CH 9: Urban Geography Flashcards
1
Q
city
A
- agglomeration of people and buildings clustered together to serve as center of politics, culture, education, and economics
2
Q
Urbanization
A
- began when hunters and gatherers clustered in permanent settlements
- grow crops, art and industries, sacred sites
3
Q
First Urban Revolution
A
- first formation of cities
- many out of small agricultural villages
- engage in trade, craft, military, gov.
- independently in six urban hearths
4
Q
Mesopotamia
First Urban Revolution
A
- Fertile Crescent
- first found evidence of cities, 3500 BCE
- cities of UR and Babylon
- near Tigris and Euphrates river
- social classes through house size and ornaments
- palaces, temples, walls, taxesou
5
Q
Nile River Valley
First Urban Revolution
A
- 3200 BCE
- irrigation distinguish
- pyramids, tombs, statues built by slave laborers
- lack of walls
- Nile floods
6
Q
Indus River Valley
First Urban Revolution
A
- Fertile Crescent
- 2900 BCE
- Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro - no social classes
- significant trade over long distances
7
Q
Huang He (Yellow) and Wei Valleys
First Urban Revolution
A
- 1500 BCE
- cities planned to coincide with cardinal directions
- astronomy understanding
- vertical structure in middle, surrounded with temples and palaces
- cities outer walls
8
Q
Mesoamerica
First Urban Revolution
A
- 1100 BCE
- religious centers
- Olmec built cities ex) San Lorenzo, Gulf of Mexico
- large stone monuments
- Olmec died out
- Maya built cities in same region
9
Q
Peru
First Urban Revolution
A
- 900 BCE
- largest settlement Chavín, elevation of 10,530
- Andean highlands
10
Q
Urban Morphology
A
- city layout
- sizes and shapes of buildings, pathways, infrastructure
11
Q
Functional Zonation
A
- division of a city into different regions, (ex: residential or industrial), by purpose (housing, manufacturing, etc)
- helps understand power + wealth distribution, what people value
12
Q
Site
A
- absolute location, precise position on Earth
- chosen for advantages in trade or defense, or center for religious practice
13
Q
Situation
A
- relative location, place in region, world around it
- can change
14
Q
Ancient Greece Situation
A
- network 500+ cities and towns, mainland and islands
- islands and coastal ports for major cities
- connected cities with trade routes
- Athens and Sparta
- mountainous peninsulas, good for trade and defense
- acropolis, high point with temples ex) Parthenon
- Agora, market, center of commercial activity
15
Q
Rome Situation
A
- amid small villages and large cities
- extensive transport network
- changed over time
- Rome
- center of Rome Empire -> center of Roman Catholic Church
16
Q
West Africa pre 1500
A
- trading cities along Sahara southern margin
- 1350, Timbuktu major city
- Niani, Gao, Zaria
- boat traffic on Niger River
- exchange goods
17
Q
Trade Areas
A
- every city has a dominant trade area
- people drawn to it
- hierarchy
- large trade area, within are smaller cities with own trade area
18
Q
Rank-Size Rule
A
- German scholar Felix Auerbach suggested, 1913
- linguist George Zipf created equation, 1941
- population of a city will be inversely proportional to its rank in hierarchy
ex) 2nd largest city in area is half population of largest city and 3rd largest will have 1/3 or largest - works in Belgium
- Brian Berry, 1961, found worked in 13 countries
19
Q
Primate Cities
A
“a country’s leading city, always disproportionately large and exceptionally expressive of national capacity and feeling” (Mark Jefferson 1939)
- focus economic development and infrastructure in one city, ex) capitals,
- colonization ex) Manila, Philippines, Mexico City
- noncolonization ex) London and Paris
- Brian Berry, 1961, found worked in 15 countries
20
Q
Central Place Theory
A
- Walter Christaller (1933)
- predict where central places in urban hierarchy are located
- nested, largest place provide functions to large trade area (hinterland)
- many assumptions
21
Q
Hexagonal Hinterlands
A
- series of cities with distinct trade areas spaced regularly from each other would be circles
- inefficient because overlap
- Hexagons most efficient
22
Q
City Zones
A
Central Business District: key economic zone
Central City: older part of city surrounding/near CBD
Suburb: outlying, primarily residential area on outskirts
23
Q
Suburbanization
A
when lands once outside urban area, farmland or small towns, are transformed into urban areas
- expanded after WWII w/ access to cars and road construction
24
Q
European City Model
A
- founding date predicts city layout
- Roman Empire
-sited on prime trade locations (rivers/ports)- narrow and winding streets to trade center
- Middle Ages
- town centers with elaborate church
- town hall
- shops around square
25
Q
North American City Model
A
- oldest cities around 400 years old
- built by European migrants -> Europe influence
- changed as access to cars expanded
- Ernest Burgess, 1920s, divided cities to 5 concentric zones
- Homer Hoyt, late 1930s, sector model
- focused on residential patterns - Chauncy Harris & Edward Ullman, 1940s multiple nuclei model
- CBD losing dominant position
26
Q
Galactic City
A
qcomplex urban area where functions of city are not centered in one place
ex) LA & Toronto
- post industrial economies
27
Q
Edge Cities
A
large urban areas with extensive space for offices and retail buisnesses
- on outskirts of major cities
ex) Irvine California & Tysons Corner Virginia
28
Q
Latin American City Model
A
- Ernst Griffin and Larry Ford created model
- blend South American culture with global economy
- central plaza = CBD
- CBD = traditional market sector + modern high-rise sector
- three radial sectors: commercial spine +2 squatter settlements (favelas/barrios)
Disamenity sector: poorest areas, not connected to services, controlled by gangs
29
Q
African City Model
A
- predate European colonialism
- H.J. de Blij created model
- three CBDs
- traditional (commerce on street/stalls), single-story buildings, traditional architecture
- informal/periodic market zone, open-air
- colonial, highrises - rings of slums
30
Q
Southeast Asian City Model
A
- T.G. McGee, 1967, created model
- focal point is old colonial port zone, combined w/ commercial district around it
- no formal CBD, clustered in:
- colonial port zone
- gov. zone
- western commercial zone
- immigrant CBD, Chinese merchants
- market gardening zone on outskirts
31
Q
Southeast Asian City Model
A
- T.G. McGee, 1967, created model
- focal point is old colonial port zone, combined w/ commercial district around it
- no formal CBD, clustered in:
- colonial port zone
- gov. zone
- western commercial zone
- immigrant CBD, Chinese merchants
- market gardening zone on outskirts
32
Q
Zoning Laws
A
- divide cities
- designate kinds of development in diff. zones
- global periphery, lower income, lack zoning laws
ex) Hyderabad, India - Accra, Ghana - Manila, Phillipines
33
Q
Redlining
A
- before Civil Rights Movement (1960s)
- Home Owners’ Loan Corporation + banks
- red lines on map around. “risky” neighborhoods
- based on race, ethnic neighborhoods in red lines
- refuse loans to those buying in redlined areas
- became illegal in 1968 Fair Housing Act
34
Q
Blockbusting
A
- purposely sell house at low price in white neighborhood to black buyer
- make white residents sell homes due to neighborhood “going downhill”
-> white flight: movement of whites from city to suburbs
35
Q
Gentrification
A
- renewal or rebuilding of lower-income neighborhoods to middle/upper class
- near centers of many cities
- began in places with tight housing market + defined central-city neighborhoods ex) Chicago, Portland
- slowed 1990s, but growing again
- increases housing prices
- displaces lower-income residents
36
Q
Teardowns
A
- suburban gentrification
- houses people buy in suburbs w/ intents of tearing down for larger home
- new larger homes sometimes called McMansions
- changes landscape + increase house values
37
Q
Urban Sprawl
A
- stricted growth of housing, commercial dev., and roads over large expanses of land
ex) strip malls, big-box, stores, chain restaurants, huge intersections, numerous housing dev., over many acres - automobile era
38
Q
New Urbanism
A
- countering urban sprawl
- development, urban revitalization, and suburban reforms that create walkable neighborhoods w/ house and job diversity
- Congress for the New Urbanism (1993)
- reduce traffic time, increase affordable houses
- criticized by some
39
Q
Gated Communities
A
- fenced-in neighborhoods with controlled access gates for people + cars
- often have security
- maintain/increase house values
- late 1980s to early 1990s
- some see as new form of segregation
40
Q
Node
A
- place where action and interaction occur
- world cities are connected to other world cities
- measured by influence
- act as forces shaping globalization
41
Q
Megacities
A
- measured by number of residents, population
- large city with 10 million +
- difficult to provide services to that many
- center of gravity for migrants
- large slum devs.
42
Q
Hutment factories
A
- centers of entrepreneurship where slum residents sew, recycle, build, or trade/sell
