Ch.1 Flashcards
Human Microbiome Project
Goal was to determine makeup of typical micribiota of various parts of body
Also tried understanding relationship between microbiome and human diseases
Who created the 3 domains based on cellular respiration?
Carl Woese in 1978
Came up with Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya
Who established system of naming organisms?
Carolus Linnaeus
1735
Bacteria characteristics
Divide by binary fission
Single celled
Prokaryotes
Archaea characteristics
Are prokaryotes
Lack peptidogycan cell walls
Don’t cause human disease
Fungi characteristics
Eukaryotes
Chitin cell walls
Absorb organic chemicals for energy
Protozoa characteristics
Eukaryotes
Free living or parasitic
Reproduce sexually or asexually
Who discovered cells
Robert Hooke
1665
Marked beginning of cell theory
Who discovered the first microbes?
Anton Van Leeuwenhoek
1623-1673
What’s spontaneous generation?
Some forms of life could arise spontaneously from nonliving matter
AKA things magically appeared
What did Francesco Redi do?
Did expirement with jars and decaying meat
Demonstrated that the maggots did NOT arise spontaneously
What did John Needham do?
He put boiled nutrient broth into covered flasks
Found microbial growth
Case for spontaneous generation was strengthened
What did Lazzaro Spallanzi do?
He did what Needham did, except he boiled the broth while being covered
Observed no microbial growth
What did Rudolph Virchow do?
Came up with biogenisis concept
Could not provide any scientific proof for this
What’s biogenisis?
Cells could only arise from pre-existing cells
What did Louis Pasteur do?
Demonstrated that microorganisms are present in the air
Used S- shaped flasks
Discovered that microbes are responsible for fermentation
Discovered pasteurization
What did the S shaped flask allow for?
Allowed for airflow to go in and out but not the microbes
Pasteurization is?
Application of high heat for a short time to kill bacteria in beverages
What is fermentation?
The microbial conversion of sugar to alcohol in absence of air
What’s the germ theory of disease?
Microorganisms cause diseases
Who advocated for handwashing to prevent fever from going to patient to patient?
Ignaz Semmelweis
What did Joseph Lister do?
Used a chemical antiseptic (phenol) to prevent surgical wound infections
What did Robert Koch do?
Discovered bacteria that causes anthrax
Who created vaccinations?
Edward Jenner
