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AP Human Geography > CH 9: Urban Geography > Flashcards

CH 9: Urban Geography Flashcards

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1
Q

city

A
  • agglomeration of people and buildings clustered together to serve as center of politics, culture, education, and economics
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2
Q

Urbanization

A
  • began when hunters and gatherers clustered in permanent settlements
  • grow crops, art and industries, sacred sites
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3
Q

First Urban Revolution

A
  • first formation of cities
  • many out of small agricultural villages
  • engage in trade, craft, military, gov.
  • independently in six urban hearths
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4
Q

Mesopotamia
First Urban Revolution

A
  • Fertile Crescent
  • first found evidence of cities, 3500 BCE
  • cities of UR and Babylon
  • near Tigris and Euphrates river
  • social classes through house size and ornaments
  • palaces, temples, walls, taxesou
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5
Q

Nile River Valley
First Urban Revolution

A
  • 3200 BCE
  • irrigation distinguish
  • pyramids, tombs, statues built by slave laborers
  • lack of walls
  • Nile floods
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6
Q

Indus River Valley
First Urban Revolution

A
  • Fertile Crescent
  • 2900 BCE
  • Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro - no social classes
  • significant trade over long distances
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7
Q

Huang He (Yellow) and Wei Valleys
First Urban Revolution

A
  • 1500 BCE
  • cities planned to coincide with cardinal directions
  • astronomy understanding
  • vertical structure in middle, surrounded with temples and palaces
  • cities outer walls
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8
Q

Mesoamerica
First Urban Revolution

A
  • 1100 BCE
  • religious centers
  • Olmec built cities ex) San Lorenzo, Gulf of Mexico
  • large stone monuments
  • Olmec died out
  • Maya built cities in same region
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9
Q

Peru
First Urban Revolution

A
  • 900 BCE
  • largest settlement Chavín, elevation of 10,530
  • Andean highlands
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10
Q

Urban Morphology

A
  • city layout
    • sizes and shapes of buildings, pathways, infrastructure
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11
Q

Functional Zonation

A
  • division of a city into different regions, (ex: residential or industrial), by purpose (housing, manufacturing, etc)
  • helps understand power + wealth distribution, what people value
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12
Q

Site

A
  • absolute location, precise position on Earth
  • chosen for advantages in trade or defense, or center for religious practice
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13
Q

Situation

A
  • relative location, place in region, world around it
  • can change
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14
Q

Ancient Greece Situation

A
  • network 500+ cities and towns, mainland and islands
  • islands and coastal ports for major cities
  • connected cities with trade routes
  • Athens and Sparta
    • mountainous peninsulas, good for trade and defense
  • acropolis, high point with temples ex) Parthenon
  • Agora, market, center of commercial activity
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15
Q

Rome Situation

A
  • amid small villages and large cities
  • extensive transport network
  • changed over time
  • Rome
    • center of Rome Empire -> center of Roman Catholic Church
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16
Q

West Africa pre 1500

A
  • trading cities along Sahara southern margin
  • 1350, Timbuktu major city
  • Niani, Gao, Zaria
  • boat traffic on Niger River
  • exchange goods
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17
Q

Trade Areas

A
  • every city has a dominant trade area
    • people drawn to it
  • hierarchy
    • large trade area, within are smaller cities with own trade area
18
Q

Rank-Size Rule

A
  • German scholar Felix Auerbach suggested, 1913
  • linguist George Zipf created equation, 1941
  • population of a city will be inversely proportional to its rank in hierarchy
    ex) 2nd largest city in area is half population of largest city and 3rd largest will have 1/3 or largest
  • works in Belgium
  • Brian Berry, 1961, found worked in 13 countries
19
Q

Primate Cities

A

“a country’s leading city, always disproportionately large and exceptionally expressive of national capacity and feeling” (Mark Jefferson 1939)
- focus economic development and infrastructure in one city, ex) capitals,
- colonization ex) Manila, Philippines, Mexico City
- noncolonization ex) London and Paris
- Brian Berry, 1961, found worked in 15 countries

20
Q

Central Place Theory

A
  • Walter Christaller (1933)
    • predict where central places in urban hierarchy are located
    • nested, largest place provide functions to large trade area (hinterland)
    • many assumptions
21
Q

Hexagonal Hinterlands

A
  • series of cities with distinct trade areas spaced regularly from each other would be circles
    • inefficient because overlap
  • Hexagons most efficient
22
Q

City Zones

A

Central Business District: key economic zone
Central City: older part of city surrounding/near CBD
Suburb: outlying, primarily residential area on outskirts

23
Q

Suburbanization

A

when lands once outside urban area, farmland or small towns, are transformed into urban areas
- expanded after WWII w/ access to cars and road construction

24
Q

European City Model

A
  • founding date predicts city layout
  • Roman Empire
    -sited on prime trade locations (rivers/ports)
    • narrow and winding streets to trade center
  • Middle Ages
    • town centers with elaborate church
    • town hall
      - shops around square
25
Q

North American City Model

A
  • oldest cities around 400 years old
  • built by European migrants -> Europe influence
  • changed as access to cars expanded
  • Ernest Burgess, 1920s, divided cities to 5 concentric zones
  • Homer Hoyt, late 1930s, sector model
    - focused on residential patterns
  • Chauncy Harris & Edward Ullman, 1940s multiple nuclei model
    • CBD losing dominant position
26
Q

Galactic City

A

qcomplex urban area where functions of city are not centered in one place
ex) LA & Toronto
- post industrial economies

27
Q

Edge Cities

A

large urban areas with extensive space for offices and retail buisnesses
- on outskirts of major cities
ex) Irvine California & Tysons Corner Virginia

28
Q

Latin American City Model

A
  • Ernst Griffin and Larry Ford created model
  • blend South American culture with global economy
  • central plaza = CBD
  • CBD = traditional market sector + modern high-rise sector
  • three radial sectors: commercial spine +2 squatter settlements (favelas/barrios)
    Disamenity sector: poorest areas, not connected to services, controlled by gangs
29
Q

African City Model

A
  • predate European colonialism
  • H.J. de Blij created model
  • three CBDs
    - traditional (commerce on street/stalls), single-story buildings, traditional architecture
    - informal/periodic market zone, open-air
    - colonial, highrises
  • rings of slums
30
Q

Southeast Asian City Model

A
  • T.G. McGee, 1967, created model
  • focal point is old colonial port zone, combined w/ commercial district around it
  • no formal CBD, clustered in:
    • colonial port zone
    • gov. zone
    • western commercial zone
    • immigrant CBD, Chinese merchants
  • market gardening zone on outskirts
31
Q

Southeast Asian City Model

A
  • T.G. McGee, 1967, created model
  • focal point is old colonial port zone, combined w/ commercial district around it
  • no formal CBD, clustered in:
    • colonial port zone
    • gov. zone
    • western commercial zone
    • immigrant CBD, Chinese merchants
  • market gardening zone on outskirts
32
Q

Zoning Laws

A
  • divide cities
  • designate kinds of development in diff. zones
  • global periphery, lower income, lack zoning laws
    ex) Hyderabad, India - Accra, Ghana - Manila, Phillipines
33
Q

Redlining

A
  • before Civil Rights Movement (1960s)
  • Home Owners’ Loan Corporation + banks
  • red lines on map around. “risky” neighborhoods
  • based on race, ethnic neighborhoods in red lines
  • refuse loans to those buying in redlined areas
  • became illegal in 1968 Fair Housing Act
34
Q

Blockbusting

A
  • purposely sell house at low price in white neighborhood to black buyer
  • make white residents sell homes due to neighborhood “going downhill”
    -> white flight: movement of whites from city to suburbs
35
Q

Gentrification

A
  • renewal or rebuilding of lower-income neighborhoods to middle/upper class
  • near centers of many cities
  • began in places with tight housing market + defined central-city neighborhoods ex) Chicago, Portland
  • slowed 1990s, but growing again
  • increases housing prices
  • displaces lower-income residents
36
Q

Teardowns

A
  • suburban gentrification
  • houses people buy in suburbs w/ intents of tearing down for larger home
  • new larger homes sometimes called McMansions
  • changes landscape + increase house values
37
Q

Urban Sprawl

A
  • stricted growth of housing, commercial dev., and roads over large expanses of land
    ex) strip malls, big-box, stores, chain restaurants, huge intersections, numerous housing dev., over many acres
  • automobile era
38
Q

New Urbanism

A
  • countering urban sprawl
  • development, urban revitalization, and suburban reforms that create walkable neighborhoods w/ house and job diversity
  • Congress for the New Urbanism (1993)
  • reduce traffic time, increase affordable houses
  • criticized by some
39
Q

Gated Communities

A
  • fenced-in neighborhoods with controlled access gates for people + cars
  • often have security
  • maintain/increase house values
  • late 1980s to early 1990s
  • some see as new form of segregation
40
Q

Node

A
  • place where action and interaction occur
  • world cities are connected to other world cities
  • measured by influence
    • act as forces shaping globalization
41
Q

Megacities

A
  • measured by number of residents, population
  • large city with 10 million +
  • difficult to provide services to that many
  • center of gravity for migrants
  • large slum devs.
42
Q

Hutment factories

A
  • centers of entrepreneurship where slum residents sew, recycle, build, or trade/sell

AP Human Geography (9 decks)

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