CH. 9 Use of Force

Question 1

regulates initiation of armed conflict

Answer 1

jus ad bellum

Question 2

force only lawful if necessary to achieve a legitimate military objective

Answer 2

military necessity

Question 3

test that limits when states can argue that force is necessary for self-defense (based off a case)

Answer 3

the Caroline Test

Question 4

force must be proportional with state’s objective

Answer 4

proportionality

Question 5

first codification on limiting armed conflict, issued by President Lincoln in 1863 to professionalize the northern army

Answer 5

Lieber Code

Question 6

first systematic international rules; numerous agreements to regulate military operations and limit weapons (1899-1907)

Answer 6

Hague Law

Question 7

part of Hague Law; focus on state (belligerent) rights, include civilian protections, and clarify that CIL also governs armed conflict

Answer 7

Martens clause

Question 8

four 1949 treaties that focus on protect people, including civilians and combatants who are captured, sick, or wounded (emphasize individual rights)

Answer 8

Geneva Conventions

Question 9

1977 treaty that expands prior rules about military conduct and protected people, unifies Hague law and Geneva Conventions but has controversial provisions

Answer 9

Additional Protocol I

Question 10

treaty that gave rules on non-international armed conflict (NIAC)

Answer 10

Additional Protocol II

Question 11

warfare in which armed groups do not distinguish themselves from civilians

Answer 11

guerilla warfare

Question 12

attacks that aren’t direct at a specific military objective, employ a method or means of combat that can’t be directed at specific military objective, or are of nature to strike military objectives and civilians or civilian objects without distinction

Answer 12

indiscriminate attacks

Question 13

combatants can’t be criminally prosecuted for their legal acts during armed conflict

Answer 13

combatant immunity

Question 14

combatants who’ve fallen into power of enemy (usually by surrendering or being captured)

Answer 14

prisoners of war (POWs)

Question 15

giving private actors authority to attack foreign vessels and seize them as prizes during wars

Answer 15

privateering

Question 16

a person younger than 15 (sometimes 18) in an armed group

Answer 16

child soldier

Question 17

unlawful taking of property during conflict for private ends

Answer 17

pillage

Question 18

weapons that have relatively limited and precise effects in combat

Answer 18

conventional weapons

Question 18

claim that states with more natural resource wealth tend to experience worse economic, political, and social outcomes

Answer 18

resource curse

Question 19

weapon that uses a living organism to wound or kill life (ex. fungus or virus)

Answer 19

biological weapon

Question 20

weapon that uses a toxic chemical to kill life

Answer 20

chemical weapon

Question 21

when a state has authority over another state’s territory without its consent

Answer 21

belligerent occupation

Question 22

the state whose military has authority over its enemy

Answer 22

occupying power

Question 23

non-state actors that fight to achieve political goals

Answer 23

armed opposition groups