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MicroBiology > Ch1 > Flashcards

Ch1 Flashcards

0
Q

what is the cytoplasmic membrane?

A

It is what separates the inside from the outside of the cell

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1
Q

The science of microbiology revolves around what two themes?

A

1) understanding the nature and functioning of the microbial world.
2) Applying our understanding for the benefit of mankind

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2
Q

What is cytoplasm?

A

It is an aqueous mixture of macromolecules- protiens,lipids,nucleic acids, and polysaccharides and various ions

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3
Q

What are ribosomes?

A

Protein synthesizing stuructures

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4
Q

What do prokaryotes consist of?

A

Bacteria and Archea and consist of relatively small and structurally simple cells.

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5
Q

What do Eukaryotes consist of ?

A

They are typically larger than prokaryotes and contain an assortment of cytoplasmic structures and organelles

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6
Q

What is a genome?A gene?

A

it is the total complement of genetic information of a cell or virus. a gene is a segment of DNA that encodes a protein or RNA macromolecule

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7
Q

How is DNA present in Eukaryotes, Archea, and Bacteria

A

In eukaryotes DNA is present in linear molecules and in both bacteria and Archea it is present as closed circular chromosomes

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8
Q

What is a Nucleoid?

A

A mass visible in the electron microscope

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9
Q

What do plasmids typically contain?

A

contains genes that confer special properties of the cell rather than essential genes needed under all growth conditions

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10
Q

What do all microbial cells typically have?

A

Metabolism by taking up nutrients from the environment and transforming them into new cell materials and waste products.

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11
Q

What is growth?

A

Refers to the increase in cell numbers as a result of cell division.

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12
Q

What are enzymes and what do they do?

A

enzymes carry out reactions that supply the energy and precursors necessary for biosynthesis of all cell components.

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13
Q

what is the advantage to those cells capable of motility?

A

they are able to move away from unfavorable conditions or are able to exploit new resources.

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14
Q

what does differentiation result in?

A

it results in the formation of modified cells specialized for growth dispersal or survival

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15
Q

who is able to do genetic exchange and what is genetic exchange?

A

Prokaryotic cells and genetic exchange is where they can transfer or accept genes either of the same or different species.

16
Q

What is Evolution?

A

The process of descent with modification where genetic variants are selected based on their reproductive fitness.

17
Q

What are the 3 major lineages of microbial cells?

A

Bacteria,Archaea, and Eukarya

18
Q

what are 2 important facts of microbial cells

A

1) Bacteria and Archea are phylogenetically distinct despite sharing many structural features. 2) Archea are most closely related to Eukarya than bacteria.

19
Q

what is Habitat?

A

the immediate environment in which a microbial population lives.

20
Q

What is an ecosystem?

A

it is all living organisms together with the physical and chemical components of their enviroment

21
Q

What are Extremophiles?

A

AN organism that grows optimally under one or more chemical and physical extremes- these prokaryotes do not just tolerate these conditions but require it in order to grow.

22
Q

what is a pathogen?

A

A disease causing microorganism

23
Q

What is bioremediation?

A

it is when microorganisms are used to consume environmentally toxic pollutants.

24
Q

What is spontaneous generation?

A

The hypothesis that living organisms can originate from non-living matter

25
Q

What are the Koch’s Postulates?

A

1)the suspected pathogen must be present in all cases of the disease and absent from healthy animals. 2)the suspected pathogen must be grown in a pure culture.3) cells from a pure culture of the suspected pathogen must cause disease in a healthy animal. 4) the suspected pathogen must be re-isolated and shown to be the same as the original.

26
Q

What is the enrichment culture technique?

A

the use of selective culture media and incubation conditions to isolate specific microorganisms from natural samples. founded by martinus berjerick

27
Q

What is Chemolithrotrophy?

A

the oxidation of inorganic compounds to yield energy.

28
Q

What is genomics?

A

the mapping, sequencing,and analysis of genomes

29
Q

what is the primary function of translocases

A

importing and excreting protiens

30
Q

how are teichoic acids bound within peptidoglycan?

A

covalent bonding to muramic acid

MicroBiology (5 decks)

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