. 16: Norman – Store Fires – Taxpayers & Strip Malls
Section: Styles of Taxpayers (NC #69)
Newest taxpayers - Lightweight truss-roof systems and (their cousin the plywood I-beam) are killers, just like bowstring trusses. Tactics used in older taxpayers cannot be used in these bldgs. The only suitable tactic involves:
* Complete evacuation -and-
| * Use of master stream from outside at ground level to blast ceiling away & extinguish fire simultaneously
70
Ch. 16: Norman – Store Fires – Taxpayers & Strip Malls
Section: General Problems with Commercial Fires (NC #70)
Commercial bldgs differ from residential bldgs in several ways that affect crews if first-alarm engine & ladder companies. Generally, stores consist of ___ areas as compared to residences:
Larger, undivided areas
71
Ch. 16: Norman – Store Fires – Taxpayers & Strip Malls
Section: General Problems with Commercial Fires (NC #71)
A typical store in a taxpayer is how many feet wide, deep w/ a ceiling height of?
* 20’ W x 75 – 100’ Deep
* Ceiling: 10 – 15’
* (fire has access to larger area w/ out being obstructed by walls)
72
Ch. 16: Norman – Store Fires – Taxpayers & Strip Malls
Section: General Problems with Commercial Fires (NC #72)
The 2 factors which require engine companies to use different tactics than they do for house fires (at commercial bldgs):
1. Larger areas
| 2. Heavier fire loads
73
Ch. 16: Norman – Store Fires – Taxpayers & Strip Malls
Section: General Problems with Commercial Fires (NC #73)
In residential occupancies, ___ is 1 of the highest priorities in engine company operations due to potentially life hazards:
Speed
Hoseline must immediately be placed between fire & anyone endangered by it.
74
Ch. 16: Norman – Store Fires – Taxpayers & Strip Malls
Section: General Problems with Commercial Fires (NC #74)
Smaller fire areas & lighter fire loads of homes permit the use of lighter, medium size lines, which are easier to stretch. This is not the case on CBs. An advanced fire in a CB requires:
Large 2½” handlines or a master stream
75
Ch. 16: Norman – Store Fires – Taxpayers & Strip Malls
Section: General Problems with Commercial Fires (NC #75)
Engine Companies - Advanced fire in a CB requires 2½” lines. Connect to hydrant w/ soft suction or LDH (5 or 6”) supply. This isn’t place for inline stretch of 2½” or 3”. Speed on such fires compared to residential fire is?
Little need for speed, since there’s rarely a civilian life hazard in a store fire.
76
Ch. 16: Norman – Store Fires – Taxpayers & Strip Malls
Section: General Problems with Commercial Fires (NC #76)
Use of 1 or 2 lengths of LDH by 1st arriving Engine has an advantage over a direct hydrant connection in some cases. Although won’t allow as many GPM – it allows:
Flexibility in positioning of apparatus
77
Ch. 16: Norman – Store Fires – Taxpayers & Strip Malls
Section: General Problems with Commercial Fires (NC #77)
1 of the most beneficial places to spot the pumper is (where in relation to a CB fire): And Why?
* In line with & across the street from the fire.
* This permits the use of a pre-connected MS or deck gun.
* (Be certain that apparatus isn’t placed too close - rig becomes an exposure or blocks out an elevating platform)
78
Ch. 16: Norman – Store Fires – Taxpayers & Strip Malls
Section: General Problems with Commercial Fires (NC #78)
16-11: Store fires have a # of factors that demand large hose streams, those factors include:
* Large floor areas,
* High ceilings,
* Heavy fire loading per square foot.
79
Ch. 16: Norman – Store Fires – Taxpayers & Strip Malls
Section: General Problems with Commercial Fires (NC #79)
16-11 (Cont): On arrival – heavy fire is venting from the middle store in a strip mall, a bad situation due to the need to:
Protect 2 exposures simultaneously
80
Ch. 16: Norman – Store Fires – Taxpayers & Strip Malls
Section: General Problems with Commercial Fires (NC #80)
16-12: Initial attack begun with a 2½” line, as FE is made into ___, to check for ___:
* Exposed stores on either side.
| * Extension in the cockloft.
81
Ch. 16: Norman – Store Fires – Taxpayers & Strip Malls
Section: General Problems with Commercial Fires (NC #81)
If fire isn’t blowing out windows o/a of strip mall fire, handline is needed. For serious fires, means 2½. Advantages of 2½” on NCs 82 – 86.
EMPTY
82
Ch. 16: Norman – Store Fires – Taxpayers & Strip Malls
Section: General Problems with Commercial Fires (NC #82)
Advantages of 2½ over smaller lines: 1) The volume of the water & the reach of the stream. A good 2½” delivers between ___ gpm, and has a reach of more than ___:
* 250 – 325 gpm
* 80’ reach
* (Avg. store is 75’ deep – allows FFs to put out fire as they enter bldg, cooling structural elements well ahead of their actual location & continue knocking as they advance)
83
Ch. 16: Norman – Store Fires – Taxpayers & Strip Malls
Section: General Problems with Commercial Fires (NC #83)
Advantages of 2½ over smaller lines: 2) Personnel efficiency. For initial use out in the street, ___ (how many) members will allow the line to operate & still be able to advance:
* 2
* Keep hose straight behind you as shut down nozzle when its time to move up.
* Single M can control by placing it in a loop & sitting on it - unable to advance.
84
Ch. 16: Norman – Store Fires – Taxpayers & Strip Malls
Section: General Problems with Commercial Fires (NC #84)
Advantages of 2½ over smaller lines: 2) Personnel efficiency – cont. Under typical store fire circumstances, a 2½” line can be maneuvered with (how many) members:
* 3
* TP/SM store usually has uncomplicated layout
* (Flake out hose in front of store – advance is straight & continuous, then call for water)
* (2 lines of medium-size hose requires at least 4 members)
85
Ch. 16: Norman – Store Fires – Taxpayers & Strip Malls
Section: General Problems with Commercial Fires (NC #85)
Advantages of 2½ over smaller lines: 3) The power of the stream. At times may be necessary to blast a hole through the ceiling to get water on that fire or through a partition that is shielding fire from stream. Line that does good job of this:
* 1¼ solid tip
| * Flowing 325 gpm @ 50 psi NP
86
Ch. 16: Norman – Store Fires – Taxpayers & Strip Malls
Section: General Problems with Commercial Fires (NC #86)
Advantages of 2½ over smaller lines. The 3 advantages are:
* Volume delivered & reach of stream.
* Personnel efficiency.
* Power of the stream
87
Ch. 16: Norman – Store Fires – Taxpayers & Strip Malls
Section: Gaining Entry (NC #87)
Forcible entry difficulties at taxpayer fires are usually greatest at the:
Because:
Rear – where there is less light & traffic.
Because these conditions make burglary easier, the rear is often fortified with w/ substantial doors & locks – and windows are small.
88
Ch. 16: Norman – Store Fires – Taxpayers & Strip Malls
Section: Gaining Entry (NC #88)
F/E difficulties are greatest in rear of taxpayers (less traffic & light – burglaries are easier). So rear is fortified with substantial doors, locks & small (if any) windows. Swinging direction of doors at commercial structures is?
Outward swinging
Limits usefulness of HFT
89
Ch. 16: Norman – Store Fires – Taxpayers & Strip Malls
Section: General Problems with Commercial Fires (NC #89)
1. Rear doors on taxpayers/commercial structures are often secured with:
2. Such locks will be evident by what?
1. Fox locks or drop-in bars.
| 2. Evident by bolts penetrating the door.
90
Ch. 16: Norman – Store Fires – Taxpayers & Strip Malls
Section: General Problems with Commercial Fires (NC #90)
Rear doors often secured w/ fox locks or drop-in bars. These will be evident by the bolt heads penetrating the door. Forcible entry through such locks can be accomplished by:
* Using flathead & adze of halligan - can shear bolts & pry open the door.
* Severe cases & if fire conditions warrant - may be faster & less damaging to breach a hole in the cement-block wall, using sledgehammers.
91
Ch. 16: Norman – Store Fires – Taxpayers & Strip Malls
Section: General Problems with Commercial Fires (NC #91)
Given the difficulty & importance of the task (F/E in rear of CBs), at least ___ should be assigned to the rear of all serious taxpayer fires:
1 ladder company
92
Ch. 16: Norman – Store Fires – Taxpayers & Strip Malls
Section: General Problems with Commercial Fires (NC #92)
THIS WAS A TEST QUESTION
Locating the correct store from the rear can be difficult. In front, IC has benefit of signs & large show windows to see through – not usually so the rear. Need a way of identifying each store in the rear in conjunction with the front. 1 system that works well is to:
- Designate the far left store (as seen from the front) as store A.
- Each subsequent store designated w/ the succeeding letter
- (w/ owners permission – stencil designating letter on rear wall over doors &/or windows of each occupancy - letter is better than store name bc ownership/name of store may change)
93
Ch. 16: Norman – Store Fires – Taxpayers & Strip Malls
Section: General Problems with Commercial Fires (NC #93)
Front of taxpayers is often the easiest area to enter. Often the door & show windows are of:
Plate glass
94
Ch. 16: Norman – Store Fires – Taxpayers & Strip Malls
Section: General Problems with Commercial Fires (NC #94)
Front of taxpayers is often the easiest area to enter. Often the door & show windows are of plate glass. For a rapidly extending fire, or where fire has already broken the display windows, ___ might be fastest means of gaining entry, but most of the time – it is not the best way:
Simply smashing the glass in the door
95
Ch. 16: Norman – Store Fires – Taxpayers & Strip Malls
Section: General Problems with Commercial Fires (NC #95)
Before breaking any glass look for:
Signs of an impending backdraft
96
Ch. 16: Norman – Store Fires – Taxpayers & Strip Malls
Section: General Problems with Commercial Fires (NC #96)
Signs of an impending backdraft include:
* Heavy smoke,
* Highly heated windows,
* No visible fire,
* Smoke issuing under pressure w/ occasional puffs,
* Smoke being drawn back into bldg.
97
Ch. 16: Norman – Store Fires – Taxpayers & Strip Malls
Section: General Problems with Commercial Fires (NC #97)
Impending backdraft – carefully check for signs at which fires:
Late night or early morning fires – where fire may have been cooking for several hours since closing.
98
Ch. 16: Norman – Store Fires – Taxpayers & Strip Malls
Section: General Problems with Commercial Fires (NC #98)
Possible backdraft calls for coordination of all members. F/E & ventilation on ground level must be delayed until:
* Members on roof created hole & fire is venting from hole.
* (If hole is made & no fire shows – you may be venting an area which isn’t subject to backdraft conditions showing at the front door)
99
Ch. 16: Norman – Store Fires – Taxpayers & Strip Malls
Section: General Problems with Commercial Fires (NC #99)
While roof ventilation is being done, position & charge 2½” handlines, but keep them:
* Keep them clear of the area directly in front of the involved store –
* In case a backdraft blows out the plate glass windows.
100
Ch. 16: Norman – Store Fires – Taxpayers & Strip Malls
Section: General Problems with Commercial Fires (NC #100)
Backdraft potential – After roof venting has been assured, actions of personnel are:
* A member with a hook should take out front windows – standing off to side of them.
* Stream may then be directed onto fire & slowly advanced.
* (In some cases – may be possible to use hose stream to vent the windows)
101
Ch. 16: Norman – Store Fires – Taxpayers & Strip Malls
Section: General Problems with Commercial Fires (NC #101)
Backdraft conditions are more readily achieved in occupancies that are protected with ___ (cont on next card):
Steel gates
102
Ch. 16: Norman – Store Fires – Taxpayers & Strip Malls
Section: General Problems with Commercial Fires (NC #102)
Backdraft conditions are more readily achieved in occupancies that are protected with steel gates, since a security gate can hide a fire in its ___ stage:
Incipient
| security gates also delay f/e & prevent water being applied from windows
103
Ch. 16: Norman – Store Fires – Taxpayers & Strip Malls
Section: General Problems with Commercial Fires (NC #103)
When arriving (at SM) & all stores secured for the night – it is a good idea to have the forcible entry team (do what), rather than immediately entering fire store. Why?
Force the gates and doors of all exposed stores in the row
In this manner – lines may be extended to cut-off extension if needed.
104
Ch. 16: Norman – Store Fires – Taxpayers & Strip Malls
Section: General Problems with Commercial Fires (NC #104)
The presence of steel gates should also start your thinking about another recent development that creates dangerous firefighting conditions. That is __.
Steel plating on the roofs & walls
(In high-value occupancies, such as computer, jewelry & camera stores – burglars have gone through roofs & walls, taking easy way around the gates)
105
Ch. 16: Norman – Store Fires – Taxpayers & Strip Malls
Section: General Problems with Commercial Fires (NC #105)
In high-value occupancies, such as computer, jewelry & camera stores – burglars have gone through roofs & walls, taking easy way around the gates. In this case, a ___ is used to make the entire store a veritable vault:
1/8” steel plate
106
Ch. 16: Norman – Store Fires – Taxpayers & Strip Malls
Section: General Problems with Commercial Fires (NC #106)
If encounter steel plating around walls & roof, ___ & ___ are likely results, as well as the increased likelihood of backdraft:
* Extreme temperatures
| * Early collapse
107
Ch. 16: Norman – Store Fires – Taxpayers & Strip Malls
Section: General Problems with Commercial Fires (NC #107)
(CFPC) - Change in tactics would be warranted whenever steel plating is encountered. In this case & other potential backdraft situations where roof ventilation isn’t possible or delayed, tactic is?
* Create small triangular opening on roll down gate
* Insert 2½ fog & apply immediately
* Direct narrow to medium power-cone fog stream toward ceiling to produce maximum amounts of steam; indirect method of attack.
* Allow stream(s) to operate several min b4 opening.
108
Ch. 16: Norman – Store Fires – Taxpayers & Strip Malls
Section: General Problems with Commercial Fires (NC #108)
The indirect method of attack – the narrow to medium power cone fog stream directed toward ceiling to produce maximum steam is what degree:
15 – 30 degrees
109
Ch. 16: Norman – Store Fires – Taxpayers & Strip Malls
Section: General Problems with Commercial Fires (NC #109)
In most situations, fire has not already self -vented, nor are backdraft conditions likely. For this majority of fire incidents, a method of FE should be used that maintains:
The integrity of the window or door glass.
110
Ch. 16: Norman – Store Fires – Taxpayers & Strip Malls
Section: General Problems with Commercial Fires (NC #110)
16-16: Force entry in a way that maintains integrity of the door. If the fire has not self-vented the door or windows, FFs should not usually break them until:
The hoseline has begun applying water on the fire.
111
Ch. 16: Norman – Store Fires – Taxpayers & Strip Malls
Section: General Problems with Commercial Fires (NC #111)
In most situations, fire has not already self -vented, nor are backdraft conditions likely. For this majority of fire incidents, a method of FE should be used that maintains the integrity of the window or door glass – best method to use is:
Through the lock techniques
Allow us to close door if problem such as water loss occurs.
112
Ch. 16: Norman – Store Fires – Taxpayers & Strip Malls
Section: General Problems with Commercial Fires (NC #112)
(CFPC) – use through the lock techniques. Allows us to close door again if a problem occurs. This will limit the ___ the fire has access to & could prevent a dramatic increase in the size of the fire.
Amount of O the fire has access to
113
Ch. 16: Norman – Store Fires – Taxpayers & Strip Malls
Section: Cellar Fire Operations (NC #113)
___ fires are among the most severe challenges that a FF can face:
Cellar fires in taxpayers
114
Ch. 16: Norman – Store Fires – Taxpayers & Strip Malls
Section: Cellar Fire Operations (NC #114)
Cellar fire in TP: ___ are low, causing rapid build of heat, even at the floor level:
Ceiling heights
115
Ch. 16: Norman – Store Fires – Taxpayers & Strip Malls
Section: Cellar Fire Operations (NC #115)
Cellar fire in TP – ceiling heights are low, causing rapid build of heat, even at the floor level. Often, since this area is only used for storage, there is only 1 cellar stairway. This is usually found at the ___ of the store:
Rear of the store
116
Ch. 16: Norman – Store Fires – Taxpayers & Strip Malls
Section: Cellar Fire Operations (NC #116)
Cellar fire in TP – ceiling heights are low, causing rapid build of heat, even at the floor level. Often, only 1 cellar stairway at the rear of the store. Occasionally, it is reached by means of ___ on the 1st floor:
* A trap door on 1st floor.
| * (A slide or set of rollers may cover part of the stairs to assist in moving stock)
117
Ch. 16: Norman – Store Fires – Taxpayers & Strip Malls
Section: Cellar Fire Operations (NC #117)
There is or is not a wide variation between the floor layouts on the 1st floor & in the cellar:
There IS
118
Ch. 16: Norman – Store Fires – Taxpayers & Strip Malls
Section: Cellar Fire Operations (NC #118)
While the stairways to the cellars in TPs may be limited, there are often additional ___ openings between the floors by which fire can spread upward.
Conveyor openings
119
Ch. 16: Norman – Store Fires – Taxpayers & Strip Malls
Section: Cellar Fire Operations (NC #119)
Once a fire starts in the cellar (of a TP), ___ (4), often result in the complete burnout:
* Heavy fire loading,
* Mazelike storage conditions,
* Absence of quick ventilation,
* Lack of sprinkler system
120
Ch. 16: Norman – Store Fires – Taxpayers & Strip Malls
Section: Cellar Fire Operations (NC #120)
(CFPC) – The only chance of success (if fire starts in the cellar) is to combine:
A fast, high-volume attack w/ immediate cutting of vent holes in the 1st floor
(16-17: Cellar fires in stores rquire coordinated effor & determined crew to defeat)
121
Ch. 16: Norman – Store Fires – Taxpayers & Strip Malls
Section: Cellar Fire Operations (NC #121)
Cellar fires in strip malls – Since ventilation will be almost immediate, using a ___ stream should be avoided at all costs. And why:
* Fog stream – lest it pressurize an area ahead & drive fire toward the stairway around the side of the pattern.
* Using a fog stream in a highly heated, confined area will result in large quantities of steam being produced – likely to drive attack team from cellar.
122
Ch. 16: Norman – Store Fires – Taxpayers & Strip Malls
Section: Cellar Fire Operations (NC #122)
Cellar fires in SMs – Since ventilation will be almost immediate, using a fog stream should be avoided at all costs. A ___ will usually provide sufficient volume & reach to penetrate & extinguish the seat of the fire w/ out creating large quantities of steam:
2½” w/ 1¼ solid tip
123
Ch. 16: Norman – Store Fires – Taxpayers & Strip Malls
Section: Cellar Fire Operations (NC #123)
Cellar fires in strip malls – Ventilation will be almost immediate – avoid fog! (produces steam). Use 2½” w/ 1¼ solid tip to provide sufficient volume & reach to penetrate & extinguish seat of fire w/ out large quantities of steam. When preparing to enter cellar, make sure you have how much hose?
* Have at least twice the depth of the store -plus-
* 1 length when you stretch the hose.
* (Always charge line before going down cellar stairway.
124
Ch. 16: Norman – Store Fires – Taxpayers & Strip Malls
Section: Cellar Fire Operations (NC #124)
Cellar fires in SMs – If possible to advance line deep into cellar, position 2nd where and to do what:
* At base of stairs - To protect the escape route of the 1st line.
* (Also have ff at top of cellar stairs to warn crews of any fire lighting up stairway or 1st floor)
* (3rd line protects 1st floor; 16-17)
125
Ch. 16: Norman – Store Fires – Taxpayers & Strip Malls
Section: Cellar Fire Operations (NC #125)
Cellar fires in SMs – You should begin to cut large ventilation holes, (what size), as soon as a serious cellar fire is discovered)
4x4-ft minimum
126
Ch. 16: Norman – Store Fires – Taxpayers & Strip Malls
Section: Cellar Fire Operations (NC #126)
Cellar fires in SMs – Vent holes – minimum size is 4x4, cut as soon as serious cellar fire is discovered. This mean an additional line will be required & placed where?
1st floor to protect the opening/hole
127
Ch. 16: Norman – Store Fires – Taxpayers & Strip Malls
Section: Cellar Fire Operations (NC #127)
Cellar fires in SMs – Vent holes – the holes should be cut where on the 1st floor:
* Cut as near to the front show windows as possible
| * But out of egress/ingress routes – so no one walks into.
128
Ch. 16: Norman – Store Fires – Taxpayers & Strip Malls
Section: Cellar Fire Operations (NC #128)
Vent holes should be cut as near to the front show windows as possible, but out of egress/ingress routes. The position just inside the windows, normally puts the vent opening directly opposite of:
* Hoseline entry (from rear stairs)
| * Drawing fire & heat away from line, thereby allowing quicker advance
129
Ch. 16: Norman – Store Fires – Taxpayers & Strip Malls
Section: Cellar Fire Operations (NC #129)
Cellar fires in SMs – A fan blowing fresh air down the cellar stairs behind the attack crew can also greatly aid in their advance, but as with any PPV, a ___ must be available before the fan is started:
Large ventilation opening must be available opposite the fire.
(otherwise fire will be blown into the wall & ceiling voids, then up into the 1st floor & cockloft)
130
Ch. 16: Norman – Store Fires – Taxpayers & Strip Malls
Section: Cellar Fire Operations (NC #130)
Cellar fires in SMs – By placing an exhaust opening just inside the 1st floor show windows, the gases may be vented right out of the window by a __. This is essential to:
* Fog stream.
* Prevent erupting fire from extending to the 1st floor.
* (gases may also be vented through the broken show windows)
131
Ch. 16: Norman – Store Fires – Taxpayers & Strip Malls
Section: Cellar Fire Operations (NC #131)
Cellar fires in SMs – If fire not darkened down in ___ (how much time), plan a new strategy:
10 minutes
132
Ch. 16: Norman – Store Fires – Taxpayers & Strip Malls
Section: Cellar Fire Operations (NC #132)
If fire is not darkened w/ in 10 min – plan new strategy. Consider use of which tools if handline has been pushed back?
Cellar pipes & distributors
133
Ch. 16: Norman – Store Fires – Taxpayers & Strip Malls
Section: Cellar Fire Operations (NC #133)
Cellar pipes & distributors can sometimes do the work that handlines cannot. Placement of cellar pipes & distributors (procedure is?). Make sure FFs at rear of 1st floor have a safe escape route:
* Darken down fire at the end of the cellar opposite of the staircase.
* (If line is being pushed back – don’t be afraid to change tactics).
* Order lines withdrawn to a safe area, inside a protected stairway or 1st floor.
* Then place distributor &/or distributor in operation over main body of fire.
134
Ch. 16: Norman – Store Fires – Taxpayers & Strip Malls
Section: Cellar Fire Operations (NC #134)
(CFPC) – Prepare defensive operations at the same time. After the cellar pipe or distributor has operated for (how long), shut it down and try to advance hoselines again:
1 - 2 minutes
135
Ch. 16: Norman – Store Fires – Taxpayers & Strip Malls
Section: Cellar Fire Operations (NC #135)
If cellar nozzle did their job, fire will be darkened down handlines will be able to advance. If not, loss of structure may be impending. ___ introduced through as many access points as possible may control situation:
High-expansion foam
136
Ch. 16: Norman – Store Fires – Taxpayers & Strip Malls
Section: Cellar Fire Operations (NC #136)
(CFPC) – Position as many master streams as possible to flood entire 1st floor once its determined cellar is doomed. These streams should also attempt to drive water into:
Vertical arteries fire is likely to travel in – pipe chases & channel rails.
137
Ch. 16: Norman – Store Fires – Taxpayers & Strip Malls
Section: Cellar Fire Operations (NC #137)
(CFPC) – Be sure to position lines in adjacent cellars to stop extension there – which is likely through:
* The bays between the floor-joists.
| * (cellars of adjoining stores will also require ventilation)
138
Ch. 16: Norman – Store Fires – Taxpayers & Strip Malls
Section: Masonry Floor Construction (NC #138)
A serious threat the FFs occurs when ___ floors are placed over wooden floor joists:
Masonry floors
139
Ch. 16: Norman – Store Fires – Taxpayers & Strip Malls
Section: Masonry Floor Construction (NC #139)
A serious threat the FFs occurs when masonry floors are placed over wooden floor joists. ___ floors, common in many older drug stores, are typical of this condition:
Terrazzo floors
140
Ch. 16: Norman – Store Fires – Taxpayers & Strip Malls
Section: Masonry Floor Construction (NC #140)
Expect newer versions of this hazard (masonry floors) in (which occupancies):
* Self-service laundries –
| * Where concrete is poured on top of wooden floor joists as the base for washing machines.
141
Ch. 16: Norman – Store Fires – Taxpayers & Strip Malls
Section: Masonry Floor Construction (NC #141)
FFs have become accustomed to thinking of concrete & masonry as being ___ construction – in literal sense it is, since concrete doesn’t burn.
Fire-resistive
142
Ch. 16: Norman – Store Fires – Taxpayers & Strip Malls
Section: Masonry Floor Construction (NC #142)
High-rise bldgs built out of poured concrete have an excellent record of resistance to fire & collapse. That record is based on 1 typed of masonry, (which is ___), which behaves very differently under exposed fire than other types of concrete & masonry construction.
Steel-reinforced poured concrete
143
Ch. 16: Norman – Store Fires – Taxpayers & Strip Malls
Section: Masonry Floor Construction (NC #143)
Concrete is a mixture of:
* Portland cement
* Aggregate (sand, gravel or stone mixed w/ cement)
* Water
144
Ch. 16: Norman – Store Fires – Taxpayers & Strip Malls
Section: Masonry Floor Construction (NC #144)
Concrete is mixture of Portland cement, aggregate (sand, gravel or stone mixed w/ cement) & water. When concrete allowed to harden, it forms a very dense material that is very strong against what type of loads?
Compressive loads
145
Ch. 16: Norman – Store Fires – Taxpayers & Strip Malls
Section: Masonry Floor Construction (NC #145)
Concrete has very little strength against either of which loads?
Tensile loads or shear loads
146
Ch. 16: Norman – Store Fires – Taxpayers & Strip Malls
Section: Masonry Floor Construction (NC #146)
___ & ___ are 2 other types of masonry floors that FFs commonly encounter:
Terrazzo & tile
147
Ch. 16: Norman – Store Fires – Taxpayers & Strip Malls
Section: Masonry Floor Construction (NC #147)
___ is a type of decorative concrete in which polished marble chips are the aggregate:
Terrazzo
148
Ch. 16: Norman – Store Fires – Taxpayers & Strip Malls
Section: Masonry Floor Construction (NC #148)
Aggregate is:
Sand, gravel or stone mixed with cement
149
Ch. 16: Norman – Store Fires – Taxpayers & Strip Malls
Section: Masonry Floor Construction (NC #149)
Terrazzo is a type of decorative concrete in which ___ are the aggregate:
Polished marble chips
150
Ch. 16: Norman – Store Fires – Taxpayers & Strip Malls
Section: Masonry Floor Construction (NC #150)
Tile floors are set on a base of concrete, known as ___. Both types of floors (terrazzo & tile) behave same as other unreinforced masonry floors.
Mud
151
Ch. 16: Norman – Store Fires – Taxpayers & Strip Malls
Section: Masonry Floor Construction (NC #151)
To make concrete & masonry more useful for applications like floors, which can result in ___ loads in the slab, requires some method of ___ such loads.
* Tensile
| * Resting
152
Ch. 16: Norman – Store Fires – Taxpayers & Strip Malls
Section: Masonry Floor Construction (NC #152)
To make concrete & masonry more useful for applications like floors, which can result in tensile loads in the slab, requires some method of resting such loads. In modern construction, (3) are stretched within the form, then wet concrete is poured around them:
* Steel rods
* Cables
* Beams
153
Ch. 16: Norman – Store Fires – Taxpayers & Strip Malls
Section: Masonry Floor Construction (NC #153)
In modern construction, steel rods, cables or beams are stretched within the form, then wet concrete is poured around them. When concrete hardens, the steel acts to resist any ___ loads, holding the concrete together:
Tensile
154
Ch. 16: Norman – Store Fires – Taxpayers & Strip Malls
Section: Masonry Floor Construction (NC #154)
(CFPC) – In turn, the concrete acts as a:
A shield to the steel in event of fire, since steel rapidly loses strength when exposed to high temps.
(this is known as reinforced concrete)
155
Ch. 16: Norman – Store Fires – Taxpayers & Strip Malls
Section: Masonry Floor Construction (NC #155)
Older construction methods, still commonly encountered in brick & wood joist (C3, ordinary construction) & wood frame (C5), use what material to support tensile loads?
Wood
(floor will only stay up as long as wooden floor joists can support the weight – if wooden floor joists damaged by fire, floor will collapse)
156
Ch. 16: Norman – Store Fires – Taxpayers & Strip Malls
Section: Masonry Floor Construction (NC #156)
Concrete, terrazzo or mud tile floors are placed over on top of wooden floor joists for what reasons:
* Provide low maintenance floor surface,
* Provide sound or temperature deadening,
* Simplify the leveling of a sagging or uneven floor surface
157
Ch. 16: Norman – Store Fires – Taxpayers & Strip Malls
Section: Masonry Floor Construction (NC #157)
(CFPC) – Obvious problem is if floor joists are attacked by fire; the concrete has nothing to help it resists collapse. In fact, concrete compounds the problem in what ways (2):
* Its insulating properties may prevent FFs from realizing they are operating over a fire
* The weight of the masonry adds to the potential of early collapse
158
Ch. 16: Norman – Store Fires – Taxpayers & Strip Malls
Section: Masonry Floor Construction (NC #158)
16-18: Cellar fires in bldgs that have masonry floors over wooden joists are recipe for disaster. Such floors collapse without any warning other than:
The presence of the masonry in a C3 or C5 bldg.
159
Ch. 16: Norman – Store Fires – Taxpayers & Strip Malls
Section: Masonry Floor Construction (NC #159)
Concrete, terrazzo and tile – each weigh how much per cubic foot?
150 lbs per cubic foot
160
Ch. 16: Norman – Store Fires – Taxpayers & Strip Malls
Section: Masonry Floor Construction (NC #160)
A 4-in. thick slab of concrete resting on woods joists adds nearly (how much weight) per square foot to the load that the beams are carrying?
Nearly 50 lbs per square foot
161
Ch. 16: Norman – Store Fires – Taxpayers & Strip Malls
Section: Masonry Floor Construction (NC #161)
A room 10’ L & 10’ W will have (how many) lbs of dead load added to its supports before a single piece of furniture is set upon it:
5000 lb
162
Ch. 16: Norman – Store Fires – Taxpayers & Strip Malls
Section: Masonry Floor Construction (NC #162)
Situation is often compounded by the desire to maintain an even floor surface, using masonry to avoid a ___ at the entrance to a room:
Step-up
163
Ch. 16: Norman – Store Fires – Taxpayers & Strip Malls
Section: Masonry Floor Construction (NC #163)
(CFPC) – deadly practice that was common in past – floor joist was reduced or cut down in area where mud floor was to be poured. If floor was supported by 2x8-in joists, some contractors would use ___ under masonry so concrete or tile surface would fit flush with adjoining floor surface:
2x4s
164
Ch. 16: Norman – Store Fires – Taxpayers & Strip Malls
Section: Masonry Floor Construction (NC #164)
(CFPC) – These floor joists are dangerously undersized in an area that is now:
Supporting an even greater load.
| expect floor collapse of fire attacks these joists
165
Ch. 16: Norman – Store Fires – Taxpayers & Strip Malls
Section: Masonry Floor Construction (NC #165)
Experience has shown us these conditions (masonry on wood joists) are likely to be found in specific places in various occupancies, in apt bldgs, __ often have tile floors:
Bathrooms
This is 1 area to observe carefully for signs of collapse
166
Ch. 16: Norman – Store Fires – Taxpayers & Strip Malls
Section: Masonry Floor Construction (NC #166)
In apt bldgs – tile floors often in bathrooms (observe carefully for collapse). In private dwellings, tile is commonly found in which rooms:
* Bathrooms,
* Kitchens,
* Rear & side entrance foyers.
167
Ch. 16: Norman – Store Fires – Taxpayers & Strip Malls
Section: Masonry Floor Construction (NC #167)
* In stores, ___ areas often feature terrazzo or tile. Whereas its often omitted from ___:
* One particular occupancy where large concentrations of concrete will always be found is in:
* Front sales areas / stock areas
| * Self-service laundries (cont. on nc)
168
Ch. 16: Norman – Store Fires – Taxpayers & Strip Malls
Section: Masonry Floor Construction (NC #168)
Laundromats – high concentrations of concrete. The commercial washing machine produces such high torque while operating that it must be bolted down to at least a:
12-in concrete slab
(at times, this slab properly supported on reinforced concrete pillars, other times – found to be entirely dependent on the wood joists for support)
169
Ch. 16: Norman – Store Fires – Taxpayers & Strip Malls
Section: Masonry Floor Construction (NC #169)
Single most important action to take is to ID the masonry floors that are supported by wood joists or just as deadly, by unprotected steel beams. Best time to discover this condition is while:
Performing bldg inspections or during prefire surveys.
170
Ch. 16: Norman – Store Fires – Taxpayers & Strip Malls
Section: Masonry Floor Construction (NC #170)
(CFPC) – Include any such discoveries in:
* CADS or
| * Hazardous bldg file in your preplan – clearly stating the location of such conditions.
171
Ch. 16: Norman – Store Fires – Taxpayers & Strip Malls
Section: Masonry Floor Construction (NC #171)
Arriving units should carefully evaluate the floor decking over the fire. If visibility permits, tile & terrazzo readily identified. When smoke reduced visibility, we must resort to sense of:
Touch
172
Ch. 16: Norman – Store Fires – Taxpayers & Strip Malls
Section: Masonry Floor Construction (NC #172)
(CFPC) – Take a heavy metal tool, such as halligan or axe, and forcefully strike the floor. Wooden floors produce a:
Hollow sound, and lend a significant bounce to the tool.
173
Ch. 16: Norman – Store Fires – Taxpayers & Strip Malls
Section: Masonry Floor Construction (NC #173)
Take a heavy metal tool, such as halligan or axe, and forcefully strike the floor. Masonry floors produce a:
Pronounced clank, as well as significant vibration, if tool is all metal.
174
Ch. 16: Norman – Store Fires – Taxpayers & Strip Malls
Section: Masonry Floor Construction (NC #174)
The discovery of a masonry floor above the suspected fire location must be immediately relayed to IC for evaluation. If conditions indicate the existence of a serious fire below a masonry floor supported by either wood or unprotected steel, actions are:
* All personnel must be removed from area directly over fire, until –
* Fire has been knocked down, and –
* The structural integrity of the floor has been determined.
175
Ch. 16: Norman – Store Fires – Taxpayers & Strip Malls
Section: Masonry Floor Construction (NC #175)
* Discovery of masonry flooring doesn’t automatically mean ___ is imminent:
* Knowledge of ___ is required:
* Collapse
| * Knowledge of support system below
176
Ch. 16: Norman – Store Fires – Taxpayers & Strip Malls
Section: Masonry Floor Construction (NC #176)
• If size up of bldg indicates that the structure is of fire-resistive construction, (typically required for bldgs over ___ high):
* Then the masonry floor is likely to be ___:
* More than 75’ high
* Reinforced concrete – safe for operations
177
Ch. 16: Norman – Store Fires – Taxpayers & Strip Malls
Section: Masonry Floor Construction (NC #177)
If the size up indicates (which types of construction), then unreinforced masonry is most likely.
* Ordinary construction (C3) or
* Wood-frame construction (C5).
* (Old 2 story taxpayer – typically not built with reinforced concrete)
178
Ch. 16: Norman – Store Fires – Taxpayers & Strip Malls
Section: Masonry Floor Construction (NC #178)
Operations must proceed with caution based on the assumption that ___ is likely:
Early collapse
179
Ch. 16: Norman – Store Fires – Taxpayers & Strip Malls
Section: Masonry Floor Construction (NC #179)
An exam opening created using sledgehammers or jackhammers at times can be created at a safe area – which means location of cut will be?
Remote from either seat of fire or from where FFs are working.
180
Ch. 16: Norman – Store Fires – Taxpayers & Strip Malls
Section: Masonry Floor Construction (NC #180)
If there is any indication that heavy fire is attacking wood or unprotected steel joists supporting a masonry floor – employ:
Defensive tactics
181
Ch. 16: Norman – Store Fires – Taxpayers & Strip Malls
Section: Masonry Floor Construction (NC #181)
If there is any indication that heavy fire is attacking ___ or ___ supporting a masonry floor – employ defensive tactics:
Wood or unprotected steel joists
182
Ch. 16: Norman – Store Fires – Taxpayers & Strip Malls
Section: Masonry Floor Construction (NC #182)
If there is any indication that heavy fire is attacking wood or unprotected steel joists supporting a masonry floor, employ defensive tactics. For cellar fires, options:
* High expansion foam – apply through as many areas as possible.
* Cellar pipes or distributors – applied through holes breached in safe areas.
* Breach adjoining cellar walls to provide stream access – will create route for fire extension if crews withdraw
183
Ch. 16: Norman – Store Fires – Taxpayers & Strip Malls
Section: Masonry Floor Construction (NC #183)
Once fire has been knocked down (cellar fire), keep personnel off the suspect surface until when:
* Sufficient lighting & ventilation permit for better examination of the floor
* Deaths occur during secondary searches & overhaul – shore; if it’s absolutely essential to operate on or under a slab that had damage to its support system.
184
Ch. 16: Norman – Store Fires – Taxpayers & Strip Malls
Section: Masonry Floor Construction (NC #184)
T/F – Collapses are rarely entirely unpredictable:
True
| in most cases, cause of collapse have been known for years
185
Ch. 16: Norman – Store Fires – Taxpayers & Strip Malls
Section: Masonry Floor Construction (NC #185)
Factors that cause collapse (masonry-covered wooden floor joists or bowstring truss roofs) have existed for decades & longer than our older cities. There’s little excuse for not knowing about a situation that is likely to kills FFs if bldg has been standing there for any length of time. In past, 1 of highest compliments awarded was:
Awarded to either FFs or officers – was to say, “they really knew their district & its buildings.”
186
Ch. 16: Norman – Store Fires – Taxpayers & Strip Malls
Section: Masonry Floor Construction (NC #186)
When members retire, info goes w/ them. With various info retrieval systems available – there’s no reason this info isn’t available to everyone (from newest M to IC). You may not be able to get all conditions corrected, but can at least inform FFs who step in those bldgs what the dangers are. The 1st step, ___, is up to you:
Identifying the hazards
187
Ch. 16: Norman – Store Fires – Taxpayers & Strip Malls
Section: Store Fires (NC #187)
Tactics that for fighting fires in a ground floor store include:
* Using large (2½) lines for moderate fires,
* Venting cockloft directly over the store, &
* Pushing down on ceiling to prevent horizontal extension.
* Position handlines in exposed stores.
188
Ch. 16: Norman – Store Fires – Taxpayers & Strip Malls
Section: Store Fires (NC #188)
(CFPC) – When personnel permits, 1 tactic that works well is to have a 3rd medium size line (1½, 1¾ or 2”) follow the 2½” lines – (doing what):
Washing down areas 1st line missed.
| This is not a backup line, which should be 2½” – this line takes less effort to maneuver & is used for overhauling
189
Ch. 16: Norman – Store Fires – Taxpayers & Strip Malls
Section: Store Fires (NC #189)
For heavy fires in stores - expect fire to be in cockloft. Unless have large response of personnel, forget about ___ initially, and position the handlines ___:
* Involved store.
| * Position handlines several stores down – ahead of cockloft fire.
190
Ch. 16: Norman – Store Fires – Taxpayers & Strip Malls
Section: Store Fires (NC #190)
(CFPC) Forget involved store initially (unless have large response of personnel) – position handlines several stores down ahead of cockloft fire. Be sure to bring sufficient #s of long hooks (length?), to get ceiling down rapidly – dimensions:
* 10’ hooks
| * For the entire depth of store & at least 3’ wide.
191
Ch. 16: Norman – Store Fires – Taxpayers & Strip Malls
Section: Store Fires (NC #191)
(CFPC) – Be aware that 2 or 3 lines (1½, 1¾, or 2”) may be required at each store where you elect to make a stand. A single line can’t hope to protect a __ deep store:
75’
192
Ch. 16: Norman – Store Fires – Taxpayers & Strip Malls
Section: Store Fires (NC #192)
Main body of fire may be attacked with a preconnected deck pipe or other MS. When positioning pumpers for this purpose, don’t block out the:
Telescoping platform
193
Ch. 16: Norman – Store Fires – Taxpayers & Strip Malls
Section: Store Fires (NC #193)
* ___ fires provide 1 of the greatest uses for aerial platforms, if used correctly.
* Remember, that the biggest extension problem is going to be in the:
* Taxpayer fires.
| * Cockloft.
194
Ch. 16: Norman – Store Fires – Taxpayers & Strip Malls
Section: Store Fires (NC #194)
A heavy body of fire in a store can require how many gpm’s to darken it down?
800 – 900
195
Ch. 16: Norman – Store Fires – Taxpayers & Strip Malls
Section: Store Fires (NC #195)
By placing basket (where), you put in place the most highly mobile 1000 gpm-plus MS available – 1 that can darken down the cocklofts of adjoining stores & be rapidly repositioned.
Directly in front of the show window
| rapidly repositioned to front of involved store w/ a minimum of time & personnel
196
Ch. 16: Norman – Store Fires – Taxpayers & Strip Malls
Section: Store Fires (NC #196)
16-20: Take 2½” for store fires bc:
Gives adequate flow & reach to knock down a substantial fire.
197
Ch. 16: Norman – Store Fires – Taxpayers & Strip Malls
Section: Store Fires (NC #197)
16-21: Ideal situation for use of the deck gun (heavy fire late at night, no life hazard, & no parked cars to hinder apparatus placement). Spot pumper where:
* Directly in line w/ involved stores,
| * 30 – 40’ out to leave room for elevating platform if available.
198
Ch. 16: Norman – Store Fires – Taxpayers & Strip Malls
Section: Store Fires (NC #198)
When it is clear that there is heavy fire traveling in the cockloft, the emphasis should be on:
Getting ahead of the fire & working back.
199
Ch. 16: Norman – Store Fires – Taxpayers & Strip Malls
Section: Store Fires (NC #199)
When it’s clear there’s heavy fire traveling in cockloft - emphasis should be on getting ahead of the fire & working back. Remember, don’t be drawn immediately to:
The open burning store – and neglect the exposures.
| nor should you worry about pulling ceilings for the stream
200
Ch. 16: Norman – Store Fires – Taxpayers & Strip Malls
Section: Store Fires (NC #200)
If a 2” tip on an elevating platform at more than ___ psi can’t open the ceiling, you won’t be able to do it very readily with hooks:
100 psi
201
Ch. 16: Norman – Store Fires – Taxpayers & Strip Malls
Section: Store Fires (NC #201)
Water damage at exposed stores isn’t a concern at this stage. You’ll put out fire & save remainder of row. If don’t see improvement fairly soon after streams operating, something is unusual – it means:
* Streams may not be hitting main body of fire, -or-
| * There is an exceptionally heavy body of fire, possibly from flammable liquids or containers.
202
Ch. 16: Norman – Store Fires – Taxpayers & Strip Malls
Section: Store Fires (NC #202)
Monitor conditions of the structure, particularly the ___, and be prepared to move the platform basket further out into the street, out of the collapse zone:
Parapet above the show windows
203
Ch. 16: Norman – Store Fires – Taxpayers & Strip Malls
Section: Store Fires (NC #203)
Don’t get stampeded into putting the tower ladder, ladder pipe or other stream onto fire that is burning above the roof, unless:
It is threatening exposures
204
Ch. 16: Norman – Store Fires – Taxpayers & Strip Malls
Section: Store Fires (NC #204)
• By directing a stream into a hole in the roof, you drive fire – where:
* Remember, roofs are built for 1 thing:
* Back in below the roof.
* Keep water out.
205
Ch. 16: Norman – Store Fires – Taxpayers & Strip Malls
Section: Store Fires (NC #205)
Stream cannot hit fire that is burning up under the roof. All it can hit from the top is:
A small area directly in-line with the opening.
| by using water from below – can hit fire that is burning under the intact areas of the roof
206
Ch. 16: Norman – Store Fires – Taxpayers & Strip Malls
Section: Cockloft Fires (NC #206)
Fires that begin or extend into ___ are probably the major causes of total loss of taxpayers bldgs
Cockloft
207
Ch. 16: Norman – Store Fires – Taxpayers & Strip Malls
Section: Cockloft Fires (NC #207)
Cockloft fires spread rapidly – fire drops down into all exposed stores or blows ceiling down on top of FFs in a backdraft. Which factors compound this problem of fast fire spread?
* Difficulty in exposing cockloft due to multiple suspended ceilings,
* Potential backdrafts w/ in ceiling space,
* Difficulty locating seat of fire when smoke is showing in several stores
208
Ch. 16: Norman – Store Fires – Taxpayers & Strip Malls
Section: Cockloft Fires (NC #208)
Cockloft Fires pose the danger of what 2 items collapsing, which may not be obvious to FFs working in a clear area on the ground floor?
Ceilings and parapets
209
Ch. 16: Norman – Store Fires – Taxpayers & Strip Malls
Section: Cockloft Fires (NC #209)
Fires confined mainly to cockloft may give little indication of its severity until its too late. Little fire visible at floor level – when advance to area, FFs have been trapped/killed by ceiling collapse. This is particularly dangerous threat in which type of bldg?
Older taxpayers w/ multiple hanging ceilings
210
Ch. 16: Norman – Store Fires – Taxpayers & Strip Malls
Section: Cockloft Fires (NC #210)
16-22: Ceiling collapse at a cockloft fire is always possible. Members trapped below the ___-like construction may be unable to extricate themselves b4 area becomes involved in fire:
Grid-like
211
Ch. 16: Norman – Store Fires – Taxpayers & Strip Malls
Section: Cockloft Fires (NC #211)
Often, a new ceiling is added as part of remodel. In many cases, the new ceilings suspend from the:
Light wooden framework that was designed to only hold original ceiling.
212
Ch. 16: Norman – Store Fires – Taxpayers & Strip Malls
Section: Cockloft Fires (NC #212)
New ceilings added as part of remodel. Often, new ceilings suspend from light wooden framework designed to only hold original ceiling. Won’t take much fire to drop the entire load. To avoid this, (do what):
* Make a preliminary ceiling opening at the entrance to each area that has a suspended ceiling.
* Continue to poke upward w/ hook until certain that you’ve reached roof boards.
* Be persistent & listen for hollow sound of ceiling compared to solid sound of roof.
213
Ch. 16: Norman – Store Fires – Taxpayers & Strip Malls
Section: Cockloft Fires (NC #213)
At times, smoke in cockloft is so heavy that it prevents you from seeing fire above the layers of ceilings. ___ are vital asset in such void spaces such as cocklofts.
TICs
| check ceiling area immediately inside entrance door & continue checking as you advance
214
Ch. 16: Norman – Store Fires – Taxpayers & Strip Malls
Section: Cockloft Fires (NC #214)
TIC cannot see through multiple hung ceilings, so it is essential to ___ first:
* Make holes with hook.
| * Make a new hole every 8 – 10 ft.
215
Ch. 16: Norman – Store Fires – Taxpayers & Strip Malls
Section: Cockloft Fires (NC #215)
At times, smoke in cockloft is so heavy that it prevents you from seeing fire above the layers of ceilings. TICs are vital asset in such void spaces such as cocklofts. If a TIC is not available, will have to rely on:
Pike pole/hook
216
Ch. 16: Norman – Store Fires – Taxpayers & Strip Malls
Section: Cockloft Fires (NC #216)
(CFPC) – No TIC at fire in a void space such as a cockloft. Will have to rely on a pike pole/hook. Check for fire how?
* Examine head of pike pole after poking it up to the roof.
| * Lot of fire overhead if – pole is red hot & shows signs of smoking or if handle is charred.
217
Ch. 16: Norman – Store Fires – Taxpayers & Strip Malls
Section: Cockloft Fires (NC #217)
When examining cockloft with pike pole or hook – beware of the possibility of a ___ occurring in the cockloft:
Backdraft
218
Ch. 16: Norman – Store Fires – Taxpayers & Strip Malls
Section: Cockloft Fires (NC #218)
When examining cockloft with pike pole or hook – beware of the possibility of a backdraft occurring in the cockloft. This (backdraft) is a real possibility if see:
No fire overhead, but feel a great deal of heat.
219
Ch. 16: Norman – Store Fires – Taxpayers & Strip Malls
Section: Cockloft Fires (NC #219)
Potential backdraft in cockloft – Must (do what) immediately:
* Vent the roof immediately.
| * And must get water onto the fire – easier said that done.
220
Ch. 16: Norman – Store Fires – Taxpayers & Strip Malls
Section: Cockloft Fires (NC #220)
Traditional tactics at cockloft fires call for:
* Getting line in place in exposed stores,
* Pulling ceiling ahead of the fire, and;
* Sweeping cockloft with stream to drive fire back toward its area of origin.
* (very personnel intensive & time consuming operation).
221
Ch. 16: Norman – Store Fires – Taxpayers & Strip Malls
Section: Cockloft Fires (NC #221)
Traditional tactics at cockloft fires are very personnel intensive & time consuming – as a result it is often necessary to ___ to complete pulling ceilings b4 fire roars past:
Skip several exposed stores & surrender them to the fire so as to get far enough ahead to complete…
222
Ch. 16: Norman – Store Fires – Taxpayers & Strip Malls
Section: Cockloft Fires (NC #222)
* (CFPC) Under such circumstances - how many lines are needed per store to permit rapid repositioning?
* Which requires how many people inside?
* 2 or more lines per store (med size)
* 6+ people per store to pull ceilings
* = number to operate lines (6 or more)
* Additional crews to perform roof ventilation & attack main body of fire.
223
Ch. 16: Norman – Store Fires – Taxpayers & Strip Malls
Section: Cockloft Fires (NC #223)
(CFPC) – The hoseline can’t begin to operate until sizeable hole is completed. Directing stream into cockloft from floor through narrow opening often worsens conditions, bc a ___ is set up on the process:
* Stream may put out a little fire directly in line with opening, but there is →
* A venturi effect is set up in the process - as the stream entrains large quantities of air at the small ceiling hole, blowing into cockloft & fanning fire.
* (get personnel w/ hooks inside to get substantial hole open b4 apply any water)
224
Ch. 16: Norman – Store Fires – Taxpayers & Strip Malls
Section: Cockloft Fires (NC #224)
In cases were it is impractical or physically impossible to open the ceiling – you must darken down fire somehow. Potential items which may be used:
Cellar pipes & distributors
225
Ch. 16: Norman – Store Fires – Taxpayers & Strip Malls
Section: Cockloft Fires (NC #225)
Cellar pipes & distributors – can put water into otherwise inaccessible areas below the roof. This can buy time while finding other means of reaching the fire. ___ & ___ are occupancies where this may be the case:
Meat markets & butcher shops
226
Ch. 16: Norman – Store Fires – Taxpayers & Strip Malls
Section: Cockloft Fires (NC #226)
In meat markets & butcher shops – it is possible to find ceilings of ___ to facilitate hosing the rooms down for sanitary reasons:
Plastic laminate glue over plywood
227
Ch. 16: Norman – Store Fires – Taxpayers & Strip Malls
Section: Cockloft Fires (NC #227)
In mat markets & butcher blocks, ___ or ___ may take up the entire rear of the store:)
Large walk-in refrigerators or freezers
(if can’t get water above such areas by conventional means – use unconventional approach, ie – send distributors & cellar pipes up to the roof & insert into cockloft from above
228
Ch. 16: Norman – Store Fires – Taxpayers & Strip Malls
Section: Cockloft Fires (NC #228)
When it appears that there is heavy fire in a cockloft, or when store fires cannot be knocked down quickly, the IC must prepare for the fire to:
Break through the roof
229
Ch. 16: Norman – Store Fires – Taxpayers & Strip Malls
Section: Cockloft Fires (NC #229)
When it appears that there is heavy fire in a cockloft, or when store fires cannot be knocked down quickly, the IC must prepare for the fire to break through the roof, which will produce a huge amount of ___, because:
Flame & dense black smoke – as asphalt or rubber surface adds to the fuel load.
230
Ch. 16: Norman – Store Fires – Taxpayers & Strip Malls
Section: Cockloft Fires (NC #230)
(CFPC) IC must be informed of nearby taller exposures, especially those with:
Widows that overlook the roof
231
Ch. 16: Norman – Store Fires – Taxpayers & Strip Malls
Section: Cockloft Fires (NC #231)
16-24: Taller nearby bldgs, especially those that have windows overlooking the roof, must be an immediate priority for:
Exposure protection
| may not be clearly visible from street level when darkness & heavy smoke conditions prevail
232
Ch. 16: Norman – Store Fires – Taxpayers & Strip Malls
Section: Cockloft Fires (NC #232)
Taller bldg exposures – will be severely threatened as soon as a large section of the roof burns thorough. IC must have sufficient resources on hand to:
Defend these structures prior to roof burn through.
Handlines should be stretched to each area that overlooks the fire bldg – if available, an e-MS where it can hit roof & exposed bldg.
233
Ch. 16: Norman – Store Fires – Taxpayers & Strip Malls
Section: Cockloft Fires (NC #233)
1 option (at cockloft fires) that has been successful & is much more personnel-efficient that pulling ceiling is to use:
* A master stream from an elevating platform basket –
| * Directed from the sidewalk through front display window & cockloft.
234
Ch. 16: Norman – Store Fires – Taxpayers & Strip Malls
Section: Cockloft Fires (NC #234)
A ___ is the most versatile, most maneuverable master stream on the fire ground.
THIS WAS A TEST QUESTION
Properly supplied tower ladder stream
235
Ch. 16: Norman – Store Fires – Taxpayers & Strip Malls
Section: Cockloft Fires (NC #235)
16-25: The elevating platform stream used from ___ is the most highly maneuverable MS available. Its invaluable for fires in the cockloft.
Ground level
236
Ch. 16: Norman – Store Fires – Taxpayers & Strip Malls
Section: Cockloft Fires (NC #236)
2 members operating in the tower ladder basket can rapidly apply more than ___ gpm to darken down even the heaviest store fire quickly:
1200 gpm
237
Ch. 16: Norman – Store Fires – Taxpayers & Strip Malls
Section: Cockloft Fires (NC #237)
2 members operating in tower ladder basket can apply more than 1200 gpm to darken down the store fire quickly. This same heavy stream can then rapidly be ___. This is something that no other MS, and not even handlines can do:
Moved from side to side or store to store without shutting down
238
Ch. 16: Norman – Store Fires – Taxpayers & Strip Malls
Section: Cockloft Fires (NC #238)
Tower ladder basket stream – A stream can be directed upward from show windows can be used to blast through ___, simultaneously (doing what):
* Ceilings.
| * Exposing & extinguishing fire in the cockloft.
239
Ch. 16: Norman – Store Fires – Taxpayers & Strip Malls
Section: Cockloft Fires (NC #239)
An elevating platform withstands changes in ___ much better than a portable deluge set, thus allowing to whip the stream to get the most effect in punching through ceiling:
Nozzle reaction
240
Ch. 16: Norman – Store Fires – Taxpayers & Strip Malls
Section: Cockloft Fires (NC #240)
Using an elevating platform master stream – 1 of the key ingredients to a successful operation is to maintain:
As high a nozzle pressure as possible throughout a solid tip.
241
Ch. 16: Norman – Store Fires – Taxpayers & Strip Malls
Section: Cockloft Fires (NC #241)
Master stream use – key to a successful operation is maintaining as high a NP as possible through a solid tip. Ex → If only 800 gpm available, usual recommended tip & psi:
* 1¾ @ 80 psi – good stream for normal operations.
| * By using smaller 1½ tip at 140 psi NP, same 800 GPM achieves greater reach & penetration.
242
Ch. 16: Norman – Store Fires – Taxpayers & Strip Malls
Section: Cockloft Fires (NC #242)
It may be possible in some very old taxpayers to remove ___ to gain access to the cockloft:
Advertising signs along front parapet
| perfect task for aerial platform – once sign removed, sweep stream across entire cockloft
243
Ch. 16: Norman – Store Fires – Taxpayers & Strip Malls
Section: Cockloft Fires (NC #243)
On many newer strip malls, there is an all-metal ___ along the front row of stores.
Overhanging soffit along the front row of stores.
244
Ch. 16: Norman – Store Fires – Taxpayers & Strip Malls
Section: Cockloft Fires (NC #244)
16-26: Newer metal soffits are extremely difficult to open using conventional techniques. Consider using ___ to open the fascia:
* A metal cutting saw from an elevating platform.
* Soffit → bottom of overhang.
* Fascia → front.
245
Ch. 16: Norman – Store Fires – Taxpayers & Strip Malls
Section: Cockloft Fires (NC #245)
On many newer strip malls, there is an all-metal overhanging soffit along the front row of stores. Typically this area is:
* 1 large, open space.
* May inter-connect w/ cocklofts of stores.
* At times – found to allow fire to wrap around a party wall, or fire wall & enter stores on other side.
246
Ch. 16: Norman – Store Fires – Taxpayers & Strip Malls
Section: Cockloft Fires (NC #246)
All metal overhanging soffit along front row of stores (on new strip malls) – Opening up the soffit may with pike poles is extremely difficult. A far faster method is to use ___ to cut away large sections of the fascia:
Metal cutting circular saw from basket of an elevating platform
247
Ch. 16: Norman – Store Fires – Taxpayers & Strip Malls
Section: Cockloft Fires (NC #247)
Newer strip malls – metal overhang – at times this area has been found to wrap around (what):
Fire wall or party wall
248
Ch. 16: Norman – Store Fires – Taxpayers & Strip Malls
Section: Cockloft Fires (NC #248)
1 of the most unrecognized problems with a cockloft fire is:
The collapse of the parapet wall
249
Ch. 16: Norman – Store Fires – Taxpayers & Strip Malls
Section: Cockloft Fires (NC #249)
1 of the most unrecognized problems with a cockloft fire is the collapse of the parapet wall. This parapet is a continuation of
The outer wall above the roof level
250
Ch. 16: Norman – Store Fires – Taxpayers & Strip Malls
Section: Cockloft Fires (NC #250)
T / F → the parapet wall is a freestanding & unsupported wall:
True – Parapet is freestanding & unsupported.
251
Ch. 16: Norman – Store Fires – Taxpayers & Strip Malls
Section: Cockloft Fires (NC #251)
Parapet wall – Where there are ___, this wall is carried on a ___ across the opening:
* Show windows.
| * Steel I-beam.
252
Ch. 16: Norman – Store Fires – Taxpayers & Strip Malls
Section: Cockloft Fires (NC #252)
Parapet wall → where there are show windows, parapet walls are carried on a steel I-beams across the opening. Typically this I-beam connects with:
Other I-beams that run through the cockloft, perpendicular to the front walls, supporting roof joists.
253
Ch. 16: Norman – Store Fires – Taxpayers & Strip Malls
Section: Cockloft Fires (NC #253)
Parapet walls – where there are show windows, parapet walls are carried on a steel I-beam across the opening. This I-beam connects with other I-beams that run through the cockloft, perpendicular to front walls (supporting roof). If a fire in the cockloft heats the front to rear beam sufficiently, the beam will:
Expand
254
Ch. 16: Norman – Store Fires – Taxpayers & Strip Malls
Section: Cockloft Fires (NC #254)
A 100 foot steel beam heated to 1000 degrees will expand:
9½” lengthwise
THIS WAS A TEST QUESTION
255
Ch. 16: Norman – Store Fires – Taxpayers & Strip Malls
Section: Cockloft Fires (NC #256)
Parapet walls are often given a lot of ___ reinforcement:
Lateral reinforcement – with result that once 1 part falls, the rest of the parapet may go with it.
256
Ch. 16: Norman – Store Fires – Taxpayers & Strip Malls
Section: Cockloft Fires (NC #257)
When serious fire involves the cockloft of a taxpayer or is blowing out display windows, ___ should be considered within the collapse zone:
The entire sidewalk on all frontages
257
Ch. 16: Norman – Store Fires – Taxpayers & Strip Malls
Section: Cockloft Fires (NC #258)
When serious fire involves the cockloft of a taxpayer or is blowing out display windows, the entire sidewalk on all frontages should be considered within the collapse zone. Entry into the stores may be made after:
Cooling the steel I-beams, but get off sidewalk as quickly as possible.
258
Ch. 16: Norman – Store Fires – Taxpayers & Strip Malls
Section: Cockloft Fires (NC #259)
Elevating platform basket can be beneficial for halting fires in the cockloft – if operated early enough into the incident to extinguish the fire. If its been operating for great length of time into a cockloft & not making headway, it too must be:
Pulled out of collapse zone
259
Ch. 16: Norman – Store Fires – Taxpayers & Strip Malls
Section: Cockloft Fires (NC #260)
Consideration when dealing with I-beams is their potential to push through:
Solid walls
(1 of the secrets of success at taxpayer fires – knowing what is likely to happen & having the foresight to take actions to cut it off at the start)
260
Ch. 16: Norman – Store Fires – Taxpayers & Strip Malls
Section: Cockloft Fires (NC #261)
Taxpayer fires are very ___-intensive operations bc of the many remote areas in which operations must take place.
Personnel-intensive
261
Ch. 16: Norman – Store Fires – Taxpayers & Strip Malls
Section: Cockloft Fires (NC #262)
Taxpayer fires are very personnel-intensive operations bc of the many remote areas in which operations must take place. ___ operations at taxpayers are particularly demanding.
Truck
262
Ch. 16: Norman – Store Fires – Taxpayers & Strip Malls
Section: Cockloft Fires (NC #263)
Roof operations demand how many members, with which tools, immediately if you hope to cut the required holes in time:
* 6 members – with;
* 2 saws,
* 4 hooks,
* 2 axes
* 2 halligan tools.
263
Ch. 16: Norman – Store Fires – Taxpayers & Strip Malls
Section: Cockloft Fires (NC #264)
A store or cockloft fire demands at least (how many) lines at once:
At least 3
264
Ch. 16: Norman – Store Fires – Taxpayers & Strip Malls
Section: Cockloft Fires (NC #265)
If resources aren’t available to place & operate these lines quickly, while simultaneously pulling ceilings along the entire depth of a ___ ft store, the operation may be doomed before it begins:
75 or 100’ store
265
Ch. 16: Norman – Store Fires – Taxpayers & Strip Malls
Section: Cockloft Fires (NC #266)
Make most of what you’ve got – One 300 gpm handline is often more effective that 2 150 gpm lines due to __, while using the same # of personnel:
The added reach & penetration
266
Ch. 16: Norman – Store Fires – Taxpayers & Strip Malls
Section: Cockloft Fires (NC #267)
Larger open-floor areas permit rapid (advance or retreat) ___ of the larger lines as opposed to smaller lines that are better suited to residential bldgs:
Advance
267
Ch. 16: Norman – Store Fires – Taxpayers & Strip Malls
Section: Cockloft Fires (NC #268)
16-29: Store fires are very personnel-intensive operations. Roof venting operations require at least (# of members & saws):
At least 6 members and 2 saws
268
Ch. 16: Norman – Store Fires – Taxpayers & Strip Malls
Section: Cockloft Fires (NC #269)
16-29 (cont) – If heavy fire has entered a common cockloft, ___ times as many members & saws may be needed:
3 or 4 times as many
| 18 & 6 or 24 & 8
