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Chemistry > Ch. 7- Acids and Bases > Flashcards

Ch. 7- Acids and Bases Flashcards

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1
Q

an acid is a compound that…

A
  • tastes sour
  • causes litmus indicator dye to turn red
  • dissolves active metals such as zinc and iron, producing hydrogen gas
  • reacts with a base to form water and a salt
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2
Q

a base is a compound that…

A
  • tastes bitter
  • causes litmus indicator dye to turn blue
  • feels slippery on the skin
  • reacts with an acid to form water and a salt
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3
Q

acid-base indicator (litmus test)

A

a substance that is one color in acid and another color in base

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4
Q

Arrhenius acid-base theory

A
  • acids are substances that form hydrogen ions (H+) and anions in water
  • bases are substances that form hydroxide ions (OH-) when added to water
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5
Q

neutralization

A

the combination of H+ and OH- to form water, or the reaction of an acid and a base to produce a salt and (usually) water

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6
Q

salt

A

an ionic compound produced by the reaction of an acid with a base

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7
Q

limitation of Arrhenius theory

A
  • a simple free proton does not exist in water solution; the H+ ion has such a high positive charge density that it is immediately attracted to a lone pair of electrons on an O atom of an H2O molecule, forming a hydronium ion (H3O+)
  • it does not explain the basicity of ammonia and related compounds that also do not contain hydroxide ions
  • it only applies to reactions in aqueous solution
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8
Q

creator of Arrhenius acid-base theory

A

Svante Arrhenius

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9
Q

creators of Brønsted-Lowry acid-base theory

A

J.N. Brønsted & T.M. Lowry

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10
Q

Brønsted-Lowry acid-base theory

A
  • an acid is a proton (H+) donor

- a base is a proton (H+) acceptor

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11
Q

acidic anhydride

A

a substance, such as a nonmetal oxide, that reacts with water to form an acid

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12
Q

basic anhydride

A

a substance, such as a metal oxide, that reacts with water to form a base

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13
Q

amphiprotic

A

the ability of a substance, such as water, to either accept or donate a proton

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14
Q

strong acid

A

an acid that ionizes completely in water; a potent proton donor

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15
Q

weak acid

A

an acid that ionizes only slightly in water; a poor proton donor

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16
Q

name the strong acids

A
  • sulfuric acid (H2SO4)
  • hydrochloric acid (HCl)
  • nitric acid (HNO3)
  • hydrobromic acid (HBr)
  • hydroiodic acid (HI)
  • perchloric acid (HClO4)
17
Q

strong base

A

a base that ionizes completely in water; a potent proton acceptor

18
Q

weak base

A

a base that ionizes only slightly in water; a poor proton acceptor

19
Q

name the strong bases

A
  • all hydroxides of group 1A & group 2A EXCEPT for Be(OH)2

- the most common are sodium hydroxide or “lye” (NaOH) & potassium hydroxide (KOH)

20
Q

name the most familiar weak base

A

ammonia (NH3)

21
Q

pH

A

the negative logarithm of the H+ ion concentration, which indicates the degree of acidity or basicity of a solution

22
Q

S. P. L. Sørensen

A

biochemist who first proposed the pH scale

23
Q

conjugate acid-base pair

A

two molecules or ions that differ by one proton (H+ ion)

24
Q

buffer solution

A

a mixture of a weak acid and its conjugate base or a weak base and its conjugate acid that maintains a nearly constant pH when a small amount of strong acid or strong base is added

25
Q

alkalosis

A

a physiological condition in which the pH of the blood is too high

26
Q

whats the leading chemical product in the US?

A

sulfuric acid, 40 billion kg produced annually by the US & 200 billion kg produced annually worldwide

27
Q

whats one of the first bases used in antacids?

A

sodium bicarbonate/baking soda (NaHCO3)

28
Q

whats the cheapest, most widely used commercial base?

A

Lime (CaO)

29
Q

which strong base is most commonly used in the home?

A

sodium hydroxide/lye (NaOH)

30
Q

acid rain

A

precipitation having a pH less than 5.6

31
Q

denature

A

to destroy the properties of a protein through heat, strong acids, surfactants, etc.

32
Q

which bases are used in antacids?

A
  • sodium bicarbonate/baking soda (NaHCO3)
  • calcium carbonate (CaCO3)
  • aluminum hydroxide [Al(OH)3]
  • magnesium hydroxide [Mg(OH)2]
33
Q

how do we use sulfuric acid?

A
  • producing fertilizers/other industrial chemicals
  • car batteries
  • some drain cleaners
34
Q

how do we use hydrochloric acid?

A
  • rust/lime/mortar removal

- etch concrete for painting

35
Q

how do we use lime?

A

diluted in water…

  • agricultural uses
  • production of mortar and cement
36
Q

how do we use sodium hydroxide?

A
  • used in oven cleaner
  • production of soaps
  • unclogging drains
37
Q

how do we use ammonia?

A
  • used in cleaning products

- used as fertilizer

Chemistry (9 decks)

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