Ch. 12 - Emotional Development, Temperament, and Attachment Flashcards
What are basic emotions?
The set of emotions, present at birth or emerging early in the first year, that some theorists believe to be biologically programmed
What are complex emotions?
Self-conscious or self-evaluative emotions that emerge in the second year and depend, in part, on cognitive development
What are emotional display rules?
Culturally defined rules specifying which emotions should or should not be expressed under which circumstances
What is emotional self-regulation?
Strategies for managing emotions or adjusting emotional arousal to an appropriate level of intensity
What is social referencing?
The use of others’ emotional expressions to infer the meaning of otherwise ambiguous situations
What is empathy?
The ability to experience the same emotions that someone else is experiencing
What is temperament?
A person’s characteristic modes of responding emotionally and behaviourally to environmental events, including such attributes as activity level, irritability, fearfulness, and sociability
What is behavioural inhibition?
A temperamental attribute reflecting a tendency to withdraw from unfamiliar people or situations
What is an easy temperament?
Temperamental profile in which the child quickly establishes regular routines, is generally good-natured, and adapts easily to novelty
What is a difficult temperament?
Temperamental profile in which the child is irregular in daily routines and adapts slowly to new experiences, often responding negatively and intensely
What is a slow-to-warm-up temperament?
Temperamental profile in which the child is inactive and moody and displays mild passive resistance to new routines and experiences
What is the ‘goodness-of-fit’ model?
Thomas and Chess’s notion that development is likely to be optimized when parents’ child-rearing practices are sensitively adapted to the child’s temperamental characteristics
T or F: Shyness, or behavioural inhibition, describes children who adapt well to unfamiliar people, settings, or toys.
False
T or F: Uninhibited children display temperamental attributes that are valued more highly in Asian than in Western societies
True
The infant’s capability for _______ is thought to be necessary for the development of all complex emotions.
self-recognition or self-evaluation
The infant’s ________ are communicative signals that affect the behaviour of caregivers
Emotional expressions
The child’s capability for ________ is necessary for the child to comply with emotional display rules
Emotional self-regulation
Shandra would like her son, Alex, to grow up with a strong prosocial attitude, including concern and empathy for others. When she discovers that Alex has hit another boy in his preschool class, she strongly reprimands Alex by saying, ‘Alex, it is wrong to hit! It hurts other people’s feelings. You need to go over and apologize and give that boy a hug.’ This type of reaction from Shandra is likely to make Alex feel _______ but not __________.
Guilty; Shameful
What is attachment?
A close emotional relationship between two persons, characterized by mutual affection and a desire to maintain proximity
What are synchronized routines?
Generally harmonious interactions between two persons in which participants adjust their behaviour in response to the partner’s feelings and behaviours
What is the asocial phase (of attachment)?
Approximately the first 6 weeks of life, in which infants respond in an equally favourable way to interesting social and nonsocial stimuli
What is the phase of indiscriminate attachments?
Period between 6 weeks and 6 to 7 months of age in which infants prefer social to nonsocial stimulation and are likely to protest whenever any adult puts them down or leaves them alone
What is the phase of specific attachment?
Period between 7 and 9 months of age when infants are attached to one close companion (usually the mother)
What is the secure base?
Use of a caregiver as a base from which to explore the environment and to which to return for emotional support
What is the phase of multiple attachments?
Period when infants are forming attachments to companions other than their primary attachment object
What is a secondary reinforcer?
An initially neutral stimulus that acquires reinforcement value by virtue of its repeated association with other reinforcing stimuli
What is imprinting?
An innate or instinctual form of learning in which the young of certain species follow and become attached to moving objects (usually their mothers)
What is a preadapted characteristic?
An attribute that is a product of evolution and serves some function that increases the chances of survival for the individual and the species
What is the kewpie doll effect?
The notion that infantlike facial features are perceived as cute and lovable and elicit favourable responses from others
What is stranger anxiety?
A wary or fretful reaction that infants and toddlers often display when approached by an unfamiliar person
What is separation anxiety?
A wary or fretful reaction that infants and toddlers often display when separated from the person(s) to whom they are attached
What is the ‘Strange Situation’ task?
A series of eight separation and reunion episodes to which infants are exposed in order to determine the quality of their attachments
What is secure attachment?
An infant-caregiver bond in which the child welcomes contact with a close companion and uses this person as a secure base from which to explore the environment
What is resistant attachment?
An insecure infant-caregiver bond, characterized by strong separation protest and a tendency of the child to remain near but resist contact initiated by the caregiver, particularly after a separation
What is avoidant attachment?
An insecure infant-caregiver bond, characterized by little separation protest and a tendency of the child to avoid or ignore the caregiver
What is disorganized/disoriented attachment?
An insecure infant-caregiver bond, characterized by the infant’s dazed appearance on reunion or a tendency to first seek and then abruptly avoid the caregiver
What is an Attachment Q-set (AQS)?
Alternative method of assessing attachment security that is based on observations of the child’s attachment-related behaviours at home; can be used with infants, toddlers, and preschool children
This theorist argued that the caregiver’s responsiveness and the infant’s feelings of trust were the primary determinants of attachment security.
a. Mary Ainsworth
b. John Bowlby
c. Erik Erikson
d. Konrad Lorenz
b. Erik Erikson
This theorist argued that strange faces and separations from attachment objects are natural clues to danger that infants are programmed to fear.
a. Mary Ainsworth
b. John Bowlby
c. Erik Erikson
d. Konrad Lorenz
a. John Bowlby
This theorist argued that newborn creatures imprint upon their caregivers during a critical period in early development.
a. Mary Ainsworth
b. John Bowlby
c. Erik Erikson
d. Konrad Lorenz
d. Konrad Lorenz
________________ is an attachment-related fear that develops late in the infant’s first year, peaking at 8 to 10 months of age, and then declines during the infant’s second year. Making new people and new situations is as familiar as possible is one way to combat this fear. Offering the infants toys is another way to combat this fear.
Stranger anxiety
_____________ help infants and caregivers develop a relationship by showing caregivers how to respond to the infants’ emotions.
Synchronized routines
What is amae?
Japanese concept; refers to an infant’s feeling of total dependence on his or her mother and the presumption of mother’s love and indulgence
What is the caregiving hypothesis?
Ainsworth’s notion that the type of attachment that an infant develops with a particular caregiver depends primarily on the kind of caregiving he or she has received from that person
What is the temperament hypothesis?
Kagan’s view that the Strange Situation measures individual differences in the infants’ temperaments rather than the quality of their attachments
What are internal working models?
Cognitive representations of self, others, and relationships that infants construct from their interactions with caregivers
T or F: Dr. Lowenstein is a developmental psychologist who studies attachment between infants and their caregivers in various cultures around the world. Based on his research, Dr. Lowenstein concludes that the distributions of attachment classifications vary across cultures and often reflect cultural differences in child-rearing practices. Based on what you have learned about attachment, would you conclude that Dr. Lowenstein’s conclusion is true or false?
True
T or F: More infants around the world establish one of the three insecure types of attachment (resistant, avoidant, or disorganized/disoriented) than secure attachment patterns.
False
An infant with a ____________ attachment will greet the mother warmly and seek physical contact with her when he is distressed.
Secure
An infant with a ____________ attachment will turn away from and ignore her mother, even when the mother tries to get the infant’s attention.
Avoidant
An infant with a ____________ attachment shows confusion about whether to approach or avoid her mother
Disorganized/disoriented
An infant with a _____________ attachment may seem angry with her mother and resist physical contact initiated by her mother
Resistant
