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AP Human Geography > CH 2: Population and Health > Flashcards

CH 2: Population and Health Flashcards

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1
Q

Demography

A
  • the study of general pop. trends
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2
Q

Pop. Density

A
  • measure of total pop. relative to land area
  • 2 types
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3
Q

Arithmetic Population Density

A

Arithmetic:
- assumes even distribution of people over an area
ex) US, 5.7 mil sq miles, 326 mil pop., av. of 86 per sq mile
Bangladesh: 2962, Netherlands: 1068, Japan: 869
- don’t reflect empty parts or sparseness of some areas
ex) Egypt, 97 mil pop, density 252, but 98% of pop actually lives on 3% of land

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4
Q

Physiologic Population Density

A
  • total population of country to area of arable land
    ex) Egypt = 6995, better reflection
    Switzerland physiologic = 10x higher cause so much arable
    Ukraine lots of farmland
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5
Q

Population Distribution

A
  • description of pattern in spatial arrangement of people, clusters and dispersed
  • traditionally live in arable places
  • changes in agriculture break pattern
  • represented through dot maps
    • 3 major clusters
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6
Q

Asia Cluster

A

East:
- largest concentration in China, Korea, Japan, almost 1/4 of world pop, 1.4 bil in just China
- China large cities + Huang He and Yangtze valleys
- farmers provide food for major cities
South:
- 1.5 bil in India, extend to Pakistand, Bangladesh, and Sri Lanka
- surrounded by Himalaya mountains and ocean, etc.
- growing more rapidly

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7
Q

Europe Cluster

A
  • 725 mil +
  • terrain and environment less related
  • majority live in urban areas due to early industrialization
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8
Q

North America Cluster

A
  • 4th largest cluster
  • urban east coast, Boston to DC, and Quebec City to Montreal densely populated
  • megalopolis, huge urban agglomeration
  • 70 mil +
  • 1/2 canadians, 1/5 americans
  • together is about 1/4 of Europe cluster
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9
Q

Census

A
  • gov. conducted every 10 years
  • federal gov. funding depends on data
  • migrants, minorities, etc. less likely to complete
  • count every individual
  • more informed estimates than real counts
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10
Q

Thomas Malthus

A
  • British economist
  • published An Essay on the Principles of Population in 1798
  • warned that world pop was increasing faster than food supplies could sustain
  • food grows linearly, pop grows exponentially
  • Paul Ehrlich wrote similar ideas as Malthus, The Population Bomb, 1960s
  • neo-malthusians focus more on growing pop and other resources
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11
Q

Limitations of Malthus

A
  • assumed that people can eat only what’s grown in country
  • countries are not closed systems, exchange through globalization, new agriculture developed, suitable crops
    ex) potatos not grown in Ireland til 1700s when crop arrived from South America
    only 2% of land in Norway is arable, but they import
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12
Q

Natural Increase Rate (NIR)

A
  • crude birth rate: # of live births per year per 1000
  • crude death rate: # of deaths per year per 1000
  • CBR - CDR = NIR
  • immigration/emigration not included
  • can rise and fall
    ex) mid 20th century, Soviet Union grow rapidly but fell when SU dissolved (1991)
  • African countries higher than India now, but some regions still affected by AIDS and lots of deaths
  • Iran, Oman, and Morocco suddenly drop, correlation with womens rights
  • cultural traditions that restrict prospects for women have high NIR
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13
Q

NIR Regions

A

South Asia
India- slowed significantly, bit below world average, still > than China
- Indonesia and Vietnam declining
- Thailand negative
East Asia:
- China NIR well below global average
- Japan shrinking
South America:
- was high generation ago, now significant reduction
- growing 1%+ but Brazil has declined 2.9->0.8
- Argentina, Chile, Uruguay well below average
Core countries: lowest growth rates, US, Canda, Europe Japan, Australia, etc.

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14
Q

Russia/SU

A
  • after SU dissolved (1991),
    • health conditions down
    • alcoholism + drugs up
    • male suicide up
    • economic problems
      —–> negative pop. growth
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15
Q

India

A
  • southern and western India growing slower
    • women have higher literacy rates, greater land ownership, better healthcare access, access to birth control
  • 1952, India was first to institute pop. planning program
    • goals: lower fertility rates, slow pop. growth
  • 1976, mass sterilization drive
    - forced on any man with 3+ children
    - some without children were brought in
    - 3.7 mil sterilized before rioting and program abandoned
    - in total 6 mil men sterilized
  • next gov. focused on birth control for women
  • Contraceptive prevalence rate is 55.1%
    • southern states higher than northern
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16
Q

Doubling Time

A
  • # of years needed to double a population,
    - assuming constant rate of natural increase.
  • help project the countries population increase over the years and when population will double
17
Q

Total Fertility Rates (TFR)

A
  • average number of children born to women 15-49
  • needs 2.1 to be at replacement levels w/o immigration
  • 95 countries w/ 41% of world pop. are below 2.1
  • TFR of of world will fall below 2.2 by 2050
  • lowest: South Korea (1.2), highest: Niger (7.2)
18
Q

Aging countries

A
  • need more pensions and healthcare, $$$
  • less young/working people -> less tax revenue
    Solutions:
  • increase TFR — financial incentives, long maternity leaves, state paid- daycare (Russia, Sweden, Japan) – limited success
  • enable immigration
    Japan -> projected to lose 1/5 of pop., but won’t let immigrants in, 98% of pop. is Japanese
  • TFR falling in almost every country, family planning, economic and social unrest
  • REPLACEMENT LEVEL — 2.1
19
Q

Population Pyramids

A
  • graphic representations of age and sex composition of pop.
  • higher life expectancies = more on top
  • low income = evergreen, lot on bottom, low on top
  • high income = chimney kinda, largest cohorts in middle, smaller top and bottom,
  • zero growth, inverted triangle
20
Q

Demographic Transition Model

A
  • birth and death rates change through stages of economic development
    Stage 1: pop. rise and falls, fluctuating rates, most of human history, disease, famine, wars, bubonic plague, no countries currently in
    Stage 2: high growth, after industrial rev., 1750, Europe, food, sanitation, health care improved, lower death, same birth, lots of growth, Palestine, Afghanistan
    Stage 3: moderate growth, rapid decline births and deaths, new opportunities for women -> smaller families, marry later, death rates lower -> less need for large families, Brazil
    Stage 4: low growth, Great Brit 1950, contraceptives, abortions, US and UK
    Stage 5L: Negative growth, low birth, higher death, negative NIR, Japan and Russia,
21
Q

Mother’s Index

A
  • measures barometers of mothers and children well-being
  • 99% of newborn and 98% of mother deaths are in low income countries
22
Q

Mortality Rates

A

Infant:
- whether baby lives to first birthday
- vary depending on health care, sanitation, ed. access
Child:
- prob. of child dying before 5 years old
Newborn:
- first month
- usually premature, low birthweight babies, diarrhea, infections

  • reflect overall health of society
  • pg. 49-50
23
Q

Life Expectancy

A
  • av. # of years person is expected to live
  • Japan highest in world, African lowest
  • HIV caused to drop under 50, now just over 50
24
Q

Epidemiological Transition

A
  • as country moves from high population growth to stable, causes of deaths and age change
  • high CBR and high growth means infectious disease affecting younger
  • stable growth and low CBR and CDR more chronic disease towards older
25
Q

Spatial Extent of Diseases

A

Endemic: over small area
Epidemic: large region
Pandemic: global in scale

26
Q

Infectious Diseases

A
  • 65% of all diseases
  • invasion of parasites and multiplication in body
    Vectored: transmitted through intermediary, mosquito in malaria ex,
    Nonvectored: direct contact between host and victim
    ex) hug, kiss, handshake
    HIV, colds, the flu
27
Q

Chronic, Genetic, Addiction Diseases

A

Chronic (degenerative): usually old age. include: cancer, stroke, heart disease, diabetes, genetics increase chances
Addiction: alcohol and drug, cocaine, opioids, heroine etc

28
Q

Population policies

A
  • government policies to influence growth rates or ethnic comp. of the country

AP Human Geography (9 decks)

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