Ch. 15 Terms Flashcards
activating influences
potential result of certain fluctuations in sex-linked hormone levels affecting the contemporaneous activation of the nervous system and corresponding behavioral responses.
adrenarche
period prior to the emergence of visible signs of puberty during which the adrenal glands mature, providing a major source of sex steroid hormones; correlates with the onset of sexual attraction.
affiliation
tendency to affirm connection with others through being emotionally open, empathetic, or supportive.
agender
neither gender category
ambivalent sexism
model of sexism that includes two components, hostile sexism (endorsement of men’s dominance with negative views of women seeking equality) and benevolent sexism (the belief that men need to protect women, and that women and men have complementary traits).
androgen insensitivity syndrome (AIS)
condition during prenatal development in which androgen receptors malfunction in genetic males, impeding the formation of male external genitalia; in these cases, the child may be born with female external genitalia.
androgens
class of steroid hormones that normally occur at slightly higher levels in males than in females and that affect physical development and functioning from the prenatal period onward.
assertion
tendency to take action on behalf of the self through competitive, independent, or aggressive behaviors.
bigender
individuals who identify with two genders
body image
an individual’s perception of, and feelings about, her or his own body.
cisgender
individuals who identify with their gender assigned at birth (or their biological sex).
collaboration
coordination of assertion and affiliation in behavior, such as making initiatives for joint activity.
congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH)
condition during prenatal development in which the adrenal glands produce high levels of androgens; sometimes associated with masculinization of external genitalia in genetic females and sometimes associated with higher rates of masculine-stereotyped play in genetic females.
cross-gender-typed
behaviors stereotyped or expected for the gender other than that of a given person.
effect size
magnitude of difference between two group’s averages and the amount of overlap in their distributions.
enactive experience
learning to take into account the reactions one’s past behavior has evoked in others.
gender
social assignment or self-categorization as “a girl” or “a boy” (or possibly both, neither, or a different category).
gender constancy
realization that gender is invariant despite superficial changes in a person’s appearance or behavior.
gender-fluid
individuals who self-identify with different gender categories depending on the context.
gender identity
self-identifying as a boy or a girl (or possibly as both or possibly neither).
gender nonconforming
individuals who are highly cross-gender-typed in relation to their assigned gender.
gender schema filter
initial evaluation of information as relevant for one’s own gender.
gender schemas
organized mental representations (concepts, beliefs, memories) about gender, including gender stereotypes.
gender segregation
children’s tendency to associate with same-gender peers and to avoid other-gender peers.
gender stability
awareness that gender remains the same over time.
gender typing
the process of gender socialization.
gender-role flexibility
recognition of gender roles as social conventions and adoption of more flexible attitudes and interests.
gender-role intensification
heightened concerns with adhering to traditional gender roles that may occur during adolescence.
gender-typed
behaviors stereotyped or expected for a given person’s assigned gender.
ingroup assimilation
process whereby individuals are socialized to conform to the group’s norms, demonstrating the characteristics that define the ingroup.
ingroup bias
tendency to evaluate individuals and characteristics of the ingroup more positively than or as superior to those of the outgroup.
interest filter
initial evaluation of information as being personally interesting.
intersectionality
the interconnection of social identities such as gender, race, ethnicity, sexual orientation, and class, especially in relation to overlapping experiences of discrimination and disadvantage.
intersex conditions
rare conditions in which an individual of one genetic sex can develop genitalia associated with the other genetic sex, both genetic sexes, or undergo only partial development of genitalia associated with their genetic sex.
menarche
onset of menstruation.
meta-analysis
a statistical method for combining the results from independent studies to reach conclusions based on all of them; used to summarize average effect size and statistical significance across several research studies.
nonbinary (genderqueer)
individuals who do not identify exclusively as one gender; also referred to as genderqueer.
observational learning
learning through watching other people and the consequences others experience as a result of their actions.
opportunity structure
the economic and social resources offered by the macrosystem in the bioecological model, and people’s understanding of those resources.
organizing influences
potential result of certain sex-linked hormones affecting brain differentiation and organization during prenatal development or at puberty.
puberty
developmental period marked by the ability to reproduce and other dramatic bodily changes.
self-socialization
active process during development whereby children’s cognitions lead them to perceive the world and to act in accord with their expectations and beliefs, through their activity preferences, friendship choices, and so on.
sex
distinction between genetic females (XX) and genetic males (XY) as well as other genetic sex compositions (e. g., XO, XXY, XYY).
spermarche
onset of capacity for ejaculation.
transgender
individuals who do not identify with the gender assigned at birth (which is typically based on their external genitalia).
tuition
learning through direct teaching.
