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Chemistry > Ch. 9- Organic Chemistry > Flashcards

Ch. 9- Organic Chemistry Flashcards

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1
Q

organic chemistry

A

the study of the compounds of carbon

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2
Q

properties of organic compounds

A
  • generally form covalent bonds
  • have lower melting/boiling points
  • may exist as gases, liquids, or solids at room temp.
  • are not generally soluble in water
  • do not conduct electricity well
  • slower reactions
  • almost always undergo combustion
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3
Q

properties of inorganic compounds

A
  • often form ionic bonds
  • have higher melting/boiling points
  • usually solids at room temp.
  • many are polar
  • dissolve readily in water
  • good conductors of electricity
  • react very quickly
  • generally do not burn
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4
Q

hydrocarbon

A

an organic compound that contains only carbon & hydrogen

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5
Q

aliphatic compound

A

a nonaromatic substance, which has little or no multiple bonding between carbon atoms

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6
Q

alkane

A

hydrocarbons with only single bonds; a saturated hydrocarbon

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7
Q

structural formula

A

a chemical formula that shows how the atoms of a molecule are arranged, to which other atom(s) they are bonded, and the kinds of bonds

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8
Q

saturated hydrocarbon

A

an alkane; a compound of carbon and hydrogen with only single bonds

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9
Q

why are alkanes considered “saturated hydrocarbons”?

A

because each carbon atom is “saturated” with hydrogen atoms; that is, each carbon is bonded to the maximum number of hydrogen atoms

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10
Q

general formula that represents alkanes

A

CnH2n+2

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11
Q

condensed structural formula

A

a chemical formula for an organic compound that omits the bonds joining hydrogens to carbons

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12
Q

homologous series

A

a series of compounds whose adjacent members differ by a fixed unit of structure

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13
Q

isomers (constitutional isomers)

A

compounds that have the same molecular formula, but different structures

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14
Q

properties of alkanes

A
  • most are flammable
  • at room temp…
    • alkanes with 1-4 carbon atoms per molecule= gases
    • alkanes with 5-16 carbon atoms per molecule= liquids
    • alkanes with 16+ carbon atoms per molecule= solids
  • densities of liquid & solid alkanes are typically less than that of water
  • nonpolar
  • insoluble in water
  • float on top of water
  • they dissolve other organic substances of low polarity
  • undergo few chemical reactions, most important chemical property is undergoing combustion, producing heat
  • mainly serve as fuels
  • burn with a clean yellow flame
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15
Q

how does methane effect the human body?

A
  • methane barely reacts with the human body
    • humans could breathe a mix of 80% methane & 20% oxygen, even though its highly flammable
    • humans would die from breathing in 100% methane, but not because of its presence, but because of lack of oxygen
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16
Q

how do light liquid alkanes effect the body?

A
  • light liquid alkanes will dissolve & wash away body oils when in contact with skin
    • repeated contact causes dermatitis
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17
Q

can we ingest alkanes?

A

NO

  • ingestion of most alkanes causes serious damage to lungs and/or other internal tissues
    • alkanes cause chemical pneumonia by dissolving fatlike molecules from cell membranes in alveoli, allowing lungs to fill with fluid
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18
Q

what’s one exception to ingesting alkanes?

A

mineral oil, which is safe to ingest to use as a laxative

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19
Q

how do heavier liquid alkanes effect the body?

A

they’re used as skin softeners (example, petroleum jelly)

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20
Q

meth-

A

one (for naming alkanes)

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21
Q

eth-

A

two (for naming alkanes)

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22
Q

prop-

A

three (for naming alkanes)

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23
Q

but-

A

four (for naming alkanes)

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24
Q

pent-

A

five (for naming alkanes)

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25
Q

hex-

A

six (for naming alkanes)

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26
Q

hept-

A

seven (for naming alkanes)

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27
Q

oct-

A

eight (for naming alkanes)

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28
Q

non-

A

nine (for naming alkanes)

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29
Q

dec-

A

ten (for naming alkanes)

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30
Q

cyclic hydrocarbon

A

a hydrocarbon in which the carbon chain joins to itself in a ring

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31
Q

whats the simplest possible cyclic hydrocarbon?

A

cyclopropane (C3H6)

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32
Q

cycloalkanes

A

cyclic hydrocarbons containing only single bonds

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33
Q

general formula that represents cycloalkanes

A

CnH2n

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34
Q

skeletal structure

A

representation of the carbon skeleton of a molecule, often shown as a geometric figure or shape

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35
Q

whats the simplest hydrocarbon molecule possible?

A

CH4 (methane)

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36
Q

whats the simplest alkene possible?

A

C2H4 (ethylene)

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37
Q

alkene

A

a hydrocarbon containing one or more double bonds

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38
Q

general formula that represents alkenes

A

CnH2n

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39
Q

most important organic chemical produced commercially

A

ethylene (C2H4)

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40
Q

alkyne

A

a hydrocarbon containing one or more triple bonds

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41
Q

general formula that represents alkynes

A

CnH2n-2

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42
Q

simplest member of the alkyne family

A

acetylene (C2H2)

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43
Q

unsaturated hydrocarbon

A

an alkene, alkyne, or aromatic hydrocarbon; a hydrocarbon containing one or more double or triple bonds or aromatic rings

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44
Q

what does the “1” indicate in “1-pentene”?

A

the location of the double bond (1 means the double connects the first carbon atom to the next)

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45
Q

what does the “1” indicate in “1-pentene”?

A

the location of the double bond (1 means the double connects the first carbon atom to the next)

46
Q

addition reaction

A

a reaction in which the single product contains all the atoms of two reactant molecules

47
Q

properties of alkenes & alkynes

A
  • generally, hydrocarbons at room temp…
    • with 2-4 carbon atoms per molecule= gases
    • with 5-18 carbon atoms per molecule= liquids
    • with 18+ carbon atoms per molecules= solids
  • insoluble in water
  • float on top of water
  • combustable
  • undergo many more chemical reactions than alkanes including addition reactions (a reaction in which the single product contains all the atoms of two reactant molecules)
  • burn with a smokey flame
  • they can add to each other to form large molecules called polymers
48
Q

geometric isomers

A

molecules having the same molecular formula that are locked into their spatial positions with respect to one another due to a double bond or a ring structure

49
Q

requirements for geometric isomerism

A
  • rotation must be restricted in the molecule

- there must be two different groups on each of the doubly bonded carbon atoms

50
Q

aromatic compound

A

a strong-smelling compound that has a ring structure and properties like those of benzene

51
Q

who discovered benzene?

A

Michael Faraday

52
Q

August Kekulé

A

prepared a structure for benzene that contained double bonds

53
Q

why is benzene so stable?

A

its carbon atoms conform to the octet rule due to its constantly moving ring of electrons, which resist being disrupted

54
Q

why has the use of benzene been restricted?

A

long exposure to benzene causes leukemia

55
Q

name some simple aromatic hydrocarbons & their uses

A
  • benzene, toluene, xylenes
    • liquids that float on water
    • used as solvents, fuels, and to make other benzene derivatives
  • naphthalene
    • volatile, white, crystalline solid
    • used as an insecticide, especially moth repellant
56
Q

substituent

A

an atom or group of atoms substituted for a hydrogen atom on a hydrocarbon

57
Q

what does the “1, 4” indicate in “1,4-C6H4(CH3)2”

A

the relative location(s) of the substituent

58
Q

similar properties of chlorinated hydrocarbons

A
  • only slightly polar
  • do not dissolve in water (which is highly polar)
  • dissolve & dissolve in fats, oils, greases, and other substances of low polarity
59
Q

chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)

A

compounds containing carbon AND BOTH fluorine & chlorine

60
Q

properties & effects of CFCs

A
  • CFCs don’t dissolve in water and barely react with most other substances
  • CFCs are used as propellants, but are being phased out due to their ability to deplete the ozone layer
61
Q

what does “per-“ indicate in “perfluorocarbon”

A

“per-“ = replaced

so we know that this is a hydrocarbon with all of its hydrogen atoms replaced by fluorine (-fluoro-) atoms

62
Q

alkyl group (–R)

A

the group of atoms that results when a hydrogen atom is removed from an alkane

63
Q

functional group

A

an atom or group of atoms that confers characteristic properties to a family of organic compounds

64
Q

functional group

A

an atom or group of atoms that confers characteristic properties to a family of organic compounds

65
Q

write names and formulas of simple alkyl groups in 9.5!!!!!

A

methyl
ethyl
propyl
and so on….

66
Q

why are functional groups important?

A

they dictate the type of chemical reaction a compound will undergo

67
Q

alcohol (ROH)

A

an organic compound composed of an alkyl group and a hydroxyl group

68
Q

what are the common alcohols & which one is the simplest?

A
  • methyl alcohol (simplest)
  • ethyl alcohol
  • propyl alcohol
  • isopropyl alcohol
69
Q

what is methanol made from?

A

wood

70
Q

what is ethanol made from?

A
  • fermentation of grain or other starchy/sugary materials (auto fuel & beverages)
  • mixing ethylene & water (industrial uses)
71
Q

whats the most abused drug in the US?

A

ethanol

72
Q

how is methanol toxic?

A
  • it oxidizes in the body to form formaldehyde

- ingesting just 1 oz can cause blindness and/or death

73
Q

how is ethanol toxic?

A
  • it slows physical & mental abilities
  • in small amounts, this makes people feel “drunk”
  • in larger amounts, this causes unconsciousness and/or death
74
Q

explain the toxicity of isopropanol

A

its more toxic than ethanol, but less toxic than methanol; causes illness and sometimes death

75
Q

what do ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, and glycerol have in common?

A

they’re all alcohols that contain more than one hydroxyl group (OH)

76
Q

ethylene glycol use & effect on the body

A
  • main ingredient in permanent antifreeze

- oxidizes in the liver to form oxalic acid, which can damage the kidneys, leading to death

77
Q

propylene glycol use & effect on the body

A
  • safer ingredient in permanent antifreeze

- not toxic

78
Q

glycerol uses & effect on the body

A
  • by-product from fats during soap manufacturing
  • used in lotions to keep skin soft & in food additives to keep cakes moist
  • reacts with nitric acid to make an important vasodilator
79
Q

phenols

A

a compound with an -OH group attached to a benzene ring

80
Q

what was the first antiseptic ever used, by who, and why is it not ideal?

A

Joseph Lister used phenol; not ideal because it kills healthy cells

81
Q

how do we use phenols today?

A

as a disinfectant or as an antioxidant

82
Q

ether (ROR’)

A

a molecule with two hydrocarbon groups attached to the same oxygen atom

83
Q

diethyl ether

A
  • best-known ether that used to be the most popular anesthetic, but not anymore due to its side-effects
  • dissolves many organic compounds that are insoluble in water
  • readily evaporates
  • has little chemical reactivity other than being highly flammable
84
Q

explain how ethers react with oxygen

A

they react slowly with oxygen to form unstable peroxides, which can decompose explosively

85
Q

which ether is produced the most commercially and what do we use it for?

A
  • make ethylene glycol
  • sterilizes medical instruments
  • used in the synthesis of detergents
86
Q

what do we use ethylene glycol for?

A

antifreeze and polyester fibers

87
Q

thiol (R–SH)

A

an organic compound composed of an alkyl group and a thiol (–SH) group

88
Q

carbonyl group (C=O)

A

a functional group consisting of a carbon atom joined to an oxygen atom by a double bond

89
Q

aldehyde (RCHO)

A

an organic compound with a carbonyl group that has a hydrogen atom attached to the carbonyl carbon

90
Q

ketone (RCOR’)

A

an organic compound with a carbonyl group between two carbon atoms

91
Q

ketone (RCOR’)

A

an organic compound with a carbonyl group between two carbon atoms

92
Q

what is the simplest aldehyde? name some of its properties, how its used, and how its created

A

formaldehyde (HCHO)

  • gas at room temp & readily soluble in water
  • used as a preservative for bio specimens, in embalming fluid, making plastics, & in disinfectants
  • created by the oxidation of methanol
93
Q

what are the 4 common aldehydes?

A
  • formaldehyde
  • acetaldehyde
  • propionaldehyde
  • butyraldehyde
94
Q

what is benzaldehyde

A

an aldehyde attached to a benzene ring

95
Q

what is the simplest ketone? how is it created and used?

A

acetone

  • made by the oxidation of isopropyl alcohol
  • commonly used as a solvent for certain organic materials, also used as paint/varnish removers
96
Q

name the common ketones

A
  • acetone
  • ethyl methyl ketone
  • isobutyl methyl ketone
97
Q

how can we best distinguish ketones from aldehydes?

A

ketones have the carbonyl INSIDE its carbon chain, whereas aldehydes have the carbonyl ON THE END of its carbon chain

98
Q

carboxyl group (–COOH)

A

a carbon atom with a double bond to one oxygen atom and a single bond to a second oxygen atom, which in turn is bonded to a hydrogen atom; the functional group of carboxylic acids

99
Q

carboxylic acid (RCOOH)

A

a foul-smelling organic compound that contains the carboxyl functional group

100
Q

what is the simplest carboxylic acid and how is it produced?

A

formic acid; poisonous weak acid injected by ant bites & wasp/bee stings

101
Q

what is the most familiar carboxylic acid?

A

acetic acid, also known as vinegar

102
Q

what’s the most foul-smelling compound and where is it found?

A

butyric acid; its an ingredient in body odor, which helps dogs find people

103
Q

benzoic acid

A

the acid with a carboxylic group attached directly to a benzene ring

104
Q

name the simple carboxylic acids

A
  • formic acid
  • acetic acid
  • propionic acid
  • butyric acid
  • benzoic acid
105
Q

ester (RCOOR’)

A

a fruity tasting & smelling organic compound derived from a carboxylic acid and an alcohol

106
Q

amino group (–NH2)

A

a functional group comprised of a nitrogen atom bonded to two hydrogen atoms

107
Q

amine

A

a nitrogen compound derived from ammonia by replacing one or more hydrogen atoms with alkyl or aromatic group(s)

108
Q

amide group (–CON–)

A

a functional group in which a carbon is joined to an oxygen atom by a double bond and to a nitrogen atom by a single bond

109
Q

heterocyclic compound

A

a cyclic compound in which one or more atoms in the ring are not carbon

110
Q

alkaloids

A

(usually heterocyclic) amines that occur naturally in plants

Chemistry (9 decks)

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