Ch. 9 Vocab

Question 1

Social Psychology

Answer 1

the branch of psychology that deals with social interactions, including their origins and their effects on the individual.

Question 2

Attribution

Answer 2

an innate human tendency to ascribe a cause to our actions and the actions of others.

Question 3

Attribution Theory

Answer 3

a theory that supposes that one attempts to understand the behavior of others by attributing feelings, beliefs, and intentions to them.

Question 4

Just-world phenomenon

Answer 4

Everything that happens to a person or an event is deserved

Question 5

Fundamental attribution error

Answer 5

the tendency people have to overemphasize personal characteristics and ignore situational factors in judging others’ behavior.

Question 6

cognitive dissonance

Answer 6

the discomfort a person feels when their behavior does not align with their values or beliefs.

Question 7

foot-in-the-door phenomenon

Answer 7

aims to get people to agree to a large request by first agreeing to a moderate request

Question 8

door-in-the-face phenomenon

Answer 8

Getting a person to agree to a request by first asking a large request and asking the smaller one when the person refuses

Question 9

conformity

Answer 9

Process where people change things about themselves in order to fit into the group

Question 10

compliance

Answer 10

Changing behavior in response to a request

Question 11

social norms

Answer 11

the unspoken set of rules that people comply with in their day-to-day lives

Question 12

normative social influence

Answer 12

A person conforms to be a part of a group and to escape social rejection

Question 13

Informational social influence

Answer 13

When a person willingly goes with the wrong info in order to remain a part of the group and to go along with eh group conciousness

Question 14

Social Loafing

Answer 14

where an individual exerts less effort to meet a goal when working in a group than they do working individually.

Question 15

Social trap

Answer 15

occur when people take actions that immediately rewarding but indirectly punishing or when indv. or group action inadvertently condemns self or others

Question 16

Deindividualization

Answer 16

Losing individual characteristics in order to become more a part of a group

Question 17

Group Polarization

Answer 17

a psychological phenomenon in which the beliefs, attitudes, and decisions of groups tend to be more amplified or more extreme than those held by individual group members.

Question 18

Groupthink

Answer 18

a phenomenon that occurs when a group of individuals reaches a consensus without critical reasoning or evaluation of the consequences or alternatives.

Question 19

Central route of persuasion

Answer 19

a method of convincing others to take an action or make a decision based on facts and evidence of the merits of the outcome.

Question 20

elaboration likelihood model

Answer 20

explains how people can be persuaded to change their attitudes. When people are invested in a topic and have the time and energy to think over an issue, they’re more likely to be persuaded through the central route

Question 21

reciprocity norms

Answer 21

a social rule that maintains, among other things, that people should return favors and other acts of kindness

Question 22

prisoners dilemma

Answer 22

a situation where individual decision-makers always have an incentive to choose in a way that creates a less than optimal outcome for the individuals as a group.

Question 23

ethnocentrism

Answer 23

evaluation of other cultures according to preconceptions originating in the standards and customs of one’s own culture.

Question 24

peripheral route of persuasion

Answer 24

Peripheral route persuasion is persuasion which does not rely on the intrinsic merits of an argument.

Question 25

ingroup

Answer 25

a social group to which a person psychologically identifies as being a member.

Question 26

outgroup

Answer 26

anyone who does not belong to your group

Question 27

scapegoat theory

Answer 27

the tendency to blame someone else for our theories

Question 28

frustration-aggression principle

Answer 28

frustration is a necessary and sufficient condition for aggression—meaning that any frustration inevitably leads to aggression, and any act of aggression is due to frustration

Question 29

mere exposure effect

Answer 29

describes our tendency to develop preferences for things simply because we are familiar with them.

Question 30

self-disclosure

Answer 30

Self-disclosure involves sharing personal information – such as your thoughts, dreams, fears, goals, preferences, and experiences.

Question 31

prosocial behavior

Answer 31

actions that benefit others, such as cooperation, sharing, helping, and caring

Question 32

altruism

Answer 32

acting to help someone else at some cost to oneself.

Question 33

bystander effect

Answer 33

limiting responsibility when people are around us

Question 34

diffusion of responsibility

Answer 34

feeling that an action is not our responsibility or was caused because of us

Question 35

superordinate goals

Answer 35

a goal that can be attained only if the members of two or more groups work together by pooling their skills, efforts, and resources.

Question 36

social exchange theory

Answer 36

people make decisions by consciously or unconsciously measuring the costs and rewards of a relationship or action, ultimately seeking to maximize their reward.

Question 37

GRIT

Answer 37

a personality trait characterized by perseverance and passion for achieving long-term goals.

Question 38

self-serving bias

Answer 38

a type of cognitive bias that involves taking personal credit for successes while blaming negative outcomes on external factors.

Question 39

Facial feedback hypothesis

Answer 39

suggests that individuals’ emotional experiences are influenced by their facial expressions.

Question 40

false consensus effect

Answer 40

the tendency to assume that one’s own opinions, beliefs, attributes, or behaviors are more widely shared than is actually the case.

Question 41

Halo effect

Answer 41

The halo effect is a type of cognitive bias in which our overall impression of a person influences how we feel and think about their character.

Question 42

Social Facilitation

Answer 42

Social facilitation is the theory that people perform better when in the presence of others, like a coworker or an audience.

Question 43

Social inhibition

Answer 43

a conscious or subconscious avoidance of a situation or social interaction.

Question 44

Interpersonal Attraction

Answer 44

a positive attitude or evaluation regarding a particular person, including the three components conventionally ascribed to attitudes:

Question 45

pee pee

Answer 45

poo poo