Ch. 7- Acids and Bases Flashcards

1
Q

an acid is a compound that…

A
  • tastes sour
  • causes litmus indicator dye to turn red
  • dissolves active metals such as zinc and iron, producing hydrogen gas
  • reacts with a base to form water and a salt
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2
Q

a base is a compound that…

A
  • tastes bitter
  • causes litmus indicator dye to turn blue
  • feels slippery on the skin
  • reacts with an acid to form water and a salt
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3
Q

acid-base indicator (litmus test)

A

a substance that is one color in acid and another color in base

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4
Q

Arrhenius acid-base theory

A
  • acids are substances that form hydrogen ions (H+) and anions in water
  • bases are substances that form hydroxide ions (OH-) when added to water
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5
Q

neutralization

A

the combination of H+ and OH- to form water, or the reaction of an acid and a base to produce a salt and (usually) water

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6
Q

salt

A

an ionic compound produced by the reaction of an acid with a base

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7
Q

limitation of Arrhenius theory

A
  • a simple free proton does not exist in water solution; the H+ ion has such a high positive charge density that it is immediately attracted to a lone pair of electrons on an O atom of an H2O molecule, forming a hydronium ion (H3O+)
  • it does not explain the basicity of ammonia and related compounds that also do not contain hydroxide ions
  • it only applies to reactions in aqueous solution
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8
Q

creator of Arrhenius acid-base theory

A

Svante Arrhenius

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9
Q

creators of Brønsted-Lowry acid-base theory

A

J.N. Brønsted & T.M. Lowry

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10
Q

Brønsted-Lowry acid-base theory

A
  • an acid is a proton (H+) donor

- a base is a proton (H+) acceptor

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11
Q

acidic anhydride

A

a substance, such as a nonmetal oxide, that reacts with water to form an acid

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12
Q

basic anhydride

A

a substance, such as a metal oxide, that reacts with water to form a base

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13
Q

amphiprotic

A

the ability of a substance, such as water, to either accept or donate a proton

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14
Q

strong acid

A

an acid that ionizes completely in water; a potent proton donor

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15
Q

weak acid

A

an acid that ionizes only slightly in water; a poor proton donor

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16
Q

name the strong acids

A
  • sulfuric acid (H2SO4)
  • hydrochloric acid (HCl)
  • nitric acid (HNO3)
  • hydrobromic acid (HBr)
  • hydroiodic acid (HI)
  • perchloric acid (HClO4)
17
Q

strong base

A

a base that ionizes completely in water; a potent proton acceptor

18
Q

weak base

A

a base that ionizes only slightly in water; a poor proton acceptor

19
Q

name the strong bases

A
  • all hydroxides of group 1A & group 2A EXCEPT for Be(OH)2

- the most common are sodium hydroxide or “lye” (NaOH) & potassium hydroxide (KOH)

20
Q

name the most familiar weak base

A

ammonia (NH3)

21
Q

pH

A

the negative logarithm of the H+ ion concentration, which indicates the degree of acidity or basicity of a solution

22
Q

S. P. L. Sørensen

A

biochemist who first proposed the pH scale

23
Q

conjugate acid-base pair

A

two molecules or ions that differ by one proton (H+ ion)

24
Q

buffer solution

A

a mixture of a weak acid and its conjugate base or a weak base and its conjugate acid that maintains a nearly constant pH when a small amount of strong acid or strong base is added

25
alkalosis
a physiological condition in which the pH of the blood is too high
26
whats the leading chemical product in the US?
sulfuric acid, 40 billion kg produced annually by the US & 200 billion kg produced annually worldwide
27
whats one of the first bases used in antacids?
sodium bicarbonate/baking soda (NaHCO3)
28
whats the cheapest, most widely used commercial base?
Lime (CaO)
29
which strong base is most commonly used in the home?
sodium hydroxide/lye (NaOH)
30
acid rain
precipitation having a pH less than 5.6
31
denature
to destroy the properties of a protein through heat, strong acids, surfactants, etc.
32
which bases are used in antacids?
- sodium bicarbonate/baking soda (NaHCO3) - calcium carbonate (CaCO3) - aluminum hydroxide [Al(OH)3] - magnesium hydroxide [Mg(OH)2]
33
how do we use sulfuric acid?
- producing fertilizers/other industrial chemicals - car batteries - some drain cleaners
34
how do we use hydrochloric acid?
- rust/lime/mortar removal | - etch concrete for painting
35
how do we use lime?
diluted in water... - agricultural uses - production of mortar and cement
36
how do we use sodium hydroxide?
- used in oven cleaner - production of soaps - unclogging drains
37
how do we use ammonia?
- used in cleaning products | - used as fertilizer