CH 11: Agriculture Flashcards
1
Q
Hunting, Gathering, Fishing
A
- hunting & gathering (HG) clans vary based on climate, seasonal shifts, and resource availability
- track migration cycles of fish and animals
- tools and fire
- Native Americans in Pacific Northwest, Japan Ainu and coast East Asia, western Europe salmon
- migrate to take advantage of cyclical movements of animals, avoid eating all plants in area
- perfecting tools, control fires, adapting to environment
2
Q
Agriculture
A
- purposefully growing crops and raising livestock to produce food, feed, and fiber
3
Q
First Agricultural Revolution (AR1)
A
- transformation from HG to farming
- domesticating plants and animals
- idea developed independently in diff. hearths
- develop out of necessity or luxury?
- increased food security, changing civilizations
- settle permanently, create villages and towns, people could do other jobs
4
Q
Plant Domestication - AR1
A
- seed crops need: selectrion, watering, well-timed harvests
- first developed in the Fertile Crescent
- land between Tigris and Euphrates river (present day Iraq, west to Syria)
- grew wheat and barley - plants evolved, from that figure out where and when grown
5
Q
Animal Domestication - AR1
A
- began around 10,000 years ago, also Fertile Crescent
- first goats in Zagros Mountains (Iran) 8000 BCE
- next sheep in Anatolia (Turkey) 7500 BCE
- next pigs and cattle
- round same time chickens in Southeast Asia, pigs, water buff. some waterfowl
- South Asia, cattle
- Central Asia, yaks, horse,s goats, and sheeps
- Andean highlands, llama and alpaca
- used small animals for milk, eggs, meat, hides
- large for meat or milk
- only around 40 species have been domesticated, most a long time ago
- look at 4 traits: diet, temperament, growth rate, and size
6
Q
Subsistence Agriculture
A
Types: Shifting, Intensive (wet rice dom.), intensive (wet rice not dom.), pastoral nomadism
- growing only enough food to survive, norm
- shared surplus with community, sometimes through traditions and festivals
- growing personal wealth restricted
- declined with European colonization
- used treaties + force to steal their land
- individuals own land
- making a comeback in some places
7
Q
Shifting Cultivation (swidden, slash-and-burn)
A
- type of subsistence agriculture
- in tropical climates with lots of vegetation, sun, and rain
- process of clearing and burning plot of land, farming for 2 to 10 years and then moving to new field to leave old one to recover
- sustainable where sparse pop. and land abundant
- avoid monoculture, which is harder on soil and hard for nutritious diet
8
Q
Second Agricultural Revolution (AR2)
Mechanization
A
- move from subsistence to generating necessary surplus for factory workers
- series of innovations, improvements, and techniques in diff. hearths at diff. times
- 1700s, British and Dutch create seed drill
- improve livestock breeding methods, consolidated land into larger farms, began using new crop rotation systems, not waste seeds, plant in rows
- Britain’s Enclosure Act, consolidate fields into single-owner
- 1830s mechanical reaper, Cyrus McCormick, Lexington Virginia
- railroads move agriculture to new regions
9
Q
Breeding - AR2
A
- 1830s, Euro farmers using new fertilizers on crop and fiving artificial feeds to livestock
- feed larger populations, secondary (manufacturing) sector grow
- want good milk or good beef
- common cattle in NA trace back to AR2 in Europe
- bred to adapt to diff. climates and topography
10
Q
Columbian Exchange
A
- movement of goods, people, and disease between Europe, Africa, and Americas across Atlantic Ocean
- began with Spanish and Portuguese exploration in late 15th century
- triangular trade network, brought new seeds and livestock to each continent
- also brought slaves and diseases
- foundation of unequal exchange
11
Q
Rise of States on Agriculture
A
- states and territories w/ defined borders
- impact HGs and subsistence farmers
- encourage HGs to settle
- modernize by end subsistence farming
- take land and implement tax
- force to grow cash crops
12
Q
Third Agricultural Revolution (AR3)
Green
A
- world pop. grew in 1900s, agricultural companies, researchers, and farmers designed new ways to feed pop.
- increase productivity through biotech
- disease-resistent, grow fast, high yield, fertilizers, pesticides
- stable crops way up (rice, corn, wheat)
13
Q
Origins - AR3
A
- NA, 1930s, Midwest scientists try to increase yield
- 1940s, American philanthropists see which hybrid seeds grow best
- Norman Borlaug made wheat grain resistant to type of fungi
- IR8 rice in India
14
Q
Outcomes - AR3
A
- fed more people
- chemicals can cause reduced organic matter n soil and groundwater pollution
- bad for small scale farms
- India Vandana Shiva says its a failure
- less genetic diversity, more pest vulnerability, soil erosion, water shortage, reduced soil fertility, soil contamination, etc etc
15
Q
GMOS
A
- splicing genes to make new plants
- found in 75% of all processed foods in US
- unsure of environmental health or socioeconomic consequences
