Ch. 9 Vocab Flashcards
social psychology
Social Psychology
the branch of psychology that deals with social interactions, including their origins and their effects on the individual.
Attribution
an innate human tendency to ascribe a cause to our actions and the actions of others.
Attribution Theory
a theory that supposes that one attempts to understand the behavior of others by attributing feelings, beliefs, and intentions to them.
Just-world phenomenon
Everything that happens to a person or an event is deserved
Fundamental attribution error
the tendency people have to overemphasize personal characteristics and ignore situational factors in judging others’ behavior.
cognitive dissonance
the discomfort a person feels when their behavior does not align with their values or beliefs.
foot-in-the-door phenomenon
aims to get people to agree to a large request by first agreeing to a moderate request
door-in-the-face phenomenon
Getting a person to agree to a request by first asking a large request and asking the smaller one when the person refuses
conformity
Process where people change things about themselves in order to fit into the group
compliance
Changing behavior in response to a request
social norms
the unspoken set of rules that people comply with in their day-to-day lives
normative social influence
A person conforms to be a part of a group and to escape social rejection
Informational social influence
When a person willingly goes with the wrong info in order to remain a part of the group and to go along with eh group conciousness
Social Loafing
where an individual exerts less effort to meet a goal when working in a group than they do working individually.
Social trap
occur when people take actions that immediately rewarding but indirectly punishing or when indv. or group action inadvertently condemns self or others
Deindividualization
Losing individual characteristics in order to become more a part of a group
Group Polarization
a psychological phenomenon in which the beliefs, attitudes, and decisions of groups tend to be more amplified or more extreme than those held by individual group members.
Groupthink
a phenomenon that occurs when a group of individuals reaches a consensus without critical reasoning or evaluation of the consequences or alternatives.
Central route of persuasion
a method of convincing others to take an action or make a decision based on facts and evidence of the merits of the outcome.
elaboration likelihood model
explains how people can be persuaded to change their attitudes. When people are invested in a topic and have the time and energy to think over an issue, they’re more likely to be persuaded through the central route
reciprocity norms
a social rule that maintains, among other things, that people should return favors and other acts of kindness
prisoners dilemma
a situation where individual decision-makers always have an incentive to choose in a way that creates a less than optimal outcome for the individuals as a group.
ethnocentrism
evaluation of other cultures according to preconceptions originating in the standards and customs of one’s own culture.
peripheral route of persuasion
Peripheral route persuasion is persuasion which does not rely on the intrinsic merits of an argument.
ingroup
a social group to which a person psychologically identifies as being a member.
outgroup
anyone who does not belong to your group
scapegoat theory
the tendency to blame someone else for our theories
frustration-aggression principle
frustration is a necessary and sufficient condition for aggression—meaning that any frustration inevitably leads to aggression, and any act of aggression is due to frustration
mere exposure effect
describes our tendency to develop preferences for things simply because we are familiar with them.
self-disclosure
Self-disclosure involves sharing personal information – such as your thoughts, dreams, fears, goals, preferences, and experiences.
prosocial behavior
actions that benefit others, such as cooperation, sharing, helping, and caring
altruism
acting to help someone else at some cost to oneself.
bystander effect
limiting responsibility when people are around us
diffusion of responsibility
feeling that an action is not our responsibility or was caused because of us
superordinate goals
a goal that can be attained only if the members of two or more groups work together by pooling their skills, efforts, and resources.
social exchange theory
people make decisions by consciously or unconsciously measuring the costs and rewards of a relationship or action, ultimately seeking to maximize their reward.
GRIT
a personality trait characterized by perseverance and passion for achieving long-term goals.
self-serving bias
a type of cognitive bias that involves taking personal credit for successes while blaming negative outcomes on external factors.
Facial feedback hypothesis
suggests that individuals’ emotional experiences are influenced by their facial expressions.
false consensus effect
the tendency to assume that one’s own opinions, beliefs, attributes, or behaviors are more widely shared than is actually the case.
Halo effect
The halo effect is a type of cognitive bias in which our overall impression of a person influences how we feel and think about their character.
Social Facilitation
Social facilitation is the theory that people perform better when in the presence of others, like a coworker or an audience.
Social inhibition
a conscious or subconscious avoidance of a situation or social interaction.
Interpersonal Attraction
a positive attitude or evaluation regarding a particular person, including the three components conventionally ascribed to attitudes:
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