Ch. 9: Solutions Flashcards

1
Q

does the solute or solvent change phase after mixing

A

the solute changes phase to match the solvent

if already same phases, solvent is present in greater quantity

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2
Q

what is solvation

A

dissolution/hydration

the electrostatic interaction between solute and solvent molecules, how solute becomes homogeneously mixed into solvent

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3
Q

when is solvation exothermic

A

when new interactions between solute and solvent are stronger than the original ones

favored at low temps (new interactions have less energy, and so energy is given off as heat)

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4
Q

when is solvation endothermic

A

when new interactions between solute and solvent are weaker than the original ones

favored at high temps (new interactions have more energy, and so energy is absorbed as heat)

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5
Q

what is an ideal solution

A

stability of new interactions = old interactions

enthalpy of dissolution is zero

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6
Q

what does solubility measure

A

the maximum amount of substance that can be dissolved in a particular solvent at a given temperature

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7
Q

when is a solution saturated

A

when the maximum amount of solvent has been added and any additional solvent will not dissolve

Gibbs free energy is positive, nonspontaneous

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8
Q

what does a solute do when it precipitates

A

remains in solid form

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9
Q

how much solute is in a dilute solution

A

a small amount relevant to the amount of solvent

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10
Q

how much solute is in a concentrated solution

A

a large amount relevant to the amount of solvent

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11
Q

what are sparingly soluble salts

A

solutes that dissolve minimally into the solvent

molar solubility under 0.1 M

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12
Q

what is the solvent of an aqueous solution

A

water

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13
Q

how do hydronium ions (H3O+) form

A

transfer of hydrogen ion from a molecule in solution to a water molecule

typically occurs with acids

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14
Q

which group of metal salts are soluble (absolute solubility rules)

A

all salts of group 1 metals are water soluble

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15
Q

which nitrate salts are soluble (absolute solubility rules)

A

all salts containing nitrate are water soluble

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16
Q

what is a complex ion

A

coordination compound

molecule in which a cation is bonded to at least one electron pair donor (ligand)

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17
Q

what are ligands

A

electron pair donor molecules in a coordination compound

18
Q

what is a chelation

A

a complex ion in which the central cation is bonded to the same ligand in multiple places

19
Q

what does concentration measure

A

the amount of solute dissolved in a solvent

20
Q

how is percent composition by mass calculated

A

mass of solute / mass of solution x 100%

21
Q

how is mole fraction (X) calculated

A

Xa = moles of A / total moles of all species

22
Q

how is molarity (M) calculated

A

M = moles of solute / liters of a solution

23
Q

how is molality (m) calculated

A

m = moles of solute / kg of solvent

24
Q

what does normality (N) of a solution represent

A

number of equivalents of interest per L of solution

reaction dependent

25
what is the dilution formula
MiVi = MfVf
26
when is a solution in equilibrium
at the saturation point/when it is saturated rates of dissolution and precipitate are equal
27
what is the solubility product constant (Ksp) equal to
for AmBn, equilibrium constant for its solubility in an aqueous solution Ksp = [A^n+]^m * [B^m-]^n ex: for AgCl, Ksp = [Ag+][Cl-]
28
why should Ksp expression never have denominators
because pure solids and liquids are never included the equilibrium constant
29
what is ion product (IP) analogous to
reaction quotient (Q) a determination of where the system is with respect to its equilibrium position
30
for what IP value is the solution unsaturated
IP < Ksp
31
for what IP value is the solution at equilibrium
IP = Ksp
32
for what IP value is the solution supersaturated
IP > Ksp
33
what is the common ion effect
reduction in molar solubility when a salt is dissolved in a solution that already contains one of its constituent ions
34
what are colligative properties dependent on
physical properties of solutions dependent on concentration of dissolved particles rather than their identity
35
equation for Raoult's law
Pa = XaPa degrees vapor pressure of solvent A = mole fraction solvent A * vapor pressure of solvent A in pure state
36
what does Raoult's law suggest/phenomenon of vapor pressure depression
as solute B is dissolved in solvent A, the vapor pressure of solvent A will decrease and evaporation rate is reduced
37
what is the phenomenon of boiling point elevation
as solute is dissolved into solvent, the boiling point of the new solution is greater than pure solution
38
equation for change in boiling point
delta Tb = i*Kb*m increase in BP = van't Hoff factor * proportionality constant * molality
39
what is the phenomenon of freezing point depression
as solute is dissolved in solvent, the freezing point of the new solution is lower than than pure solution
40
equation for change in freezing point
delta Tf = i*Kf*m increase in FP = van't Hoff factor * proportionality constant * molality