Ch. 9: Human Development

Question 1

Developmental Psycholochy

Answer 1

The study of changes over the life span in physiology,cognition & emotion, and social behavior.
NOTE: Originally concerned with infants and children,the field has expanded to include the entire lifespan.

Question 2

Longitudinal Design (of studying development)

Answer 2

the study of a variable or group of variables in the same cases or participants over a period of time, sometimes several years.

Question 3

Cross-Sectional Design (of studying development)

Answer 3

a type of observational study design in which the investigator measures the outcome and the exposures in the study participants at the same time.

Question 4

Prenatal (stage in life span development)

Answer 4

Conception to birth

Question 5

Infancy (stage in life span development)

Answer 5

Birth at full term to about 18 months

Question 6

Early childhood (stage in life span development)

Answer 6

About 18 months to about 6 years

Question 7

Middle childhood (stage in life span development)

Answer 7

6 years to about 11 years

Question 8

Adolescence (stage in life span development)

Answer 8

About 11 years to about 20 years

Question 9

Early adulthood (stage in life span development)

Answer 9

About 20 years to about 40 years

Question 10

Middle adulthood (stage in life span development)

Answer 10

About 40 years to about 65 years

Question 11

Late adulthood (stage in life span development)

Answer 11

About 65 years and older

Question 12

Puberty

Answer 12

10-17 years. Brings about sexual maturity

Question 13

Menarche

Answer 13

12-13 years. Onset of menstruation

Question 14

Jean Piaget

Answer 14

“WHEN YOU TEACH A CHILD SOMETHING YOU TAKE AWAY FOREVER HIS CHANCE OF DISCOVERING IT FOR HIMSELF.”
1896-1980
* Was born in Neuchâtel (French speaking), Switzerland
* Child prodigy (published at 15)
* PhD at age 22
* Influenced by Freud
* Pioneer of (cognitive) developmentalpsychology
* One of the most cited psychologists of the 20th century

Question 15

Assimilation

Answer 15

Building Blocks of Developmental Change
* New cognitive elements are fitted in with old elements or modified to fit more easily

Question 16

Accommodation

Answer 16

Building Blocks of Developmental Change
* Restructuring cognitive structures so that new information

Question 17

Schemes

Answer 17

Building Blocks of Developmental Change
* Cognitive structure used to interpret world and adapt to environment

Question 18

Sensorimotor (Piaget’s four stages of intellectual (or cognitive) development)

Answer 18

Birth through ages 18-24 months
infants and toddlers acquire knowledge through sensory experiences and manipulating objects. A child’s entire experience at the earliest period of this stage occurs through basic reflexes, senses, and motor responses.
- object permanence
- stranger anxiety

Question 19

Preoperational (Piaget’s four stages of intellectual (or cognitive) development)

Answer 19

Toddlerhood (18-24 months) through early childhood (age 7)
The foundations of language development may have been laid during the previous stage, but the emergence of language is one of the major hallmarks of the preoperational stage of development.
- pretend play
- egocentrism

Question 20

Concrete operational (Piaget’s four stages of intellectual (or cognitive) development)

Answer 20

Ages 7 to 11
While children are still very concrete and literal in their thinking at this point in development, they become much more adept at using logic. The egocentrism of the previous stage begins to disappear as kids become better at thinking about how other people might view a situation.
- conservation
- mathematical tranformation

Question 21

Formal operational (Piaget’s four stages of intellectual (or cognitive) development)

Answer 21

From about 12, Adolescence through adulthood
the ability to use deductive reasoning, and an understanding of abstract ideas. At this point, adolescents and young adults become capable of seeing multiple potential solutions to problems and think more scientifically about the world around them.
- abstract logic
- potention for mature moral reasoning

Question 22

Theory of Mind

Answer 22

Ability to understand that other people have independent mental states that influence their behavior.

Question 23

False beliefs test

Answer 23

An influential experimental paradigm designed to assess whether an individual possesses a theory of mind, based on his or her ability (or lack thereof) to attribute false beliefs to others. (box of Smarties filled with candles)

Question 24

Tests of Conservation

Answer 24

To test a child’s ability to see how some items remain the same in some ways, even as you change something about them, for instance, their shape. A young child may not understand that when you flatten a ball of clay, it’s still the same amount of clay.

Question 25

Fluid intelligence

Answer 25

The ability to process new information, learn, and solve problems - identify complex relations - peaks in mid 20's

Question 26

Crystallized intelligence

Answer 26

The stored knowledge, accumulated over the years. - learning - cultural influences - experience - comprehension (judgement and wisdom - increases till about 70 yo

Question 27

Erik Erikson

Answer 27

1902-1994 * Born in Germany (Frankfurt) * Never got a university degree * Was “discovered” by Anna Freud * Was trained as a psychoanalysist * Left Europe for the US * Harvard Medical School, Yale, & Berkeley * Childhood and Society (1950) - In Erikson's view, conflicts at diffferent stages are centered on either developing a psychological quality or failing to develop that quality. During these times, the potential for personal growth is high but so is the potential for failure.

Question 28

Infancy (8 Psychosocial Stages)

Answer 28

Trust vs. Mistrust Birth to 1 year Children develop a sense of trust when caregivers provide reliability, care, and affection. A lack of this will lead to mistrust. - Feeding

Question 29

Early Childhood (8 Psychosocial Stages)

Answer 29

Autonomy vs. Shame & Doubt 1 to 3 Children need to develop a sense of personal control over physical skills and a sense of independence. Succes leads to feelings of autonomy, failure results in feelings of shame and doubt - Toilet training

Question 30

Preschool (8 Psychosocial Stages)

Answer 30

Initiative vs. Guilt 3 to 6 Children need to begin asserting control and power over the environment. Succes in this stage leads to a sense of purpose. Childer who try to exert too much power experience disapproval, resulting in a sense of guilt. - Exploration

Question 31

School Age (8 Psychosocial Stages)

Answer 31

Industtry vs. Inferiority 6 to 12 Children need to cope with new social and academic demands. Succes leads to a sense of competence, while failure results in feelings of inferiority. - School and confidence

Question 32

Adolescence (8 Psychosocial Stages)

Answer 32

Identify vs. Diffusion 12 to 16 Teens need to develop a sense of self and personal identity. Succes leads to an ability to stay true to yourself, while failure leads to a role condusion and a weak sens of self. - Social relations

Question 33

Young Adulthood (8 Psychosocial Stages)

Answer 33

Intimacy vs. Isolation 18 to 30 Young adults need to form intimate, loving relationships with other people. Succes leads to strong relationships, while failure results in loneliness and isolation. - Intimate relations

Question 34

Middle Adulthood (8 Psychosocial Stages)

Answer 34

Generativity vs. Stagnation 30 to old age Adults need to create or nurture things that will outlast them, often by having children or creating a positive change that benefits other peopel. Succes leads to feelings of usefulness and accomplishment, while failure results in a shallow involvement in the world. - Work and parenthood

Question 35

Maturity (8 Psychosocial Stages)

Answer 35

Ego intergity vs. Despair Old age Older adults need to look back on life and feel a sense of fulfilment. Succes at this stage leads to feelings of wisdom, while failure results in regret, bitterness, and despair. - Reflection on life

Question 36

John Bowlby

Answer 36

(1907-1990) * British child psychiatrist and psychoanlysist * Own childhood has influenced his research (raised by a nanny) * First attachment researcher, studying “Lasting psychological connectedness between human beings” * Earliest bonds have enormous impact on life * Attachment is important for survival

Question 37

Strange Situation Test

Answer 37

invented by Mary Ainsworth (1913-1999) A method of measuring attachment in young children. More specifically, it aimed to assess how infants between the ages of 9 and 18 months behaved under conditions of mild stress and novelty. It measured three main factors of attachment theory: anxiety, separation anxiety and secure base.

Question 38

Secure (Attachment type)

Answer 38

- explores unfamiliar room with an orientation towards mother - some discomfort when mom leaves - comfortable with stranger when mom is present - greeted mom positively upon return - mother is sensitive and supportive

Question 39

Avoidant Insecure / Anxious avoidant (Attachment type)

Answer 39

- no orientation towards mother while exploring room - unconcerned with mom's absense - comfortable with stranger - uninterested when mom returns - mother is rejecting/ignoring infant

Question 40

Resistant insecure / Anxious ambivalent/resistant (Attachment type)

Answer 40

- unconcerned with exploring - intense distress when mom leaves - uncomfortable with stranger - rejects mom upon return - mother's is inconsistent in her behaviour

Question 41

Parenting Styles

Answer 41

Manner in which parents raise children Demandingness & Responsiveness

Question 42

Permissive (Parenting Styles)

Answer 42

High Responsiveness Low Demandingness "Whatever you want." - Low expectation - Few rules - Indulgent - Accepting - Lenient - Avoids confrontation - Warm

Question 43

Authoritative (Parenting Styles)

Answer 43

High Responsiveness High Demandingness "Let's discuss this." - High expectations - Clear standards - Assertive - Democratic - Flexible - Responsive - Warm

Question 44

Uninvolved (Parenting Styles)

Answer 44

Low Demandingness Low Responsiveness "I don't care." - No expectations - Few rules - Absent - Passive - Neglectful - Uninterested - Competing priorities

Question 45

Authoritarian (Parenting Styles)

Answer 45

High Demandingness Low Responsiveness "Because I said so!" - High expectations - Clear rules - Forceful - Autocratic - Rigid - Punishment - Limited warmth