CH 2: Population and Health Flashcards
Demography
- the study of general pop. trends
Pop. Density
- measure of total pop. relative to land area
- 2 types
Arithmetic Population Density
Arithmetic:
- assumes even distribution of people over an area
ex) US, 5.7 mil sq miles, 326 mil pop., av. of 86 per sq mile
Bangladesh: 2962, Netherlands: 1068, Japan: 869
- don’t reflect empty parts or sparseness of some areas
ex) Egypt, 97 mil pop, density 252, but 98% of pop actually lives on 3% of land
Physiologic Population Density
- total population of country to area of arable land
ex) Egypt = 6995, better reflection
Switzerland physiologic = 10x higher cause so much arable
Ukraine lots of farmland
Population Distribution
- description of pattern in spatial arrangement of people, clusters and dispersed
- traditionally live in arable places
- changes in agriculture break pattern
- represented through dot maps
- 3 major clusters
Asia Cluster
East:
- largest concentration in China, Korea, Japan, almost 1/4 of world pop, 1.4 bil in just China
- China large cities + Huang He and Yangtze valleys
- farmers provide food for major cities
South:
- 1.5 bil in India, extend to Pakistand, Bangladesh, and Sri Lanka
- surrounded by Himalaya mountains and ocean, etc.
- growing more rapidly
Europe Cluster
- 725 mil +
- terrain and environment less related
- majority live in urban areas due to early industrialization
North America Cluster
- 4th largest cluster
- urban east coast, Boston to DC, and Quebec City to Montreal densely populated
- megalopolis, huge urban agglomeration
- 70 mil +
- 1/2 canadians, 1/5 americans
- together is about 1/4 of Europe cluster
Census
- gov. conducted every 10 years
- federal gov. funding depends on data
- migrants, minorities, etc. less likely to complete
- count every individual
- more informed estimates than real counts
Thomas Malthus
- British economist
- published An Essay on the Principles of Population in 1798
- warned that world pop was increasing faster than food supplies could sustain
- food grows linearly, pop grows exponentially
- Paul Ehrlich wrote similar ideas as Malthus, The Population Bomb, 1960s
- neo-malthusians focus more on growing pop and other resources
Limitations of Malthus
- assumed that people can eat only what’s grown in country
- countries are not closed systems, exchange through globalization, new agriculture developed, suitable crops
ex) potatos not grown in Ireland til 1700s when crop arrived from South America
only 2% of land in Norway is arable, but they import
Natural Increase Rate (NIR)
- crude birth rate: # of live births per year per 1000
- crude death rate: # of deaths per year per 1000
- CBR - CDR = NIR
- immigration/emigration not included
- can rise and fall
ex) mid 20th century, Soviet Union grow rapidly but fell when SU dissolved (1991) - African countries higher than India now, but some regions still affected by AIDS and lots of deaths
- Iran, Oman, and Morocco suddenly drop, correlation with womens rights
- cultural traditions that restrict prospects for women have high NIR
NIR Regions
South Asia
India- slowed significantly, bit below world average, still > than China
- Indonesia and Vietnam declining
- Thailand negative
East Asia:
- China NIR well below global average
- Japan shrinking
South America:
- was high generation ago, now significant reduction
- growing 1%+ but Brazil has declined 2.9->0.8
- Argentina, Chile, Uruguay well below average
Core countries: lowest growth rates, US, Canda, Europe Japan, Australia, etc.
Russia/SU
- after SU dissolved (1991),
- health conditions down
- alcoholism + drugs up
- male suicide up
- economic problems
—–> negative pop. growth
India
- southern and western India growing slower
- women have higher literacy rates, greater land ownership, better healthcare access, access to birth control
- 1952, India was first to institute pop. planning program
- goals: lower fertility rates, slow pop. growth
- 1976, mass sterilization drive
- forced on any man with 3+ children
- some without children were brought in
- 3.7 mil sterilized before rioting and program abandoned
- in total 6 mil men sterilized - next gov. focused on birth control for women
- Contraceptive prevalence rate is 55.1%
- southern states higher than northern
Doubling Time
- # of years needed to double a population,
- assuming constant rate of natural increase.
- help project the countries population increase over the years and when population will double
Total Fertility Rates (TFR)
- average number of children born to women 15-49
- needs 2.1 to be at replacement levels w/o immigration
- 95 countries w/ 41% of world pop. are below 2.1
- TFR of of world will fall below 2.2 by 2050
- lowest: South Korea (1.2), highest: Niger (7.2)
Aging countries
- need more pensions and healthcare, $$$
- less young/working people -> less tax revenue
Solutions: - increase TFR — financial incentives, long maternity leaves, state paid- daycare (Russia, Sweden, Japan) – limited success
- enable immigration
Japan -> projected to lose 1/5 of pop., but won’t let immigrants in, 98% of pop. is Japanese - TFR falling in almost every country, family planning, economic and social unrest
- REPLACEMENT LEVEL — 2.1
Population Pyramids
- graphic representations of age and sex composition of pop.
- higher life expectancies = more on top
- low income = evergreen, lot on bottom, low on top
- high income = chimney kinda, largest cohorts in middle, smaller top and bottom,
- zero growth, inverted triangle
Demographic Transition Model
- birth and death rates change through stages of economic development
Stage 1: pop. rise and falls, fluctuating rates, most of human history, disease, famine, wars, bubonic plague, no countries currently in
Stage 2: high growth, after industrial rev., 1750, Europe, food, sanitation, health care improved, lower death, same birth, lots of growth, Palestine, Afghanistan
Stage 3: moderate growth, rapid decline births and deaths, new opportunities for women -> smaller families, marry later, death rates lower -> less need for large families, Brazil
Stage 4: low growth, Great Brit 1950, contraceptives, abortions, US and UK
Stage 5L: Negative growth, low birth, higher death, negative NIR, Japan and Russia,
Mother’s Index
- measures barometers of mothers and children well-being
- 99% of newborn and 98% of mother deaths are in low income countries
Mortality Rates
Infant:
- whether baby lives to first birthday
- vary depending on health care, sanitation, ed. access
Child:
- prob. of child dying before 5 years old
Newborn:
- first month
- usually premature, low birthweight babies, diarrhea, infections
- reflect overall health of society
- pg. 49-50
Life Expectancy
- av. # of years person is expected to live
- Japan highest in world, African lowest
- HIV caused to drop under 50, now just over 50
Epidemiological Transition
- as country moves from high population growth to stable, causes of deaths and age change
- high CBR and high growth means infectious disease affecting younger
- stable growth and low CBR and CDR more chronic disease towards older
