Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

PSYC2450 > Ch. 9 - Cognitive Development: Information-Processing Perspectives and Connectionism > Flashcards

Ch. 9 - Cognitive Development: Information-Processing Perspectives and Connectionism Flashcards

1
Q

What is the multistore model?

A

Information-processing model that depicts information as flowing through three processing units (or stores): the sensory store, the short-term store (STS), and the long-term store (LTS)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the sensory store (or sensory register)?

A

First information-processing store, in which stimuli are noticed and briefly available for further processing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the short-term store (STS)?

A

Second information-processing store, in which stimuli are retained for several seconds and operated upon (also called working memory)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the long-term store (LTS)?

A

Third information-processing store, in which information that has been examined and interpreted is permanently stored for future use

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are executive control processes?

A

The processes involved in regulating attention and determining what to do with the information just gathered or retrieved from long-term memory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is metacognition?

A

Knowledge about cognition and about the regulation of cognitive activities

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is a knowledge base?

A

One’s existing information about a topic or content area

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is memory span?

A

Measure of the amount of information that can be held in the short-term store

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the span of apprehension?

A

The number of items that people can keep in mind at any one time, or the amount of information that people can attend to at a single time without operating mentally to store this information

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are strategies?

A

Goal-directed and deliberately implemented mental operations used to facilitate task performance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is production deficiency?

A

Failure to spontaneously generate and use known strategies that could improve learning and memory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is utilization deficiency?

A

Failure to benefit from effective strategies that one has spontaneously produced; thought to occur in the early phases of strategy acquisition when executing the strategy requires much mental effort

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the adaptive strategy choice model?

A

Siegler’s model to describe how strategies chance over time; the view that multiple strategies exist within a child’s cognitive repertoire at any one time, with these strategies competing with one another for use

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is implicit cognition?

A

Thought that occurs without awareness that one is thinking

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is explicit cognition?

A

Thinking and though processes of which we are consciously aware

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the fuzzy-trace theory?

A

Theory proposed by Brainerd and Reyna that postulates that people encode experiences on a continuum from literal, verbatim traces to fuzzy, gistlike traces

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is gist?

A

Fuzzy representation of information that preserves the central content but few precise details

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Patricia Miller and her colleagues have suggested a transitional period of strategy development during which children use a strategy although it does not facilitate their task performance. What is the term for this phenomenon?

a. mediation deficiency
b. utilization deficiency
c. production deficiency
d. limited capacity

A

b. utilization deficiency

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Fuzzy-trace theory makes specific predictions about how gist processing and verbatim processing change with age. What does the theory predict?

a. Young children do not extract gist traces but process only verbatim traces. Older children and adults extract both types of traces.
b. Young children do not extract verbatim traces but process only gist traces. Older children and adults extract both types of traces.
c. Compared to older children, young children prefer to operate on the verbatim end of the trace continuum; older children and adults prefer to operate on the gist end of the trace continuum.
d. Compared to older children, young children prefer to operate on the gist end of the trace continuum; older children and adults prefer to operate on the verbatim end of the trace continuum.

A

c. Compared to older children, young children prefer to operate on the verbatim end of the trace continuum; older children and adults prefer to operate on the gist end of the trace continuum.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Brett played a dice game with his mother. Sometimes he counted all the dots on each die to compute his move; sometimes he just looked at the two dice and he ‘knew’ how many spaces he could move; and sometimes he said the number of one die (6) and counted up the number on the second die (7, 8, 9) to compute his move. Brett’s strategic behaviour best reflects which of the following theories?

a. Siegler’s adaptive strategy choice model
b. Brainerd and Reyna’s fuzzy-trace theory
c. Miller’s utilization deficiency theory
d. Flavell’s metacognition theory

A

a. Siegler’s adaptive strategy choice model

21
Q

Siegler and his colleagues have conducted a series of experiments to investigate the nature of arithmetic strategy development. What did they conclude?

a. Children move from the sum to the min to the fact-retrieval strategies in a regular, stagelike progression.
b. Children’s developmental progression through stages of arithmetic strategy usage follows steps in biological maturation.
c. Children’s developmental progression in strategy usage does not follow a stagelike progression; rather, children of every age use a variety of arithmetic strategies.
d. Children’s increased success with arithmetic strategy usage is primarily a matter of replacing less sophisticated strategies with more efficient and mature strategies

A

d. Children’s increased success with arithmetic strategy usage is primarily a matter of replacing less sophisticated strategies with more efficient and mature strategies

22
Q

What is attention span?

A

Capacity for sustaining attention to a particular stimulus or activity

23
Q

What is the reticular formation?

A

Area of the brain that activates the organism and is thought to be important in regulating attention

24
Q

What is selective attention?

A

Capacity to focus on task-relevant aspects of experience while ignoring irrelevant or distracting information

25
Q

What is inhibition?

A

The ability to prevent ourselves from executing some cognitive or behavioural response

26
Q

What is event memory?

A

Long-term memory for events

27
Q

What is autobiographical memory?

A

Memory for important experiences or events that have happened to the individual

28
Q

What is strategic memory?

A

Processes involved as one consciously attempts to retain or retrieve information

29
Q

What are mnemonics (or memory strategies)?

A

Effortful techniques used to improve memory, including rehearsal, organization, and elaboration

30
Q

What is infantile amnesia?

A

Lack of memory for the early years of one’s life

31
Q

What is script?

A

General representation of the typical sequencing of events (that is, what occurs and when) in some familiar context

32
Q

What is rehearsal?

A

Strategy for remembering that involves repeating the items one is trying to retain

33
Q

What is semantic organization?

A

Strategy for remembering that involves grouping or classifying stimuli into meaningful (or manageable) clusters that are easier to retain

34
Q

What is elaboration?

A

Strategy for remembering that involves adding something to (or creating meaningful links between) the bits of information we are trying to retain

35
Q

What is retrieval?

A

Class of strategies aimed at getting information out of the long-term store

36
Q

What is free recall?

A

Recollection that is not prompted by specific cues or prompts

37
Q

What is cued recall?

A

Recollection that is prompted by a cue associated with the setting in which the recalled event originally occurred

38
Q

What is metamemory?

A

Knowledge about memory and memory processes

39
Q

Research on event memory has identified parents as a contributor to children’s memory development. Which of the following is NOT one of the ways parents contribute to their children’s developing ability to recall events?

a. Parents teach their children specific memory strategies, such as organization and rehearsal.
b. Parents ask many questions, directing their children to form narratives.
c. Parents show children the directions conversations should go and how to construct narratives.
d. Parents provide cues to help their children remember.

A

a. Parents teach their children specific memory strategies, such as organization and rehearsal

40
Q

What is the term for recalling items from the same category together in a free-recall task?

a. rehearsal
b. elaboration
c. clustering (organization)
d. selective combination

A

c. clustering (organization)

41
Q

Monica was telling her friend that she can remember nothing before the age of 4. What does Monica’s inability to recall events from early in her life reflect?

a. script-based narratives
b. infantile amnesia
c. poor metamemory
d. inefficient mnemonics

A

b. infantile amnesia

42
Q

What is reasoning?

A

A particular type of problem solving that involves making inferences

43
Q

What is analogical reasoning?

A

Reasoning that involves using something you already know to help reason about something not known yet

44
Q

What is the relational primacy hypothesis?

A

The hypothesis that analogical reasoning is available in infancy

45
Q

What is learning to learn?

A

Improvements in performance on novel problems as a result of acquiring a new rule or strategy from the earlier solution of similar problems

46
Q

What is cardinality?

A

Principle specifying that the last number in a counting sequence specifies the number of items in a set

47
Q

At what age do children first understand the concept of cardinality?

a. 5 to 6 years of age
b. 4.5 to 5 years of age
c. 2 to 3 years of age
d. 10 to 12 years of age

A

b. 4.5 to 5 years of age

48
Q

The research of Bisanz and colleagues supports which of the following as the most important factor in the development of mathematical competence?

a. attention span
b. linguistic proficiency
c. knowledge base
d. working memory

A

d. working memory

49
Q

What is connectionism?

A

Field of cognitive science that seeks to understand mental processes as resulting from assemblies (or groups) of real or artificial neurons

PSYC2450 (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions