Ch. 9 terms Flashcards
Achievement motivation
refers to whether children are motivated by mastery or by others’ views of their success.
Anal Stage
the second stage in Freud’s theory, lasting from the second year through the third year, in which the primary source of pleasure comes from defecation.
Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
a syndrome that involves difficulty in sustaining attention.
behavior modification
a form of therapy based on principles of operant conditioning in which reinforcement contingencies are changed to encourage more adaptive behavior.
chronosystem
historical changes that influence the other systems.
ego
in psychoanalytic theory, the second personality structure to develop. It is the rational, logical, problem-solving component of personality.
entity theory
a theory that a person’s level of intelligence is fixed and unchangeable.
entity/helpless orientation
a tendency to attribute success and failure to enduring aspects of the self and to give up in the face of failure.
erogenous zones
in Freud’s theory, areas of the body that become erotically sensitive in successive stages of development.
ethology
the study of the evolutionary bases of behavior.
exosystem
environmental settings that a child does not directly experience but that can affect the child indirectly.
genital stage
the final stage in Freud’s theory, beginning in adolescence, in which sexual maturation is complete.
hostile attributional bias
id
in psychoanalytic theory, the earliest and most primitive personality structure. It is unconscious and operates with the goal of seeking pleasure.
imprinting
a form of learning in which the newborns of some species become attached to and follow adult members of the species.
incremental theory
incremental/mastery orientation
a general tendency to attribute success and failure to the amount of effort expended and to persist in the face of failure.
intermittent reinforcement
latency period
the fourth stage in Freud’s theory, lasting from age 6 to age 12, in which sexual energy gets channeled into socially acceptable activities.
macrosystem
the larger cultural and social context within which the other systems are embedded.
mesosystem
the interconnections among immediate, or microsystem, settings.
microsystem
the immediate environment that an individual child personally experiences and participates in.
oral stage
the first stage in Freud’s theory, occurring in the first year, in which the primary source of satisfaction and pleasure is oral activity.
parental-investment theory
a theory that stresses the evolutionary basis of many aspects of parental behavior that benefit their offspring.
phallic stage
the third stage in Freud’s theory, lasting from age 3 to age 6, in which sexual pleasure is focused on the genitalia.
reciprocal determinism
child–environment influences operate in both directions; children are both affected by and influence aspects of their environment.
role taking
being aware of the perspective of another person.
self-socialization
active process during development whereby children’s cognitions lead them to perceive the world and to act in accord with their expectations and beliefs, through their activity preferences, friendship choices, and so on.
superego
in psychoanalytic theory, the third personality structure, consisting of internalized moral standards.
vicarious reinforcement
observing someone else receive a reward or punishment.
